Air pollution and its management

Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha)

1Air Pollution and

management

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2What is Air

• A mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and minute amounts of other gases• surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere.

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3What is Air

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4What is Air

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6Air Pollution

• Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particles or biological material that cause harm or discomfort to humans or are unhealthy for humans or other living organisms plants and animals, or damage the natural enviornment into the atmosphere.• Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is

not part of the original, normal composition of air

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7Pollutants

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8What are air pollutants

• A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans other living organisms (including plants and animals) or the enviornment is known as air Pollutants• Or• Things that pollute air are call air pollutants

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9Classification or Types of air pollutants based on origin

• There are two types of pollutants

• Primary • Secondary

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10Types of pollutants (Primary)

• A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source .• Some examples are under as • Carbon monoxide ( CO )• Lead ( Pb )• Sulphur dioxide ( SO2 )• Carbon dioxide ( CO2• Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2) • Nitrogen oxide ( NO )• Volatile organic compounds ( CH4 )

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22Types of pollutants•Secondary pollutants• (formaldehydes)• A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but

forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. E.g (smog)

• SO3 , SO4 , H2SO4 , HNO3 , NO3 , O3

Salts , H2O2 , peroxyacetyl nitrate (PANs)

• Are even more dangerous than primary 12/04/2014


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25smog

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29Types of pollutants

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30Forms of air pollutants

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31Forms of air pollutants

• They can be in the form of

• Solid partices• Liquid drops• Or gases

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32causes of air pollution ORSources of air pollution

• The Sources of air pollution may be classified into two groups• 1 .Natural sources• 2.Man made sources

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33Natural sources

• Atmospheric reactions• Dust and aerosol• Microorganisms• Pollen• Radioactive substances

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34Natural sources

I. Atmospheric Reactions In the atmosphere, different types of

chemical reactions are always going on. In the lower atmosphere the gases and

vapours are always converted into solids and liquids by condensation or oxidation.

In the upper atmosphere, the photochemical reations are going on by the absorption of ultra-violet solar radiations.

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35Natural sources

• Atmospheric Reactions It breaks the complex molecules of

organic matters. The products of atmospheric reactions

come down to earth by rain, snowfall, etc

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36Natural sources

“2’ Dust and aerosolThe dust and aerosol which are present in

atmosphere cosist of salt particles from Sea water, airborne particles, bacteria, …etc

The particles remain suspension in air .

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37Natural sources

• ‘3’ Micro-organisms• The are in the form of yeast , algae,

fungi ,bacteria, …etc.

• These organisms can be transported by wind to far distances and can affect plants, animals, and human beings.

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38Natural sources

• ‘4’ pollen

• These may enter from the flowers of plants including the trees, grasses, and weeds and may be transported from place to place by wind.

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39Natural souces

•Radioactive substances • The radioactivity of the atmosphere is caused by

the radioactive materials present the crust of the earth and the action of cosmic rays.

• The radioactive substances such as radium, uranium, thoridium, …etc are responsible for the imparting the radioactivity of air.

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40Man made sources

• There are so many man made sources that cause pollution in air , from which some are discused under here

• Combustion of fuel• Thermal and nuclear power plants• Industries • Vehicular popullation• Construction materials• System of sanitation• Nuclear combustion

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41Man made sources

•Combustion of fuel• In domestic areas, the burning of coal, wood, oil,

and LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) form harmfull gases which pollute the air and cause different diseases in humans as well as in other organisms.

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42Man made sources

•Thermal and nuclear power plants

• The thermal power plants contribute sulphur dioxide ( a cause of acid rain).

• The nuclear power plants contribute radioactive fly ashes to the atmospheric air.

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43Man made sources

• Industries • The industries like iron and steel manufacturing,

oil refinery, chemical factories, petrochemical plants, pulp and paper , …etc cause a serious air pollution.

• The smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals also impart much air pollutants.

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44Man made sources

•Vehicular pollution

• The towns and cities are crowded with trucks, buses, minibuses, cars, taxies, …etc. which exhaust carbon mono oxide ( CO ) in large scale. This gas is very dangerous to human health.

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45Man made sources

•Construction materials

• The manfacture of bricks, cement, stone chips, …etc.

• Pollute the atmosphere by discharging smoke, gases and dusts.

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46Man made sources

•System of sanitation

• The unscientific disposal of garbage products foul gases , bad odour and insanitary condition.

• In towns where the conservancy system is followed, the system of disposal of night soil produces foul gases , fly irritaiton …etc

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47Man made sources

•Nuclear combustion

• The expermental combustion of nulear weapons pollutes these atmosphere by radioactive ashes.

• Again the combustion in nuclear research centre ,also develops radioactive substances which pollute the atmosphere

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48Mining operations

• Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using large qeuipments.

• During the process dust chemicals are released in air causing massive air pollution.

• This is one of the reason which is responsible for the deteriorating health conditions of workers and neardy residents,

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49Sources of air pollution

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51Effects of air pollution

• Global warming• Acid rain• Smog• Ozone deplition

• Diseases• Respiratory problems• Asthama• Heart problem

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• Mortality• Cardiovescular• Cystic fibrosis• Lungs diseases• Cancer• Dificulty in breathing• Wheezling

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• Irritation of eyes , noise , mouth , throat , • Coughing• Bronchitis• Reduced energy level•

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55Management

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56Difference between perfect combustion and typical engine combustion

• Perfect combustion • Fuel + air CO2 + H2O unaffected nitrogen• Typical engine combustion• Fuel + air unburned hydrocarbons + nitrogen

oxides (Nox) + carbon monoxide CO + CO2 + water

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57Air pollution management

Air pollution management aims at the elimination, or reduction to acceptable levels, of airborne gaseous pollutants, suspended particulate matter and physical and, to a certain extent, biological agents whose presence in the atmosphere can cause adverse effects on human health

Or To reduce or eliminate the air pollutants from air

which is harmful for humans and other organisms is known as air pollution management

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58Air pollution management • Typical measures in air quality management are

control measures at the source• for example• enforcement of the use of catalytic converters in

vehicles or of emission standards in incinerators, land-use planning • shut-down of factories or reduction of traffic

during unfavorable weather conditions.

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• implementing a wide range of measures• covering land and sea transport• power plants • non-road mobile machinery to reduce air

pollution.

• electricity generation by fuel (minimum it)

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•Ways to Reduce Air Pollution•We make choices everyday that can help reduce air pollution. Below are a few ideas that you can take to help clean our air.

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• At Home• Conserve energy - turn off appliances and

lights when you leave the room.

• Recycle paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and aluminum cans. (This conserves energy and reduces production emissions.)

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• Buy green electricity-produced by low-or even zero-pollution facilities.

• Connect your outdoor lights to a timer or use solar lighting.

•Wash clothes with warm or cold water instead of hot.

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• Lower the thermostat on your water heater to 120F.

• Use low-VOC or water-based paints, stains, finishes, and paint strippers.

• Test your home for radon-a dangerous, radioactive gas that is odorless and tasteless. If the test shows elevated levels of radon, the problem can be fixed cost effectively.

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• Choose not to smoke in your home, especially if you have children. If you or your visitors must smoke, then smoke outside.

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•Buy Smart• Buy ENERGY STAR products, including

energy efficient lighting and appliances. They are environmentally friendly products.

• Choose efficient, low-polluting models of vehicles.

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• Choose products that have less packaging and are reusable.

• Shop with a canvas bag instead of using paper and plastic bags.

• Buy rechargeable batteries for devices used frequently.

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•Drive Wise• Plan your trips. Save gasoline and reduce air

pollution.

• Keep tires properly inflated and aligned.

• In the summertime, fill gas tank during cooler evening hours to cut down on evaporation. Avoid spilling gas and don't "top off" the tank. Replace gas tank cap tightly.

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68Air pollution management• Avoid waiting in long drive-thru lines, for

example, at fast-food restaurants or banks. Park your car and go in.

• When possible, use public transportation, walk, or ride a bike.

• Get regular engine tune ups and car maintenance checks (especially for the spark plugs). 12/04/2014



• Use an energy-conserving (EC) grade motor oil.

• Report smoking vehicles to your local air agency.

• Join a carpool or vanpool to get to work.

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• Assignment of : Ecology• Submitted to : Dr. Ghani• Submitted by : Mujahid hussain• Roll No. : 127• Class : Bs botany 6th (S.S) UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA THANK YOU

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Education

Air pollution and its management