23 Sept 2013Harshad Lokhande

Android OS

Contents

Contents

4. Advanced Domains

Services Audio & Video Camera & Sensors Future Scopes

3. Beyond Basics

Telephony & SMS Data Storage Concepts Content Provider Network Services

2. Application Concepts

Application Structure Understanding Manifest Working with Activities Intents

1. Basics

Introduction History OS Architecture Components

Android OS

Contents - Basics

Basics •Mobility OS•Market SharesIntroduction

•How invented?•Acquired by Google•What's new?•First Open Source Mobile Platform

History

•Graphical View•Concepts•JAVA & DVM ConceptsOS

Architecture

•Activity•Service•Broadcast Reciever•Content Provider

Components

1

Android OS

Introduction

Contents – Basics

Mobility OS• A mobile operating system (OS) is a software that

allows smart phones, tablet PCs and other devices to run applications and programs.

• Coding in low-level C or C++, have needed to understand the specific hardware they were coding for, typically a single device

• Platforms like Microsoft’s Windows Phone and the Apple iPhone also provide a richer, simplified development environment for mobile applications

Android OS

Contents – Basics - Introduction

Market Shares

Worldwide Mobile’s Market Share Analysis Comparison between Features of Different Mobile OS

History

Contents – Basics

How Invented ?• Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October, 2003 by

Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White.• It was a college project.

Acquired By Google

• Google acquired Android Inc. in August, 2005• On October 21st, 2008, Android 1.0 became available to the public

Android OS

First Mobile with Android 1.0

Contents – Basics - History

What’s New ?• Android is the first complete, open, and

free mobile platform.,• low-level interface with the hardware,

memory management, and process control, all optimized for mobile and embedded devices

First Open Source Mobile Platform

• Android is open source and Google releases the code under the Apache License

Android OS

OHA Systems

Android Releases…..!!

OS Architecture

Contents – Basics

Graphical View & Concepts• The key layers and components that make up the

Android open source software stack

Android OS

•Linux provides the hardware abstraction layer for Android

Contents – Basics – OS Architecture

JAVA & DVM Concepts

Android OS

Different executions based on Type Building Block of App Execution

Components

Contents – Basics

Activity & Services• An activity is a user interface screen• An intent is a mechanism for describing a specific

action, such as “pick a photo,” “phone home,” or “open the pod bay doors.

• A service is a task that runs in the background without the user’s direct interaction

Broadcast Receiver & Content Provider• A content provider is a set of data wrapped up in a

custom API to read and write it.• Broadcast Receivers enable your application to

listen for Intents that match the criteria you specify in real-time

Components Android OS

Android Introduction

Application Concepts

•Exploring Project Application Structure•Building BlocksApplication

Structure

•Closer look•Editing inside•Drawables , Resources & LayoutsUnderstanding

Manifest

•What’s Activity?•Life Cycle•Activity Callbacks

Activities

•Introduction •Explicit Intents•Implicit Intents•Returning Result Based Intents

Intents

Contents – Application Concepts

2

Android OS

App Structure

Contents – Application Concepts

Exploring Project Application Structure• The folder structure of application is as shown in image.

code

images

files

UI layouts

constants

Autogenerated resource list

Application Structure

Formation of executable file “.apk”

Android OS

Contents – Application Concepts – App Structure

Building Blocks

Different components of GUI

• Following are different components required to build an application.

Android OS

Understanding Manifest

Contents – Application Concepts

Closer look

The following XML snippet shows a typical manifest node:<manifest xmlns:android=”http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android”package=“com.demo.myapp“android:versionCode=“1“android:versionName=“0.9 Beta“android:installLocation=“preferExternal“>[ ... manifest nodes ... ]</manifest>

Importance of Manifest File Actual View of Setting Manifest File Android OS

Contents – Application Concepts – Understanding Manifest

Editing inside

• Each of the next three tabs contains a visual interface for managing the application, security, and instrumentation (testing) settings

Drawables , Resources & Layouts

• Can edit Simple Values, Strings , Colors, Dimensions , Text Fonts , Size ,Names , etc

Types of Layout Resource Structure Android OS

Activities

Contents – Application Concepts

What’s Activity? • Each Activity represents a screen that an

application can present to its users• Applications can define one or more activities

to handle different phases of the program

Life Cycle of Activity

Life Cycle & Activity Callbacks

• Android applications do not control their own process lifetimes

• Run time handles the termination and management of an Activity’s process

• The Activity class has a number of callbacks that provide an opportunity for an activity to respond to events such as suspending and resuming.

Android OS

Intents

Contents – Application Concepts

Introduction• Intents are used as a message-passing

mechanism that works both within your application and between applications.

• Intents are also used to broadcast messages across the system.

Explicit Intents & Explicit Intents• Use for Intents is to start new Activities,

either explicitly (by specifying the class to load) or implicitly (by requesting that an action be performed on a piece of data).

Example of Implicit Intent

Android OS

Contents – Application Concepts - Intents

Returning Result Based Intents

• An Activity started via startActivity is independent of its parent and will not provide any feedback when it closes.

• Where feedback is required, you can start an Activity as a sub-Activity that can pass results back to its parent.

• When a sub-Activity is finished, it triggers the onActivityResult event handler within the calling Activity.

• Native Actions are like ACTION_CALL , ACTION_DIAL , ACTION_PICK , ACTION_WEB_SEARCH ,etc.Code Snippet of Intent

Android OS

Android Introduction

Beyond Basics •Hardware Requirement

•Initiating Phone Calls•Monitoring Changes•Sending SMS & MMS

Telephony & SMS

•Introducing Android Database •SQLite Database•Values and CursorsData Storage

Concepts

•Interface with Data Sources•Content Resolver •Querying

Content Provider

•Introducing Connectivity Manager•Monitoring Network Connectivity•Bluetooth & WIFI•Using Internet Services

Network Services

Contents – Beyond Basics

3

Android OS

Telephony & SMS

Contents – Beyond Basics

Hardware Requirement

• Some applications don’t make sense on devices that don’t have telephony support

Initiating Phone Calls• Below code starts a dialer Activity

that should be pre-populated with the number you specified

• Android telephony architecture is split between java and native code.

How to call number:Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL,

Uri.parse("tel:502310109")); startActivity(intent);

Permission:• android.permission.CALL_PHONE Telephony Manager

Android OS

Contents – Beyond Basics - Telephony & SMS

Monitoring Changes• Can monitor Telephony changes in real-time.• Activity.RESULT_OK• SmsManager.RESULT_ERROR_GENERIC_FAILU

RE• PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_CALL_STATE • PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_CELL_LOCATION • PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_DATA_ACTIVITY

Sending SMS & MMS• Android provides support for

sending both SMS and MMS• But Android API does not include

simple support for creating MMS

Code Snippet of SMS Manager

Code Snippet of MMS Manager

Android OS

Data Storage Concepts

Contents – Beyond Basics

Introducing Android Database • Android provides structured data persistence through a

combination of SQLite databases and Content Providers.• Every application can create its own databases over which

it has complete control

SQLite Database• Used to store application data using a managed, structured approach• SQLite is a well-regarded relational database management system (RDBMS). It is:

• Open-source , Standards-compliant , Lightweight , Single-tier• SQLiteOpenHelper is an abstract class used to implement the best

practice pattern for creating, opening, and upgrading databases.

DB file in Project

Values and Cursors• Content Values are used to insert new rows into tables• The Cursor class includes a number of navigation functions :

• moveToFirst , moveToPrevious• getColumnNames , getPosition

Android OS

Content Provider

Contents – Beyond Basics

Interface with Data Sources• Content Providers can be shared

between applications, queried for results, have their existing records updated or deleted, and have new records added.

Content Provider

Content Resolver • Each application includes a

ContentResolver instance, accessible using the getContentResolver method, as follows:

• ContentResolver cr = getContentResolver();

• Content Resolvers are the corresponding class used to query and perform transactions on those Content Providers.

Querying• Query results are returned as Cursors

over a resultAndroid

OS

Network Services

Contents – Beyond Basics

Introducing Connectivity Manager• With the speed, reliability, and cost of

Internet connectivity being dependent on the network technology used (Wi-Fi, GPRS, 3G, LTE, and so on).

• Android networking is principally handled via the ConnectivityManager

Monitoring Network Connectivity• The Connectivity Manager provides a high-

level view of the available network connections

• To monitor network connectivity, create a Broadcast Receiver that listens for : ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION Broadcast Intents,Supporting Platforms of Communication

NFC

Android OS

Contents – Beyond Basics - Network Services

Bluetooth & WIFI

• Bluetooth is a communications protocol designed for short-range, low-bandwidth peer-to-peer communications.

• Bluetooth device is controlled via the BluetoothAdapter class

• To modify any of the local device properties, the BLUETOOTH_ADMIN permission is also required

• We manage the current Wi-Fi connection, scan for access points, and monitor changes in Wi-Fi connectivity by using WIFIManager class

• Wi-Fi Direct is a communications protocol designed for medium-range, high-bandwidth peer-to-peer communications

Bluetooth Comm. Layer Interface

Android OS

Android Introduction

Advanced Domains •Introducing Services

•Service Life Cycle•Background Threads•Using Alarms

Services

•Data Types accessible by Android •Playing Audio & Video•Introducing Media Player & Media Effects

Audio & Video

•Taking Images from Camera Using Intents•Controlling Camera Parameters•Other Sensors like Ambient Light , Gyroscope , Accelerometer , etcCamera &

Sensors

•Google Gadgets•Security•Introduction to ADK & NDK•Augmented •In App Billing

Future Scopes

Contents – Advanced Domains

4

Android OS

Services

Contents – Advanced Domains

Introducing Services

• Unlike Activities, which display graphical interfaces, Services run invisibly — doing Internet lookups, processing data, updating your Content Providers, firing Intents, and triggering Notifications

• Services are started, stopped, and controlled from other application components, including Activities, Broadcast Receivers, and other Services.

Service Life Cycle• The diagram on the left shows the lifecycle

when the service is created with startService() and the diagram on the right shows the lifecycle when the service is created with bindService()

Android OS

Contents – Advanced Domains - Services

Background Threads

• Additionally, a component can bind to a service to interact with it and even perform interprocess communication (IPC)

• Alternatively, the AsyncTask class lets you define an operation to be performed in the background and provides event handlers that enable you to monitor progress and post the results on the GUI Thread

Using Alarms

• Alarms are a means of firing Intents at predetermined times or intervals.

• Alarms that fire broadcast Intents, start Services, or even open Activities, without your application needing to be open or running

Alarm App Activity Android OS

Audio & Video

Contents – Advanced Domains

Playing Audio & Video• Android API’s are capable of playing and

recording a wide range of image, audio, and video formats, both locally and streamed.

Data Types accessible by Android• Android 4.0.3 (API level 15) supports the

following multimedia formats for playback as part of the base framework.

AV Formats

Audio Player Sample

Video Player Sample Android OS

Contents – Advanced Domains - Audio & Video

Introducing Media Player & Media Effects• Android 2.3 (API level 9) introduced a suite of audio

effects that can be applied to the audio output of any Audio Track or Media Player.

• Android 4.0.3, the following five AudioEffect subclasses :• Equalizer , Virtualizer , BassBoost , PresetReverb ,

EnvironmentalReverb

Audio Framework Video Framework Android OS

Camera & Sensors

Contents – Advanced Domains

Taking Images using Intents• The easiest way to take a picture from within your

application is to fire an Intent using the• MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE action:

startActivityForResult( new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE), TAKE_PICTURE);

• This launches a Camera application providing your users with the full suite of camera functionality without you having to rewrite the native Camera application.Controlling Camera Parameters• To access the camera hardware directly, you

need to add the CAMERA permission to your application manifest:• <uses-permission

android:name=”android.permission.CAMERA”/>• Camera settings are stored using a

Camera.Parameters object, accessible by calling the getParameters method on the Camera object

Android OS

:[get/set]SceneMode:[get/set]FlashMode:[get/set]WhiteBalance:[get/set]AutoWhiteBalanceLock:[get/set]FocusMode

Camera Parameter API’s

Contents – Advanced Domains - Camera & Sensors

Other Sensors• Android supports many other

types of sensors like , Accelerometer , Gyroscope , Magnetometer , Ambient Light Sensor , Ambient Temp. Sensor , etc.

• To identify the sensors that are on a device you first need to get a reference to the sensor service.

• To monitor raw sensor data you need to implement two callback methods that are exposed through theSensorEventListener interface:  onAccuracyChanged() and  onSensorChanged()

Android OSHow to check

Sensor ?

List of available sensors

Future Scopes

Contents – Advanced Domains

Google Gadgets• Google Glass is a wearable computer

with an optical head-mounted display (OHMD) that is being developed by Google in the Project Glass research and development project

• The main way to operate the glasses is through voice commands, and by tilting your head.

Android OS

Contents – Advanced Domains – Future Scopes

Introduction to ADK & NDK• The Accessory Development Kit (ADK) is a reference

implementation for hardware manufacturers and hobbyists to use as a starting point for building accessories for Android

• The ADK 2012 is based on the Arduino open source electronics prototyping platform, with some hardware and software extensions that allow it to communicate with Android devices

• The NDK is a toolset that allows you to implement parts of your app using native-code languages such as C and C++.

• The NDK includes a set of cross-toolchains (compilers, linkers, etc..) that can generate native ARM binaries on Linux, OS X, and Windows (with Cygwin) platforms.

In App Billing• In-App Billing (IAB) is a Google Play service that

can be used as an alternative to charging up-front for an application

• IAB has proven to be a powerful new monetization option for application developers

Android OS

Security• Each Android package has a unique

Linux user ID assigned to it during installation. This has the effect of sandboxing the process and the resources it creates, so that it can’t affect (or be affected by) other applications.

Augmented Reality

• Augmented Reality is the virtual technique , by which 3D images , maps , etc can be visualized by spotting camera on special codes.

Thank you