BY MR. ALLAH DAD KHAN

PROVINCIAL PROJECT DIRECTOR CMP-IIKHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA COMPONENT

( MINFA)

Alternate Source of Energy and Agriculture Sector

The Challenges faced by agriculture in world The Challenges faced by agriculture in world

• World populationWorld population is projected to grow from 6.5 is projected to grow from 6.5 billion in 2005 to nearly 9.2 billion by 2050. Thus billion in 2005 to nearly 9.2 billion by 2050. Thus global food production must nearly double by 2050.global food production must nearly double by 2050.

• Natural resources scarcityNatural resources scarcity: expand the land basis : expand the land basis (4.2 billion ha available for rainfed production ) or (4.2 billion ha available for rainfed production ) or tap into yet-unused yield enhancing resources.tap into yet-unused yield enhancing resources.

• Climate changeClimate change will cause a decline in yields and a will cause a decline in yields and a higher occurrence of extreme climate events. higher occurrence of extreme climate events.

• Rapidly rising Rapidly rising energyenergy prices and higher demand for prices and higher demand for energy: agriculture will become increasingly energy: agriculture will become increasingly important as a supplier to the energy market.important as a supplier to the energy market.

Central role of Agriculture in world Central role of Agriculture in world

  

 

• Agriculture provides the primary source of livelihood Agriculture provides the primary source of livelihood for for 36 percent36 percent of the world’s total workforce of the world’s total workforce

• In sub-Saharan Africa, In sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirdstwo-thirds of the working of the working population make their living from agriculturepopulation make their living from agriculture

• Agriculture is Agriculture is key to poverty reductionkey to poverty reduction: : GDP growth GDP growth generated in agriculture is generated in agriculture is four timesfour times more effective in benefiting more effective in benefiting the poorest than growth generated outside agriculturethe poorest than growth generated outside agriculture

• Increased farm production improves farmers’ Increased farm production improves farmers’ incomes thus incomes thus stimulating demandstimulating demand for the goods and for the goods and services offered by the small-scale enterprise sectorservices offered by the small-scale enterprise sector

Investing in Water for Agriculture in world Investing in Water for Agriculture in world

  

 

• By 2025:By 2025:- two-thirdtwo-thirdss of the world population could be under “stress of the world population could be under “stress

conditions” conditions” - 1800 million1800 million people will live in countries with “absolute scarcity” people will live in countries with “absolute scarcity”

• Irrigation:Irrigation:- increases yieldsincreases yields- stabilizes outputstabilizes output- enables crop diversificationenables crop diversification

- reduces riskreduces risk- increases farm incomesincreases farm incomes- Increases employmentIncreases employment

• Irrigation has a Irrigation has a multiplier effectmultiplier effect on non-farm incomes and it on non-farm incomes and it contributes to food security and poverty alleviation.contributes to food security and poverty alleviation. 

• Irrigation has good Irrigation has good distributional effectsdistributional effects

Water for agriculture needs to increase 60% to feed an additional Water for agriculture needs to increase 60% to feed an additional 2 billion people by 20302 billion people by 2030 

Food Need In world

To meet the basic food needs of our expanding human population, a productive, sustainable agricultural system must become a major priority. From analyses of various agricultural systems, we can assess the use of all forms of energy and learn how to preserve essential land, water, and biological resources for future generations.

Land Mass 8

• 93% of the farmers in the country are small and medium having 61% of the cultivated area

• Large farmers are 7% holding 39% of the cultivated area

• Small farmers have up to 5.0 hectares of landholdings.

• Medium farmers have more than 5.0 hectares and

up to 10.0 hectares of landholdings.• Large farmers more than 20 hectares .

Natural Resources

9

Minerals, coal, land, water, forest and wild life , natural gas,oil, petroleum , air etc

Land Resources

Total land area = 197 million acres (79.61 million ha ) Cultivable Area = 79 million acres (31.9 million ha) or 40 % Cultivated Area = 21.59 million ha or 27 % Annual cropped area = 56.64 million acres (22.93 million ha)

or 29 % Water supply = Out of this two-thirds is irrigated and

one third depends on rain (called Barani), The canal irrigated system covers 81 per cent of the irrigated

area While the rest depends on tubewells, open wells and

flood irrigation called sailaba.

Agricultural land capability of

1 Very good Agriculture Land 30.7 %

2 Good Agricultural Land 42.9 %

3 Moderate Agricultural Land 5.7 %

4 Poor Agricultural Land 3.5 %

5 Agriculture Non Productive Land 15.5 %

6 Miscellaneous 1.7 %

Total 100 %

Present Agriculture Situation in in

Agriculture is the mainstay of the country's economy Contributing 24% towards GDP ( in 1947 per capita income $100 and

Population 30 million in 2010 per capita income 1000 $ and Population 170 million)

Back bone for the economy( Livelihood for 68.5 % rural population of country Providing employment to 47% 0f total work force ) Base for foreign trade ( Earning 35% of the country total export earning )

Ranks 7th in Wheat production in World 1st one is China .(2009) Ranks 11th in Rice production in World 1st one is China . (2009) Ranks 4th in Cotton production in World 1st one is China . ( 2009) Ranks 7th in Date Palm production in World 1st one is Iraq. (2009) Ranks 5th in Sugarcane production in World 1st one is Brazil (2009) Ranks 4th in Onion dry production in World 1st one is China . ( 2009) Ranks 7th in fresh vegetables production in World 1st one is China. (2009)

Energy Conservation In Agriculture Sector

The agricultural sector is amongst the major energy consuming sectors after the industrial sector. The two main energy sources using a substantial amount of High Speed Diesel and electricity. farm tractors , agricultural tube wells , cultivation, irrigation, harvesting and processing agro-products using a substantial amount of High Speed Diesel and electricity.

The agricultural sector alone accounts for about 11.5 % share of the total electricity consumption in the country .

Electricity Consumption by sectors 2007-08( % age of total 73400GWh) in

Domestic 45.9 %

Industrial 28.2 %

Agriculture 11.5 %

Commercial 7.6 %

Bulk Supplies 5.9 %

Street lights , ornaments and Others

0.9 %

Total 100 %

Source: Pakistan Energy Book 2008

Agriculture Machinery ( Source Agriculture Census – 2004 report) Machinery 2004

1. Tractors And Implements

Tractors 401663 numbers

Cultivator 369866

Mould Board Plough 40050

Disc Harrow 23764

Disc Plough 29218

Ridger 71338

Trollys 242655

SeedDrill/Planter 70810

Sprayer 21759

Thresher 137270

Reaper 5341

Lazer Leveller 2785

2. Tube wells 912656

Major Energy Losses In Pumping System

Major energy losses in pumping systems occur due to wrong selection of pumps, faulty installation and use of inefficient piping system. The pump rectification work comprises of corrective measures for faulty installation, replacement of inefficient piping with new rigid low friction piping and low head foot valves. The cost of rectification, which Rs. 2000 - 3000 per pump is paid back within 6-8 months from the saving of electricity or diesel that is achieved due to the rectification.

Tips for Energy Conservation in Agricultural Pump

1. Selection of right capacity of pumps according to the irrigation requirement.2. Matching of pump set with source of water - canal or well.3. Matching of motor with appropriate size pump.4. Proper installation of the pump system - shaft alignment, coupling of motor and pump.5. Use of efficient transmission system. Maintain right tension and alignment of transmission

belts.6. Use of low friction rigid PVC pipes and foot valves.7. Avoid use unnecessary bends and throttle valves.8. Use bends in place of elbows.9. The suction depth of 6 metres is recommended as optimum for centrifugal pumps. The delivery

line should be kept at minimum require height according to requirement.10. Periodically check pump system and carryout corrective measures - like lubrication, alignment,

tuning of engines and replacement of worn-out parts.11. Over irrigation can harm the crops and waste vital water resource. Irrigate according to

established norms for different crop.12. Use drip irrigation for specific crops like vegetable, fruits, tobacco, etc. Drip systems can

conserve upto 80% water and reduce pumping energy requirement.13. Service your tube well/pumping station regularly14. For diesel-powered irrigation pumps, be sure to match the engine output horsepower with the

horsepower demanded by the pump

Losses of fuel in Agriculture through tractor

Tips for Fuel Saving in tractors

Use the appropriate-sized tractor for the load. Engineers say fuel efficiency declines dramatically if you're using excess tractor horsepower for a job. Fuel efficiency also suffers if a tractor is too small for the job and becomes overloaded.

Gear up and throttle down. If you find yourself using a high-horsepower tractor to pull a light load, you can save fuel by running in a higher gear but at a lower engine speed.

Stay on top of general tractor maintenance. Keeping air and fuel systems clean and performing regular maintenance can help fuel efficiency.

Paint on-farm fuel tanks a light color, to reduce evaporation losses. To discourage thieves, mark tanks with the words "Red Diesel." Diesel fuel for off-road use is dyed red to indicate it is exempt from highway tax. Further discourage thieves by installing motion-sensor lights and quality locks.

Minimize the time spent driving tractors or other field equipment on the road. Use lighter, more fuel-efficient vehicles to carry crops to storage or to service vehicles in the field

Follow the instruction in as contained in Manual of operation

Irrigation Water Conservation Technology

1. Water Management/Lininig of water courses/ irrigation channels/ remodeling

2. Drip Irrigation3. Sprinkler Irrigation4. Hydro flume irrigation5. Rainwater Harvesting 6. Organic farming/ICM/IPM7. Irrigation Scheduling8. Cover crops9. Small dams

Drip Irrigation

Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or microirrigation, is an irrigation method which saves water and fertilizer by allowing waterto drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, andemitters.

Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground. The pump supply system, sprinklers and operating conditions

must be designed to enable a uniform application of water.

Hydroflume Irrigation

Rain Water harvesting

Zero /Notill

Zero tillage (also known as no-till or direct

seeding) is a method of plowing or tilling a

field in which the soil is disturbed as little as

possible by, essentially, not plowing the field.

The crop is planted directly into a seedbed

which has not been tilled since the harvest of

the previous crop.

Zero tillage means there is no activity on

field, the moisture level present in soil is

maintained. Seeds of new crops germinate

with the help of the ambient moisture

in the soil

Biodiesel

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable

oil- or animal fat-based

diesel fuel consisting of

long-chain alkyl (methyl,

propyl or

ethyl) esters.

Biodiesel is typically

made by chemically

reacting lipids (e.g.,

vegetable oil, animal fat

(tallow)) with an alcohol.

Green Fuel

Bio Ethanol

BioEthanol, which is produced

from agricultural crops, sugar cane

or bio-mass, are governed by the

same law of physics as those

using gasolin

The biofuels are therefore

considered to be "CO2 neutral",

not adding to the carbon dioxid

e level in the atmospheree

Wind Energy

Windbreaks: Low-tech, high value

Windbreaks are among the oldest

and best tools for energy conservation

on farms and ranches. In addition

to providing an array of other

placed windbreaks can reduce energy .

Solar Energy

Bio Gas

The methane digester is a plant to produce methane in the form of biogas from plant and animal waste. Such systems are common in certain countries, such as India, but sorely neglected in others, although the raw material is available everywhere

Natural resource management

Natural resources, especially those of soil, water, plant and animal diversity, vegetation cover, renewable energy sources, climate, and ecosystem services are fundamental for the structure and function of agricultural systems and for social and environmental sustainability, in support of life on earth.

Lazer land leveling

Resource Conservation Inputs Out put

Irrigation Water Saving ( 40-50 %) Increase in yield of crops

Fertilizers Saving ( 40-50 %) Better quality produce

Herbicides/Insecticides saving( 25-30%)

Increase income

Land Saving ( 5-10%in field) Better profitability

Labor Saving ( 30-40%) Low soil ailments

Energy Saving ( 20-25%)

Case Study

• When the soviet union collapsed in 1991, one of the results was that the small island nation of Cuba was suddenly cut off from its largest trading partner, and its imports of petroleum suddenly dropped by more than half. One of the first things to collapse was Cuba's agricultural sector. Cuba adapted to the suddenly limited resources by increasing urban agriculture and decreasing transportation distances, by decreasing the size of farms and increasing labour by humans and animals over large machinery, and by going organic. Cuba went from a farming system that was almost entirely conventional modern agriculture, with inputs of fertilizers and pesticides that actually surpassed .

Recommendation

Channel new and additional funding for energy mitigation, adaptation and technology transfer directly to the agricultural sector. Alternate source of energy to be exploited

Protect natural habitats by avoiding deforestation and land clearing by sustainably improving yields on existing arable land.

Rationale use of energy and water use be promoted. Protect the integrity of watersheds, wetlands and pasturelands to

preserve ecosystem services and biodiversity Build up soil organic matter and prevent erosion by applying

techniques such as conservation tillage, nutrient management and the use of reclamation varieties

Recommendation contd

Foster energy-efficiency improvements and emissions reductions in nitrogen fertilizer production by helping producers of all sizes to adopt best practice techniques.

Recognize and support the development of synergies between resilience and mitigation through the inclusion of improved farm management practices in research programmes

Invest in infrastructure-building and related training programmes.

Localize the application of agronomic knowledge, pest identification and meteorological information. No till, improved machinery.

Enhance capacity building to implement sustainable land management policies and programmes.