India is the second largest producer of vegetables next to China.

Heterosis in vegetables was first observed in tomato in 1908 in USA.

In India, hybrid vigour was first reported in chillies in 1933 from IARI.

Indo-American was first to develop tomato and Capsicum hybrid in 1973.

F1 hybrids have many advantages over traditional varieties.

They have the potential to achieve maximum yield per unit area.

e.g. Tomato -conventional varieties -30-35 tonnes ha-1.

F1 hybrid - more than 80 tonnes ha-1.

crop hybrids

Brinjal(Long) Pusa hybrid-5, Pant hybrid-1, ARBH-201, Kat-4

Brinjal (Round) Pusa Hybrid-6, Pusa Hybrid-9, ARBH-216, NDBH-1, JBH-1, BH-1, Pant hybrid-2,

Brinjal (small round)

MHB-10, MHB-39, Phule hybrid-2, ABH-1, Hybrid-2, Sumex-9, Sumex-19, HOE-4

Tomato (Determinate)

Pusa hybrid-2, DTH-4, Phule Hybrid-1, Hybrid No-37, Swarna-12, Maitri, Rishi

Tomato (indeterminate)

Arka Vardhan, KT-4, FMH-1, Larica, Ratna, DTH-6, Sonali, ARTH-16, FM-2, NDTH-2

Chilli Agni, HOE-888, CH-104, BSS-141, CH-1, CH-3

Sweet pepper Bharat, Pusa Deepti, Indira, Lario, KT-1

Flowering habit of solanaceous crops

Tomato

Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, 2n=2x=24

•Basically highly out crossing genus, later evolved as self –pollinating one (Rick,1956)

•Stamens and carpels are six in number •Flowers are vary in number from 5-12

•Dehiscence of anther is longitudinal , 1-2 days after opening of corolla

Brinjal Solanum melanogena L. 2n=2x=24

•Inflorescence is often solitary but sometime it constituents clusters of 2-5 flowers

•Eggplant is a normally highly self-pollinated crop but since the stigma ultimately projects beyond the anthers, there is an ample opportunity for cross-pollination

•Anthesis and dehiscence are mainly influenced by daylight, temperature and humidity (sidhu et al.,1980)

cont.

Chilli Capsicum annum var. acuminatum L.2n=2x=24

•Flowers are solitary or in cluster at the tip of branch

•Stamens are normally five, alternate with petals

•Stigma is club shaped •Basically self pollinated but cross pollination reported up to 16% (Tikloo, 1991)

•Peak flower production at 60-80 days after transplanting

Sweet pepper

Capsicum annum var. grossum L.2n=2x=24

•Most of bell pepper varieties have stigma equal to the anther height •11000-18000 pollen grains/anther ( Hirose , 1957)

Climatic requirementsTomato warm season crop

A day temperature of 21-25⁰C and night temperature of 15-20⁰C, low atmospheric humidity (60% RH) is optimum

Availability of optimum crossing period e.g. Some parts of Karnataka provide more time to crossing

Brinjal warm season crop

more susceptible to lower temperature than tomato and pepper

A day temperature of 25–32 0C and a night temperature of 21–27 0C are ideal

Chilli Optimum temperature is 18-30⁰C

Flower buds abort if night temperature reaches 30⁰C or above

Sweet pepper The seed production of crop is problematic in the north India due to the higher temperature

Hybrid seed production techniques in tomatoHybrid seed production techniques in tomatoEmasculation: begins about 55-65 days after sowing.

Selection of bud Split open anther cone

Cutting of petals Removal of anther cone

Pollen collection

pollination

Summary of results obtained in hand pollination studies using seven methods of pollination on two strains of

tomato, at two temperature level

Pollination methodsPercentage Fruit set

< 850F >850FAverageM.F. M.S. M.F. M.S.

1.Control forceps, fresh pollens 43 60 30 40 43

2.Matchstick fresh pollens 53 60 40 43 49

3.Matchstick stored pollens 70 76 46 66 64

4.Match stick stored flowers 36 46 33 30 36

5.camel’s hair brush fresh pollens

36 46 26 46 38

6.camel’s hair brush stored pollen

43 50 30 43 42

7.Camel’s hair brush stored flowers

40 56 36 26 40

Average 46 56 33 43Hafen and Stevenson (1953)

In a greenhouse experiment, the maternal parent of tomato hybrid Yunza 8 was artificially pollinated (1, 2 or 3 times) with pollen collected from the

paternal parent in the morning (10.00-11:00 h) or in the afternoon (16.00-18.00 h).

Fruit set per plant and seed yield per mature fruit increased with pollination frequency,

while pollination timing had no significant influence on these parameters.

HanShan,(2002)

Effects of timing of artificial pollination and frequency on hybrid seed production of tomato

• The night temperature between 12-18⁰C was found highly suitable for better pollen viability and higher crossed fruit set.

• Repeated pollination till 3-4 times resulted in higher seed formation in crossed fruit.

• Environmental conditions were favorable for 45 days in open field conditions (15th Feb.-31st mar.)

• Successful crossing in low cost playhouse can be taken up from as early as 1st week of January

Vari et al (2007)

Stigma receptivity in female parents of Pusa hybrid-1 and 2

Sheetal (Pusa hybrid 1)

Days of pollination after emasculation

Fruit set %

1 20

2 86.6

3 93.3

4 66.7

5 13.3

6 13.3

S-120 (Pusa hybrid 2)

Days of pollination after emasculation

Fruit set %

1 6.66

2 86.66

3 86.66

4 93.33

5 53.30

6 0.00

Yogesha et al.(1999)

Pollen viability in male parents of Pusa hybrid 1and2

Pollen storage (days)

Fruit set %

P1 P2

1 73.3 80.0

2 66.7 80.0

3 53.3 53.3

4 60.0 53.3

5 53.3 60.0

pollen storage (days)

fruit set%

P1 P2

1 46.6 66.7

2 60.0 53.3

3 60.0 46.7

4 66.7 66.7

5 66.7 86.7

7 86.7

Chikoo (Pusa hybrid-1) Gaurav (Pusa hybrid-2)

P1=pollen stored under room conditionsP2=pollen stored in refrigerated condition(at 9-10⁰C) Yogesha et al.(1999)

Increase of the productivity of a greenhouse tomato crop improving the pollination

The effect of 2 pollination practices i.e. the use of an electrical vibrator or

'mechanical bee' and the vibration of the plants by striking the guiding

wires. Result showed that the use of the electrical vibrator is a profitable

practice, not only because it increased fruit production, but also it

promoted higher proportion of big fruits with great market value

Cuellar et al.(2001)

Seed Extraction:• It involves a treatment to remove gelatinous coating from the seed

seed recovery, germination % for different seed extraction methods of tomato

TreatmentDose (per kg

of pulp)Seed recovery

(g/kg) germination%

2001 2002

H2SO4 4ml 2.4 3.1 98 92

H2SO4 6ml 4.1 5.0 99 92

HCl 6ml 3.6 3.8 99 93

Na2CO3 25g 3.7 3.9 98 90

Fermentation (control)

7.8 8.4 99 90

Yadav et al . (2004)

Hybrid seed production techniques in brinjal Emasculation:

Flower buds about one to two days away from opening should be chosen for emasculation

Pollen collection and pollination:

Pollens can be collected by putting the anthers in vial along with small iron balls for giving beating effect

Pollen grains are taken in petridish and then transferred to stigma of female flower with help of brush, needle or match stick

Before pollination, stigmatic surface should be checked for presence of pollen

Use of male sterility for hybrid seed production

Female line Fruit set%

BCB-11 85.4

BCB-18 89.6

BCB-34 90.4

UGA-1MS 82.6

High crossing success of 82.6% could be achieved in UGA-1MS by hand pollination

Insect pollinators chiefly bees basically act as pollen releaser for self pollination

Average estimated natural hybridization was only 7.5%

So, hand pollination obviating emasculation is suggested to utilize the functional male sterile lineUGA-1 MS in hybrid development Hazra et al. (2003)

A study was carried out to determine the viability of the pollen

of brinjal. The results indicate that the pollen should be stored

only up to 20 days to give high fertilization, optimum seed

production and high seed quality.

Nascimento. (2003)

Effects of pollination devices and covering materials on the hybrid seed yield of brinjal

Percentage of fruit setTreatment C1 C2 C3 Mean

T1 58.3 46.6 53.5 52.8

T2 58.7 45.9 55.3 53.3

T3 47.7 40.5 47.9 45.5

Mean 54.9 44.4 52.3 50.5

T-1= Blackened glass rod with one end tapered to the width of stigma surfaceT-2= Camel hair brushT-3= Black ended matchstick C-1= cotton capsule C-2 =Cellophane paper bagC-3= Butter paper bag

Pathare et al.(1995)

Experiments were conducted at TNAU to study optimumplanting ratio, the fruit yield and seed yield were highest at 1:10 ratio and lowest at 1:1 ratio. Sankar et al.(2001)

Fruit setting percentage was highest in the month of February using plants emasculated between 09.00 and 11.00 h during winter.

Chattopadhyay. (2000)

Seed extraction:

• The harvested fruits are stored for three to four days

• seeds are extracted by cutting, crushing or macerating with a mechanical extractor.

• In small seed production, dry extraction of seed is used, however, this is time consuming and laborious

• The cost of seed extraction was 0.88 - 5.73 Rupees per kg. by axial vegetable seed extractor

Kachru. (1992)

Hybrid seed production techniques in chilli

Hybrid seed can be produced by

Hand emasculation and pollination

Using genetic male sterility system

Using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system

Hybrid seed Production of CH-1 and CH-3 using MS12 male sterile line

keep Isolation distance: 400m

Planting ratio: 2:1 (female: male)

Keep 2-3 bee hives per acre to ensure pollination

MS-12 line segregates in male fertile and male sterile plants in 1:1 ratio

Remove male fertile plants from seed production plot before pollen shedding

Characteristics of male fertile and male sterile plants in female parent MS-2Character Male fertile plants Male sterile plants

Pollen (white powdery substance)

Present Absent

Anther color Light gray Purple or yellow

Anther size Normal Reduced to less than half

Anther bursting Burst to shed pollen No bursting

Crossing efficacy in non heated plastic tunnel

Row number Number of pollinated flowers

Fruit set Pollination efficacy%

1 791 418 52.6

2 1293 770 60.5

3 1250 780 63.9

4 1082 798 75.3

1 Row of plant just against the wall of tent2, 3, 4 rows closer to central part of tent

More stable temperature especially in night in the central part of tent gives better results

Pawel et al. (1999)

Effect of different isolation distances on the % out crossing in chilli

harvesting

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 Mean

HI 12.90 9.20 8.60 7.20 7.00 5.80 4.90 1.90 0 5.75

H2 14.76 11.46 11.30 10.90 8.70 4.70 4.70 1.08 0 6.36

H3 9.70 9.00 8.30 4.60 4.90 1.30 1.20 0.78 0 3.98

H4 9.30 8.90 8.10 5.70 3.80 2.10 1.30 0 0 3.92

Mean 11.60 9.64 9.07 7.10 6.10 3.47 2.02 0.94 0

Isolation distance(m)

This indicates that contaminator pollen can travel only up to certain distance under influence of wind or pollinator activity

Minimum isolation distance of 225 m is safe for hybrid seed production under north Indian conditions

Third and fourth pickings gave maximum genetic purity as compare to first and second picking Rumadevi et al.(2003)

Seed extraction:• Harvested ripe fruits are dried and separated by maceration

• A meat mincer modified by blunting the sharp rotating cutting blades has been successfully used to extract seeds from Capsicum

• The influence of fruit ripeness (half ripe, fully ripe, overripe) at the time of seed extraction on seed germination. Seeds from half-ripe fruits had poorer germination than those taken from fully ripe fruits

Cavero et al.(1995)

Hybrid seed production techniques in Sweet Pepper

Commercial hybrid seed production mainly in temperate regions and southern parts of India through hand emasculation and pollination

Sharma (1995) suggested it most reliable, method in this crop

Hand pollination without emasculation

• Use of male sterility

• Breuits and Pochard (1975) developed the hybrid by using male sterile gene ms-509

• In GMS system removal of male fertile plants from seed production plot is possible by using markers e.g. Anthocynin less anthers and green/pigmented hypocotyl

• Hybrid seed production using CMS system is also possible

• Use of androcides

• spraying GA3 @1000mg/L at 10 days interval from onset of flowering for three times

• Chauhan (1978) used Malic hydrazide and Dalapon to develop ms line in capsicum

The effect of mixed pollen(of many plants) on the %of fruit set, flower abscission and seeds per fruit

Variants Flower abscission %

Fruit set% Mean no. of seeds per fruit

Kalinkov х sivrija 600

(Pollen of one plant) 70 30 44

(Pollen of many plant) 13 87 204

Kozi roga х Dzul junska shipka

(Pollen of one plant) 53 17 33

(pollen of many plant) 23 77 59

Pollination with large quantity of pollen from many plants was preferable to the use of pollen from a single plant

Popova et al.(1978)

Seed extraction

conclusion• In tomato temperature, pollination frequency has more

significant influence on seed yield than the time

• Pollen can be stored 3-4 days under ordinary conditions

• Pollination can be improved by use of electrical vibrator

• Fermentation method of seed extraction gives better seed recovery, however acid and alkali extraction can be employed where temperature is too low

• Planting ratio of male to female lines in hybrid seed production plot of brinjal can be increased to 1:10

• Axial flow vegetable seed extractor can be used economically in brinjal

• Microclimatic conditions in the close of tent wall are less favorable hence show low crossing efficacy

• Minimum isolation distance of 225m in chilli is safe for hybrid seed production under north Indian conditions

• Fully ripe fruits should be used for seed extraction in chilli

• Pollination with mixed pollen of many plants is preferable in sweet pepper

• Manual seed extraction is easy and safety in sweet pepper

• Seed production cost can be reduced by using male sterility system or androcides in all these crops

THAnK You