1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic Interests2. Military/Strategic Interests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary Interests4. Religious/Missionary Interests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American Frontier5. Closing the American Frontier

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed anbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsTo The Victor Belongs the Spoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of Commodore

Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

GentlemanGentleman’s Agreement: 1908’s Agreement: 1908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got theThe U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco school board of San Francisco

to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separatesegregate Asians in separateschools.schools.1908 1908 Root-Takahira AgreementRoot-Takahira Agreement..

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry CabotSenator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)

Non-European powers,Non-European powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from owningexcluded from owningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano WeylerValeriano Weyler’s ’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & JingoismYellow Journalism” & Jingoism

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington: Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and You furnish the pictures, and II’ll furnish the war!’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, SpanishDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.Ambassador to the U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and aweak and abidder for the admirationbidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a doorwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whileopen behind himself whilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the of the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American nationalist.American nationalist.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having having the backbone of a the backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his position to Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine independencePhilippine independence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great administrator.Great administrator.

Our Our “Sphere of Influence”“Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofSpain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The American Anti-Imperialist The American Anti-Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against Campaigned against the annexation of thethe annexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign

powers that would endanger its independence.powers that would endanger its independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.to maintain an efficient, independent govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act.. PR became an PR became an “unincorporated territory.”“unincorporated territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases.. Constitutional rights were not automatically Constitutional rights were not automatically

extended to territorial possessions.extended to territorial possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these rights.Congress had the power to decide these rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act.. Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.into the US.

PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.Washington to vote for PR in the House.

Panama: The KingPanama: The King’s Crown’s Crown1850 1850 Clayton-BulwerClayton-Bulwer Treaty Treaty..

1901 1901 Hay-PaunceforteHay-Paunceforte Treaty Treaty. .

Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.

Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.

Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..

Panama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… may Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require ultimately require intervention by some intervention by some civilized nation, and in the civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United adherence of the United States to the Monroe States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the Doctrine may force the United States, however United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing wrongdoing or impotence, to the or impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police powerinternational police power .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Stereotypes of the Chinese Stereotypes of the Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act,

1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific Power

The Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

TaftTaft’s “Dollar ’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability should create stability and order abroad that and order abroad that would best promote would best promote AmericaAmerica’s commercial ’s commercial interests.interests.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico

and puts Madero in prison where he was and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano

Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by occupying The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Eventually Carranza would gain power in Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910sEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

WilsonWilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”’s “Moral Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread democracy.Spread democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn colonialism.Condemn colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, 1914Investments in Latin America, 1914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”