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Aircrafts
Types and Construction
Nikhilesh Vaidya,
T.Y.
Instrumentation Engg.,
S.G.G.S.I.E.&T., Nanded.
What is an Airplane?
Aircraft
More general term
Refers to any heavier-than-air object that is
Supported by its own buoyancy
Supported by the action of air on its structures
Airplane
Heavier-than-air craft propelled by an engine
Uses aerodynamic surfaces (wings) to generate lift
What is an Airplane?
Every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane.
Space shuttle
Gliders
Helicopters
Types of Aircraft
Aircraft are categorized according to their intended purpose.
There are three common categories, they are:
General Aviation
Commercial Aviation
Military Aviation
General Aviation
General aviation includes those used for training, business and agricultural.
Aircraft in this category generally hold less than 12 passengers.
Commercial Aviation
This category includes commuter, cargo, and Firefighting aircraft.
Usually hold in excess of 20 passengers.
Military Aircraft
Military aircraft include Cargo, Fighter, Bomber, trainer, and special mission.
A-attack
B-Bomber
C-Cargo
F-Fighter
H-Helicopter
K-Refueling Tanker
O-Observation
S-Surveillance
T-Trainer
U-Utility
V-Vertical Take-off
X-Experimental
Military Aviation Helicopters
Helicopters are rotary wing A/C ranging in size from single seat to 50 passenger.
Some carry loads in excess of 10 tons.
Fuel capacities range from 70-1000 gal.
Internal fuel tanks are usually located under the cabin floor.
Auxiliary fuel tanks are located in the aft section or attached to the outside of the cabin
Military Aviation Helicopters
Helicopters are constructed mainly of Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium, and composites.
Hazards included:
Rotor blades which can dip to 4’ of the ground
The tail rotor which can be nearly invisible when spinning.
Approaching from uphill or carrying objects above the waist.
Military Aviation Helicopters
Safety around Helicopters:
Always approach in sight of the pilot
Approach when pilot gives signal
Approach from downhill if possible.
Carry objects horizontally below waist
Maintain sufficient clearance for the main rotor and tail rotor, Clear the ground around the A/C for at least 50’ the the helipad.
Types
Jet fighters
Relatively lightweight
Highly maneuverable and very fast
Carry small amount of weight, including fuel
Must refuel on long flights
Passenger airplanes
Larger, carry more weight, fly longer distances
Less maneuverable and slower
More Types
Twin-engine
Sport plane
Turboprop
Cargo plane Business jet
Single-engine
A. Fuselage
B. Wings
C. Empenage or Tail
D. Power Plant
E. Landing Gear or
Undercarriage
Aircraft Components
Propeller
Landing Gear
Wing
Left Aileron
Fuselage
Empennage
Nacelle
Right Aileron
WingHorizonta
l Stabilizer
Vertical Stabilizer
Rudder
Elevator
Fuselage
Main body structure All other components are attached to it
Contains Cockpit or flight deck
Passenger compartment
Cargo compartment
Generally constructed in two or more sections
Carries accessories and other equipments
Includes numerous access doors, inspection plates,
landing wheel wells, and other openings
Wings
Most important lift-producing part of the aircraft
Also carries the fuel
Designed so that the outer tips of the wings are higher than where the wings are attached to the fuselage Called the dihedral
Helps keep the airplane from rolling unexpectedly
Wings
Wing Designs
Straight Wing Found mostly on small, low-
speed airplanes
Good lift at low speeds
Not suited to high speeds
Creates a lot of drag because the wing is perpendicular to the airflow
Provides good, stable flight
Cheap and can be made lighter
Wing Designs
Sweepback
Used on most high-speed airplanes
Less drag, but more unstable at low speeds
Amount of sweep depends on the purpose of the airplane
Commercial airliner has moderate sweep
High speed airplanes (e.g., fighters) have moderate sweep
No forward sweep wings are in mass production
Wing Designs
Delta Wings
Looks like a large triangle from above
Can reach high speeds
Landing speeds are very fast
Wing shape found on the supersonic transport Concord
Empennage
Also known as the tail assembly
Provides stability and control
Two main parts Vertical stabilizer (fin) to
which the rudder is attached
Horizontal stabilizer to which the elevators are attached
Power Plant
A unit or machine that converts chemical energy contains in
the fuel to thrust force. Thrust force is essential for moving
the airplane forward and producing lift force. With the piston
engine, the propeller is used to convert torque at engine shaft
to be thrust. With the jet engine, the jet engine output is the
thrust force.
Undercarriage
Also known as the landing gear, which is made up of
Struts
Wheels
Brakes
Can be fixed or retractable
Located underneath of the
fuselage with shock strut
Fixed / Retractable
Tri- cycle –Conventional type
Floating gear for seaplane /ski-
equipped for ice surface landing etc..
Landing Gear
Controls
Instruments and Controls
Supply information
Altitude
Direction
Provide control
Steering in the air and on the ground
Engine power
Braking
Black box
- High Strength to Weight
ratio
- Light weight
- Corrosion Resistant
- Should be non flammable
- High quality
• STEEL & ITS ALLOYS (Strong )
• ALUMINIUM & ITS ALLOY
(Commonly use)
• TITANIUM ALLOYS (Heat Barriers)
• MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (3 times lighter
than AL)
• PLASTICS & COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Material used in airframe construction
Airframe Materials Properties
Examples: