Adhesives 101 by Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Tom Rolando Chief Technical OfficerChief Technical Officer

Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Wiz 101 AdhesivesWiz 101 AdhesivesAn Overview of

Wiz 101 Adhesives Wiz 101 Adhesives An Overview of Hot Melt, Water‐based, Pressure Sensitive and D t i Adh iDextrin Adhesives Used in PackagingPackaging and Converting

Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Applications

Wiz Adhesives 101 Wiz Adhesives 101 Course OutlineCourse Outline

•What is an Adhesive?•History of Adhesivessto y o d es es•Types of Adhesives

•Water‐Based•Hot Melt •Chemistry•Pressure Sensitive•Starch‐Dextrin

•Practical Knowledgef

y•Applications

•Key Questions to Ask Before Recommending Adhesives•Adhesive Definitions


What Is An Adhesive?What Is An Adhesive?What Is An Adhesive?What Is An Adhesive?

• An adhesive or glue is a• An adhesive, or glue, is a mixture in a liquid or semi‐liquid state (as used) that adheres or bonds itemsadheres or bonds items together.

• Adhesives may come from• Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources and nearly all are polymer based – most arepolymer based most are highly specialized and formulated.


History of AdhesivesHistory of AdhesivesHistory of AdhesivesHistory of Adhesives• The original adhesive was developed

by the caveman who made glue outby the caveman, who made glue out of animal hides and proteins.

• Water‐based adhesives (also known (as PVAc, White Glue or Resin Glue) were invented in Germany during World War I. It is the key ingredient in Wood Glue and Elmer's Glue.

• Hot Melt Adhesives (also known as EVA's or Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) were invented around 1900 and perfectedinvented around 1900, and perfected after World War II during the development of automated packaging lines.

An Overview of An Overview of Today’s AdhesivesToday’s Adhesives

Adhesive Types Water‐based Hot Melt Pressure Sensitive

Starch‐Dextrin

Polyvinyl Acetate Ethylene‐Vinyl

A t t (EVA)

Technologies(PVAc) Acetate (EVA)

Polyvinyl Acetate ‐ Polyolefin/Acetate

Ethylene(VAE) Copolymer

Polyolefin/Metallocene


WaterWater‐‐Based AdhesivesBased AdhesivesWaterWater Based AdhesivesBased AdhesivesApplied as an Emulsion (Mixture of Two or More Liquids That are

ll bl ) h d dh hNormally Non‐mixable) That Is Converted to An Adhesive When the Water Evaporates

Water Based Adhesive Types:

• Polyvinyl Acetates (PVAc)

Water‐Based Adhesive Types:

•Polyvinyl Acetate‐Ethylene

Copolymer Based – (VAE)


Differences Between Differences Between PVAcPVAc and VAEand VAEPVAcPVAc and VAEand VAE

Property PVAc VAEChemistry Polyvinyl Acetate Vinyl Acetate EthyleneReferenced Homopolymer CopolymerAdhesion Moderate ExcellentFormulation Required Optionalq pLatitude of Formulation Limited Wide‐RangedSpeed of Set Good ExcellentSpeed of Set Good ExcellentMachinability Moderate Excellent

Resistance Properties Good ExcellentResistance Properties Good ExcellentEconomics Best Economics Moderate EconomicsLess is More Not Applicable Applicable

Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Uses Corrugated, Lower End Folding Carton, Higher EndSpecialty Uses Heat Seal Difficult Surfaces

Key Materials Key Materials Used in Used in WaterWater‐‐based based AdhesivesAdhesives

WaterWater‐‐based based ChemistryChemistry


Ingredients Chemistry Purpose Polymers polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate‐ethylene,

polyvinyl alcohol adds strength and toughnessy polyvinyl alcohol

Water H20 acts as the diluent for polymer emulsions and disperses or solubilizes additives

Plasticizers benzoate ester non‐phthalate typesincreases tack, increase speed of set, improve adhesion, lower the T for more flexible films reduce heat sealPlasticizers benzoate ester, non‐phthalate types lower the Tg for more flexible films, reduce heat seal temperatures and improve water resistance.

Solvents high boiling alkyl‐based fugitive plasticiers, improve adhesion, improve set of speed, reduce minimum film forming temperature

Humectants urea, glycerine prevents skimming, improves film flexibility, slows set of speed, extends open time

Fillers clay, calcium carbonate lowers cost, reduces penetration, alters rheology, reduces cold flow

Surfactants non‐ionic, anionic wetting agents, foam control

Defoamers Alkyl & oil based foam control

Thickeners polyacrylate, polyurethane alters the viscosity of a given product, can be used as rheology modifiersrheology modifiers

Adhesion Promoters polyamine, metal chelators adds specific adhesion to difficult surface

Preservatives Biocides, fungicides prolongs the shelf‐life of the product


Dyes/Indicators Food Grade Colorants, Black Light Indicators alters the color, or UV absorption of the adhesive film

WaterWater‐‐Based Based Adhesive ApplicationsAdhesive ApplicationsAdhesive ApplicationsAdhesive Applications

• Laminatingg• Packaging

• case and carton li dsealing and

assembly• envelopes• bags• tube winding

• Product AssemblyProduct Assembly• Bookbinding


Hot Melt AdhesivesHot Melt AdhesivesHot Melt AdhesivesHot Melt AdhesivesApplied as a Molten Film or Bead and ConvertedApplied as a Molten Film or Bead and Converted to a Solid When the Molten Material Gels/Cools

The Most Widely Used Hot Melt Adhesive Types Are:

•Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate (EVA)•Polyolefin/Metalloceney /

Thermoplastic in Nature


p

Difference Between EVA and Difference Between EVA and P l l fi H M lP l l fi H M lPolyolefin Hot MeltsPolyolefin Hot Melts

Property EVA Polyolefinp y y

Base Chemistry Ethylene Vinyl AcetatePolyethylene (Metalocene Catalyzed)

Adhesion (to Paper/Cellulosics) Good ExcellentLattitude of Formulation Wide Range LimitedSpeed of Set Good ExcellentMachinability Moderate ExcellentOdor Characteristic of Adhesive NoneViscosity Build at Operating Temperature Yes, to Char/Gel Does not Gain ViscosityResistance Properties Good ExcellentResistance Properties Good ExcellentService Temperature Range Moderate Wide Ranged

Economics Good EconomicsBest Economics on a Per Usage Basis

Less is More Not Applicable ApplicableUses Packaging, Converting Packaging, Converting


Key Materials in Key Materials in H tH t M lt Adh iM lt Adh iHot Hot Melt AdhesivesMelt Adhesives


Hot Melt ChemistryHot Melt ChemistryHot Melt ChemistryHot Melt Chemistry


Hot Melt ChemistryHot Melt Chemistryyy

Ingredients Chemistry Purposeg y p

Polymerspolyvinyl acetate‐ethylene, polyolefin (metalocenecatalyzed) polyethylene

adds strength and toughnesscatalyzed), polyethylene

TackifiersHydrocarbon based, Hydrogenated, Non‐Hydrogenated Rosin Based

increases tackiness and speed of setHydrogenated, Rosin Based

Waxes Peteroleum based, polyethyelene

controls melt viscosity and reduces cost and controls setting speeds

AdhesionAdhesion Promoters

Other Polymers adds additional adhesion characteristics

Antioxidant Free Radical Scavengers prevents discoloration, gel formation


Hot Melt Adhesive Hot Melt Adhesive A li tiA li tiApplications Applications

•PackagingPackaging•Case and carton sealing•Assemblyy

•Book and magazine binding•Disposables•Automotive•Bottle manufacturing•Product assembly

li tiapplications


Hot Melt Pressure Hot Melt Pressure Sensitive AdhesivesSensitive Adhesives

Form Bond When Pressure is Applied to Marry the Adhesive with the Adherent. No Solvent, Water, or Heat is Needed to Activate the Adhesive

Ingredients Chemistry PurposePolymers Rubber Based, SBS, SIS

Type adds strength and toughness

ApplicationsProduct AssemblyTag and LabelType

Tackifiers

Hydrocarbon based, Hydrogenated, Non‐Hydrogenated, Rosin Based

increases tackiness and speed of set

Tag and Label

Process Oils Mineral Oil, Light Oil, Petroleum Based modified viscosity

Waxes Peteroleum based, polyethyelene

controls melt viscosity and reduces cost and controls setting speeds

d l l


Antioxidant Free Radical Scavengers prevents discoloration, gel formation

Hot Melt Pressure Hot Melt Pressure i i dh ii i dh i

• Key Materials in PSAs –

Sensitive AdhesivesSensitive AdhesivesKey Materials in PSAs • Rubber• Tackifier• Oil Based (see Hot Melt Diagram) .

• Types of PSAs –• High Strength/High Peel• Moderate Strength/Moderate Peel (R iti bl )(Repositionable)• Low Strength/Low Peel (Fugitive)

• Where would you use PSAs• General Purpose Product Assembly• General Purpose Product Assembly• Display• Tag and Label• Mailers


Dextrin AdhesivesDextrin AdhesivesBased on Starches and Other Additives, Dextrin Adhesives Bond Well to Porous Surfaces But are Not as Water‐resistant and Have a Slow Set Time.

ApplicationsLaminatingProduct Assembly

Not as Water resistant and Have a Slow Set Time.

IngredientsIngredients ChemistryChemistry PurposePurposePolymers Polysaccaride, starches, dextrin adds strength and toughness Product Assembly

Paper ConvertingPolymers Polysaccaride, starches, dextrin adds strength and toughness

Water H20acts as the diluent for polymer emulsions and disperses or solubilizesadditives

Humectants urea, glycerine, sodium nitrateprevents skimming, improves film flexibility, slows set of speed, extends open time

Fillers clay, calcium carbonate lowers cost, reduces penetration, alters rheology, reduces cold flow

Surfactants non‐ionic, anionic wetting agents, foam control

Defoamers Alkyl & oil based foam controlDefoamers Alkyl & oil based foam control

Thickeners polyacrylate, polyurethane alters the viscosity of a given product, can be used as rheology modifiers

Adhesion Promoters

other polymers formation of a resin‐dextrin


Preservatives Biocides, fungicides prolongs the shelf‐life of the product

Dyes/Indicators/Color Retention

Food Grade Colorants, Black Light Indicators, Color Retention

alters or preserves the color, or UV absorption of the adhesive film

Dextrin AdhesivesDextrin AdhesivesDextrin AdhesivesDextrin Adhesives

• Key Materials in Dextrins (corn) –y ( )starch/dextrin

• Where Would You Use Dextrins• Layflat Laminating• Layflat Laminating• Corrugated Build‐Ups• Light Product Assembly


Practical KnowledgePractical KnowledgePractical KnowledgePractical Knowledge

• Applications and Adhesives• Substrates• Process Tree

Adh i A li i S• Adhesive Applicating Systems• Emulsion/Dispersion/ Solution Comparison• Comparison of Water‐based vs.

Hot Melt AdhesivesHot Melt Adhesives• Less is More • Theory Behind Adhesion• Regulatory Informationg y• Sustainability• Key Questions to Ask Before

Recommending AdhesivesAdh i D fi iti


• Adhesive Definitions

Applications and AdhesivesApplications and Adhesives


SubstratesSubstratesPaper/PaperboardKraftTiO2 coated

SBS Board (bleached board)CalendaredPrinted

CoatedWaxMichelmannMichelmannPE

FilmsPPPEPET


FoilMetalized

Applications vs. Product TypeApplications vs. Product TypeWater-based Hot Melt/HMPSA

Laminating

Resin

Converting –Lap Seal

Copolymer (Folding Carton)Homopolymer

Corrugated

Labeling HMPSA

EconomicalPermanent

Dextrin Starch/Dextrin

Lap Paste

General Purpose

Labeling

PET -

Glass (Starch)

Magazine F d

HMPSA/Difficult stuff

Rotary

Removable

FDA Direct

General Purpose

General PurposePET -Synthetic

Glass (Synthetic)

FedCase and Carton Seal

Modified MetalocenesMetallocene

Homopolymer

Copolymer

Polycoatedboard

Economical/Fast setting

Fast set Increased Tack / Best Freezer resistance

Standard GradeLow application

Slower setting

General purpose

F t tti

Slow setting / Wax board

temp.

Very Fast setting / High Heat

General Purpose

Tube Winding, Wood Assembly

Varnished/Coated Stock

Fast settingMedium set / Difficult stock

g eatresistance


Adhesive Adhesive ApplicatingApplicatingSystemsSystems

Non‐Circulating System is used to apply both cold water‐Non‐Circulating System is used to apply both cold water‐based and hot‐melt adhesives. A non‐circulating system essentially comprises a parallel series of guns, each one attached to the main tank by individual hoses. The adhesive yis pumped to each gun though the hose, and the adhesive is applied by the nozzle of the gun.

Circulating System used for continually applying and re‐applying adhesive, typically in a rotary based application systembased application system.


Adhesive Adhesive ApplicatingApplicatingSystemsSystems

Cold‐Glue System ‐ hoses pump the fluid adhesive to applicator heads which apply the adhesive to the substrate in bead, spray, or droplet form (depending upon the

i t) b f tt h t i lrequirement) by means of attachments or special configurations on the applicator heads.

Hot‐Melt System – Same as above but with an additional requirement: melting the adhesive. The most common configuration for melting devices is a g gtank melter, or essentially a large pot or tank in which cold adhesive can be added and melted into liquid form.


Emulsion/Dispersion/ Solution Emulsion/Dispersion/ Solution / p // p /ComparisonComparison


WaterWater‐‐based vs. Hot Melt based vs. Hot Melt Adhesives ComparisonAdhesives Comparison

Property Water‐based Hot MeltProperty Water‐based Hot MeltType Emulsion Solution

Physical Chemistry Thermosetting Thermoplasticy y g p

Polymer Chemistry PVAc, VAE EVA, Olefin

Molecular Weight >100,000 <10,000

Adhesion Excellent Good

Speed of Set Moderate Very Fast

Range of Properties Wide NarrowRange of Properties Wide Narrow

Resistance Properties Excellent Moderate

Economics Similar on a per dry unit of usage


Less is More Less is More ––O i i i Adh i UO i i i Adh i UOptimizing Adhesive UseOptimizing Adhesive Use

•Reduce the amount of adhesive applied, no matter the technology. •Ensure the adhesive is applied in the specific bonding area and pp p gmatches both the surfaces being bonded and the application equipment applying the adhesive.•Use the latest and best equipment and know‐how for applying the adhesive


adhesive.•Optimize the overall gluing process.

Theory Behind Adhesion Theory Behind Adhesion

Chemical Bonding Mechanical Bonding

d lThe Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT

Van der Waals Forces & Hydrogen Bonding

Steric Hindrance

Regulatory InformationRegulatory InformationKey AspectsKey Aspects

•TSCA & similar Global Regulation•VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds)•HAPsFDA Cl•FDA Clearances

•Proposition 65 Chemicals•REACH, RoHS, SVHC•Heavy Metal (CONEG)•Heavy Metal (CONEG)•Phthalate, Allergen, PFCs, Latex, etc… FREE•CPSIA•Patriot Act – Conflict Materials•Supplier Guarantee•+ Continuing Added Regulations!!


AdhesiveAdhesive SustainablitySustainablityAdhesive Adhesive SustainablitySustainablitySustainable Adhesives Use A Combination of Appropriate Chemistry and Technology, Manufacture Adhesives in the Most Efficient Manner Possible

Key Particle Components are:R l ti f t th f th

and Optimize Adhesive Use.

•Relative performance strength of the chemistry of the adhesive.•Relative recyclability of the product.• Manufacturing Efficiency of the P d tProduct.

• Renewability.•Biodegradability‐Compostability‐Repulpability.O ll E C ti f R•Overall Energy Conservation – from Raw Material to Adhesive Manufacturing to Adhesive User – detailing the Energy Used and Waste Material Generated. “LESS IS MORE APPROACH”


MORE APPROACH”.

Key Questions Key Questions to Ask to Ask Before Before Recommending AdhesivesRecommending Adhesives

1 Wh t i th E d U P d t b i1. What is the End Use Product being Made?

2. What substrates are involved? Bonding h h ?What to What?

3. How will the Adhesive be Applied?4. How is the End Product being Made

now?5. What is the substrate temperature

when glued?6. What is the application temperature?7. What is the Open Time, Compression

Time?


Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank You

Thank you for participating in Wiz 101 Adhesivesin Wiz 101 Adhesives

presented by Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide Click here to download your y

Continuing Education Certificate


Adhesive DefinitionsAdhesive Definitions










