An Overview of Quantitative Aspects of Epidemiology in

Animal Disease Control in Kenya

Prepared by: Dr. Momanyi Kelvin Nyariaro

Msc One Health student at the University of Edinburgh

Contact: momanyink@gmail.com

June, 2015

Presentation outline Introduction: Kenyan context (VS) Aspect 1: Monitoring and Surveillance Aspect 2: Epidemiologic &Diagnostic surveys Aspect 3: Disease tracking, DFZs and prophylaxis Aspect 4: Participatory Disease Surveillance Aspect 5: Disease modeling Intervention areas: Kenyan context (VS) Conclusion: Take home message

Introduction: Kenyan context(VS)Definition: Quantitative epidemiologyVeterinary service delivery system in Kenya:

- Directorate of Veterinary Services = PVS pathway [Trained workforce, diagnostic capacity, containment & policy]

- Role of other institutions in surveillance e.g. ILRI, NGOs, Universities, ZDU

- Subscription to WTO Agreement on SPS (1995)

Image source: http://zdukenya.org/

Aspect 1: Monitoring and Surveillance

Approaches:- Active surveillance- Passive surveillance

Disease focus: - Targeted surveillance- General surveillance

Other:- Mobile syndromic

surveillance- Outbreak investigation

Cattle blood sampling (brucellosis incidence study at Kajiado, Kenya; Photo credit: Momanyi N.K)

Goat blood sampling (brucellosis incidence study at Kajiado, Kenya; Photo credit: Momanyi N.K)

Aspect 2: Epidemiological and Diagnostic surveys

• Epidemiological surveys –Animal census/area tests –Cross-sectional survey– Longitudinal survey

• Diagnostic surveys – Strategic animal screening

Mapping Value chains to assess emergence and transmission of zoonotic diseases; Photo credit: ZED group

PAZ Project-screening goats for brucellosis; Photo credit: ZED group

Cross border census in the Amboseli-Kilimanjaro/Magadi-Natron Conservation Area; Photo source: http://www.kws.org/info/news/2013/24april2013tanzania.html

Aspect 3: Disease tracking, DFZs and prophylaxis

• Systems for disease tracking –Geographical Positioning Systems –Mobile systems

• Prophylaxis

Source: http://www.lidc.org.uk/news/maasai-vets-carry-out-disease-surveillance-86000-animals-google-mobile-phones

Mass vaccination of rabies;Photo credit: ZDU

Spraying to control tick-borne infections;Photo credit: ZED group

Aspect 4: Participatory Disease Surveillance (PDS)

PDS applied in a value chain study in Nairobi; Photo credit=ZED group

Definition: What is PDS? Examples

- PE in pastoral areas - Urban Zoo study (value chain component)- RVF in Kenya (new insights)- Vet service change - Cost effectiveness study

Benefits of PDS

Source: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/21736

Aspect 5: Disease modeling

• Definition: What is Disease modeling?• Example: Prospective climate-based models

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/NanyingiMcNanyingi/perspectives-of-predictive-epidemiology-and-early-warning-systems-for-rift-valley-fever-in-garissa-kenya

Intervention areas: Kenyan context (VS)

• Reporting & communication• Laboratory capacity & network

• Quarantine & isolation• Early warning systems

• Community participation• Resource mobilization

Conclusion: Take home message There are many fully-unexploited surveillance and

disease control tools in Kenya Disease control in Kenya is stratified i.e. some

areas have excellent surveillance and control e.g. airport, cities etc. while others are marginalized e.g. pastoral areas

BUT There is good progress