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Latin America Inter-related Physical and Human Geographies http://geographyeducation.org/regional/south-america /

Andes and Latin America

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Presentation for the Massachusetts Geographic Alliance, 2013

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Page 1: Andes and Latin America

Latin America

Inter-related Physical and Human Geographies

http://geographyeducation.org/regional/south-america/

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The Andes—Historical Divide

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General Outline

• Natural Disasters

• Mountains (Altitudinal Zonation)

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• Border Issues

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1996 Montserrat

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Andes--Perfect Subduction Zone

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Chilean Economy• Pacific Rim

• Elongated, Andes

• Southern Hemisphere

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Atacama Desert

• Orographic Lifting

• Cold Ocean Currents

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Agricultural Region-Las Pampas• Grains, Livestock

• Breadbasket

• Similar to Midwest in USA

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Brazilian Agriculture

• Coffee, Citrus, Tobacco (1st)

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General Outline

• Natural Disasters

• Mountains (Altitudinal Zonation)

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• Border Issues

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Altitudinal Zonation

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SeaLevel

SeaLevel

3000’ 750 m

TIERRA CALIENTE(Tropical)

Bananas, Cocoa, Sugar, Rice

ALTITUDINAL ZONATION

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6,500’ 1800 m

SeaLevel

3000’ 600 m

SeaLevel

TIERRA TEMPLADA (Temperate)

Coffee, Rice, Corn, Beans

ALTITUDINAL ZONATION

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SeaLevel

6,500’

3000’

2,000 m

600 m

SeaLevel

12,000’ 3,600 m

TIERRA FRIA(Mid-latitude like)Corn, Wheat, Potato

ALTITUDINAL ZONATION

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12,000’ 3,600 m

SeaLevel

6,500’

3000’

2,000 m

600 m

SeaLevel

TIERRA HELADA(Alpine)

Grazing, Mining

ALTITUDINAL ZONATION

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Culture and Altitudinal Zonation

Indigenous Areas

Spanish settlements

African Influence

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SOUTH AMERICA’S

CULTURE SPHERES

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The Carribean…

“Races of all continents have miscegenated there, cultures and customs most foreign to each other have syncretized, nature has exploited into myriads of forms, and the constant feast of colorand sounds has goaded the formal carnival to paroxysm…”

Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian novelist

The Caribbean… A carnival of abundance

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South American Drug Trade

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MAINLAND vs RIMLAND

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General Outline

• Natural Disasters

• Mountains (Altitudinal Zonation)

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• Border Issues

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HDI-Levels of Human Development

• Income• Literacy

• Life Expectancy• Education

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HDICountry HDI (2012)

Mexico 57

Guatemala 131

Belize 93

El Salvador 105

Honduras 121

Nicaragua 129

Costa Rica 69

Panama 58

Columbia 88

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index

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Regional Consequences

• Migration– Source countries?– Destinations?

• Foreign Investment– Where would you invest?

• Political stability– Military power

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Alajuela, Costa Rica

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Costa Rica

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Costa Rica Airport

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General Outline

• Natural Disasters

• Mountains (Altitudinal Zonation)

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• Border Issues

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GDP PER CAPITA ALONG THE US-MEXICAN BORDER

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De-Industrialization job loss in USA

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NAFTA-Foreign Investment

1) Cheap labor

2) close to USA markets

Maquiladoras– Foreign-owned companies

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“Twin Cities”

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Why drug violence on our doorstep?

• Huge drug demand (2/3 of illegal global demand)

• Mexico was South America’s “middle man”– NAFTA– 9/11

• Political corruption

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Late 20th Century: 1 Million illegal crossings each year – (~60% Mexicans)

45% of Agricultural laborers in the US were undocumented migrants

US/Mexico Border

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21st Century—limited undocumented migration

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/07/06/world/americas/immigration.html?hp

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Changes in the USA• Tightened:

– Border patrol/Fence– Employer laws

• Loosened:• Visa requirements

– Less economic disparity

$6 million per mile

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Changes in Mexico• Improved:

– Economy– Education– Politics

• Lower birth rates• Agave products