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Adaptive Implementation of Integrated Spatial Plans:A GameJaap Evers
CSTM – Twente Centre for Studies of Technology and Sustainable Development,
University of Twente
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 2
INTRODUCTION•
• Spatial Development Veilen:A Simulation Game
• Games Processes
• Games Outcomes
• Discussion & Conclusions
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 3
THE GAME•
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 4
THE GAME•
Vision:Province
Water AuthorityMunicipality
Strategic approachAdaptive approach
Vision ProvinceVision Water
Authority Vision Municipality
Evaluation Evaluation
Planning and R
ealization
Interactive Planning
Evaluation
Gam
e sh
ift
Reaction Inhabitants
Gam
e sh
ift
Realization
Evaluation
Unexpected opportunity
Unexpected threat
Unexpected threat
Unexpected opportunity
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Gam
e shift
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 5
GAME PROCESSES•
Not-interactiveSetting agenda, discussionNo-input
ConsultingInforming
(2)(1)
InteractivePolicy development and decision making
Policy development, used for decision making
Policy development, decision may deviate
Co-deciding
Co-producing
Advising
(5)
(4)
(3)
Decision making
Contribution of participantsLevel of Participation
Table 1: Level of participation in decision-making based on Edelenbos (2000)
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 6
GAME PROCESSES•
Table 2: Models and the characteristics of the cooperation processes (Kuindersma & Kolkman, 2005; Soeterbeek, 2000)
Creativity en Consensus seeking for combining goals and innovative solutions (C)
Laboratory Model
Negotiation and Bargaining on deals (N)Market model
Conflict and Fighting for own goals and stakes (F)Arena model
Characteristics of Cooperation process
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 7
GAME PROCESSES•
Table 3: Characteristics of the interaction processes
Interactive(5)C, N, F
Interactive(5)C, N, F
-Interactive(5)N, F
Interactive(5)N, F
Interactive(5)N, F
MunicipalityWater AuthorityProvinceCommunity
Session 3
Not-inter-active(1)F
Not-inter-active(1)F
Not-inter-active(1)F
Community
Interactive(5)C, N, F
Interactive(4)C, N, F
-
Interactive(5)C, N
Interactive(5)C, N
Interactive(5)C, N
MunicipalityWater AuthorityProvince
Session 2
No RoleNo RoleNo RoleNo RoleNo RoleNo RoleCommunity
Interactive(4)C, N
Interactive(4)C, N
Interactive(4)C, N
Interactive(4)C, N
Interactive(4)C, N
Interactive(4)*C, N**
MunicipalityWater AuthorityProvince
Session 1
A3A2A1S3S2S1
Characteristics of the interaction processes
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 8
GAME OUTCOMES•
42 = (2+2)/22 = (2+2)/22A3
4.62 = (2+2+2)/32.3 = (3+2+2)/33A2
93 = (3+3)/23 = (3+3)/22S3
62 = (2+2)/23 = (3+3)/22S2
7.52.5 = (3+2)/23 = (4+2)/22S1
ScoreAverage amount of responsible authorities participated in the realized construction
Average amount of goals realized per site where function combinations were realized
Amount of sites with combined functions
Game
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 9
GAME OUTCOMES•
€ 11,658,800.-€ 13,406,000.-
Minimum Total CostsMaximum Total Costs
€ 200,000.-Budget Recreation (tracking path, cycling path, picnic sites)
€ 904,800.-
€ 1,560,000.-
Agricultural Water Buffer (12 ha)OR
Ecologically constructed Water Buffer (12 ha)
Municipality
€ 286,000.-Reconstruction Veilense Mill Channel(€52,000.-/km, total 5.5km)
€ 1,508.000.-
€ 2,600,000.-
Agricultural Water Buffer (20 ha)OR
Ecologically constructed Water Buffer (20 ha)
Water Authority
€ 8,760,000.-
€ 8,840,000.-
Ecological Network (North, app. 144 ha)OR
Ecological Network (South, app. 146 ha)
Province
CostsMeasurementActor
Table 5: Costs of all measurements to attain the individual policy goals when constructed independently
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 10
GAME OUTCOMES•
The project team has 75.5 ha of land of Mr. Bos left over after land relocation. Extra costs = 75.5 ha x € 30,000.- = € 2.3 million (but the land can be sold to interested farmers or investors in the near future)
A3
No combination of Ecological Network and Water Buffer, did not safe € 3.16 million, because of adaptive behaviour
A2
Paid 10% extra for land acquisition for Ecological Network and offered fam. De Graaf a new tractor. Extra costs = € 0.6 million + tractor
S3
No combination of Ecological Network and Water Buffer, did not safe € 3.16 million.Paid 10% extra for land acquisition for Ecological Network and Reconstruction of Mill
Channel. Extra costs = € 0.63 million
S2
The total property of Mr. Bos (120 ha) was exchanged for a smaller total property of other farmers for land relocation (75 ha).
Extra costs: 120 ha – 75 ha = 45 ha (x €30,000.-) = € 1.4 million
S1
Extra costs and causesGame
Table 6: Extra costs and cause of the games
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 11
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS•
Strategic Approach• More innovative plans and
outcomes• More conflicts in realization
• Higher costs due to bargaining and negotiation
• Commanding government, route of resistance
• Reactive farmers
Adaptive Approach• Less innovative outcomes
• More cooperation in realization
• Higher costs due to adaptive behavior
• Learning government, route of least resistance
• Proactive farmers (emergence of land relocation projects)
13-11-2009NIG Annual Work Conference 12
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION•
‘I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand”
(Confucius, Chinese Philosopher, 551-479 BCE)