1. Aaagrhhsometimes it can be hard to know exactly how to develop the academic style in your written work that your tutors are after! Expressing ideas and constructing arguments Logical, concise and specific Finding the perfect word Having a conversation with your reader

2. David Crystal on whether the English language is so varied in different parts of the world that it will eventually fragment into distinctive separate languages.Crystal, D. (2009) The future of language: The Routledge David Crystal Lectures. London: Routledge, pp.45-6. 3. At the most colloquial level, there will certainly be considerable mutual unintelligibility, especially if a great deal of local language mixing takes place. The sentence You wanted to beli some barang-barang is an example from a conversation between two Malaysians: they are speaking English, but they have put some Malay words into it (the meaning is to buy some things). This kind of mixing is perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing the identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard in multicultural settings everywhere, whether in Malaysia, Ghana, Zimbabwe or Wales. Language is a major index of identity, and wherever English is spoken it is not surprising to find it being adapted to help express a local sense of belonging. 4. At the most colloquial level, there will certainly be considerable mutual unintelligibility, especially if a great deal of local language mixing takes place. The sentence You wanted to beli some barang-barang is an example from a conversation between two Malaysians: they are speaking English, but they have put some Malay words into it (the meaning is to buy some things). This kind of mixing is perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing the identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard in multicultural settings everywhere, whether in Malaysia, Ghana, Zimbabwe or Wales. Language is a major index of identity, and wherever English is spoken it is not surprising to find it being adapted to help express a local sense of belonging.Topic sentence to start the paragraph with an emphasis at the endVery precise use of language. This could have been written as a lot of misunderstanding on both sides but a lot doesnt imply significance , misunderstanding suggests there is wrong understanding rather than none at all, and on both sides is longwinded. 5. At the most colloquial level, there will certainly be considerable mutual unintelligibility, especially if a great deal of local language mixing takes place. The sentence You wanted to beli some barang-barang is an example from a conversation between two Malaysians: they are speaking English, but they have put some Malay words into it (the meaning is to buy some things). This kind of mixing is perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing the identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard in multicultural settings everywhere, whether in Malaysia, Ghana, Zimbabwe or Wales. Language is a major index of identity, and wherever English is spoken it is not surprising to find it being adapted to help express a local sense of belonging.An intriguing example to progress from the topic sentence with the translation not given until the end making the reader continue.Crystal then widens the example to show its application in other settings and the last sentence highlights that the suggestion is reasonable. 6. Crystal then continues with this paragraph: On the other hand, there are several centralizing forces at work in the world which foster mutual intelligibility. Standard English is the chief force, existing as an international reality in print, and available as a tool for national and international communication by people from all these countries. Anyone with a reasonable level of education will be able to read it. Many will be able to speak it. Certainly, everyone will be under some pressure to learn it. There are too many centralizing factors keeping Standard English in the forefront of world attention for the old Latin scenario to obtain. And its position is being reinforced by new technologies. Satellite television is beaming Standard English down into previously unreachable parts of the world, thereby fostering greater levels of mutual intelligibility. And the English language we see on the World Wide Web is predominantly the standard variety. 7. The first phrase highlights to the reader that there will now be consideration of a counter argument. The end of the sentence links with the previous paragraph by using the same terms.On the other hand, there are several centralizing forces at work in the world which foster mutual intelligibility. Standard English is the chief force, existing as an international reality in print, and available as a tool for national and international communication by people from all these countries. Anyone with a reasonable level of education will be able to read it. Many will be able to speak it. Certainly, everyone will be under some pressure to learn it. There are too many centralizing factors keeping Standard English in the forefront of world attention for the old Latin scenario to obtain. And its position is being reinforced by new technologies. Satellite television is beaming Standard English down into previously unreachable parts of the world, thereby fostering greater levels of mutual intelligibility. And the English language we see on the World Wide Web is predominantly the standard variety. 8. This time the main theme of the paragraph is not introduced until the second sentenceOn the other hand, there are several centralizing forces at work in the world which foster mutual intelligibility. Standard English is the chief force, existing as an international reality in print, and available as a tool for national and international communication by people from all these countries. Anyone with a reasonable level of education will be able to read it. Many will be able to speak it. Certainly, everyone will be under some pressure to learn it. There are too many centralizing factors keeping Standard English in the forefront of world attention for the old Latin scenario to obtain. And its position is being reinforced by new technologies. Satellite television is beaming Standard English down into previously unreachable parts of the world, thereby fostering greater levels of mutual intelligibility. And the English language we see on the World Wide Web is predominantly the standard variety. Notice the use of 3 short sentences to make a series of points and enter into a persuasive dialogue with the reader. 9. Erin Saltman and Hajnalka Szarvas on global consciousness in contemporary Hungarian societySaltman, E. and Szarvas, H. (2012). Global-local-global consciousness in Hungary in Global civil society2012: ten years of critical reflection. eds. M. Kaldor, H. L. Moore and S. Selchow. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.16. 10. Hungary at first glance may not seem like a beacon of global consciousness or community awareness. Many Hungarian NGOs do not address or involve large segments of the population; nor, on first examination, do the so-called globally conscious movements. However, a different perspective emerges if Hungary is examined from its grassroots and localised projects and organisations. The diversity in Hungarian global, glocal and after-global movements, particularly in those led by youth, shows evidence of citizens engaged in modern and innovative social networks used to develop knowledge and awareness of issues impacting local, national, and international society. 11. Hungary at first glance may not seem like a beacon of global consciousness or community awareness. Many Hungarian NGOs do not address or involve large segments of the population; nor, on first examination, do the so-called globally conscious movements. However, a different perspective emerges if Hungary is examined from its grassroots and localised projects and organisations. The diversity in Hungarian global, glocal and after-global movements, particularly in those led by youth, shows evidence of citizens engaged in modern and innovative social networks used to develop knowledge and awareness of issues impacting local, national, and international society.Starts the paragraph by stating the commonly held position to build solidarity with the reader and acknowledge their most likely opinion. 12. Hungary at first glance may not seem like a beacon of global consciousness or community awareness. Many Hungarian NGOs do not address or involve large segments of the population; nor, on first examination, do the so-called globally conscious movements. However, a different perspective emerges if Hungary is examined from its grassroots and localised projects and organisations. The diversity in Hungarian global, glocal and after-global movements, particularly in those led by youth, shows evidence of citizens engaged in modern and innovative social networks used to develop knowledge and awareness of issues impacting local, national, and international society. Leads the reader into their analytical technique, backing up their argument and using appropriately specific jargon to distinguish between closely related concepts.Illustrative language allows the reader to visualise abstract concepts 13. Saltman and Szarvas continue with this paragraph: The process of resurrecting civil society in Hungary began in the 1990s, after decades of communism throughout Central and Eastern Europe. New NGOs became a symbol of regenerating social connective tissues among the people and in the short period between 1990 and 1993 the number of NGOs grew from a few hundred to over 30,000 (HSCO 2011). Large economic and political changes left a gap in certain state functions which filled, giving them both legitimacy and status. However, despite this complementary role, NGOs have remained somehow suspect in the eyes of those in power perhaps a leftover sentiment from the communist era, when they were considered a potential threat by politicians and prevented from becoming independent from the state. Although access into the European Union has diversified funding options, to the chagrin of NGO members most organisations remain largely dependent on state finances. 14. The process of resurrecting civil society in Hungary began in the 1990s, after decades of communism throughout Central and Eastern Europe. New NGOs became a symbol of regenerating social connective tissues among the people and in the short period between 1990 and 1993 the number of NGOs grew from a few hundred to over 30,000 (HSCO 2011). Large economic and political changes left a gap in certain state functions which filled, giving them both legitimacy and status. However, despite this complementary role, NGOs have remained somehow suspect in the eyes of those in power perhaps a leftover sentiment from the communist era, when they were considered a potential threat by politicians and prevented from becoming independent from the state. Although access into the European Union has diversified funding options, to the chagrin of NGO members most organisations remain largely dependent on state finances.This topic sentence sets the context of Hungarian political history generally Again illustrative languageArgument backed up with statisticsLanguage becomes more cautious as the reasoning becomes less concrete 15. Historian Eric Hobsbawm on the French RevolutionHobsbawm, E. J. (1962) The age of revolution 1789-1848. London: Penguin Books, p.79. 16. The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up leaders of the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social group gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group was the bourgeoisie; its ideas were those of classical liberalism, as formulated by the philosophers and economists and propagated by free-masonry and in informal associations. To this extent the philosophers can be justly made responsible for the Revolution. It would have occurred without them; but they probably made the difference between a mere breakdown of an old regime and the effective and rapid substitution of a new one. 17. The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up leaders of the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social group gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group was the bourgeoisie; its ideas were those of classical liberalism, as formulated by the philosophers and economists and propagated by free-masonry and in informal associations. To this extent the philosophers can be justly made responsible for the Revolution. It would have occurred without them; but they probably made the difference between a mere breakdown of an old regime and the effective and rapid substitution of a new one. The topic sentence opens up a dialogue with the reader telling them that they might think this but they should question it and the author will lead you through as to why. This is an authoritative style of writing. 18. The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up leaders of the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social group gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group was the bourgeoisie; its ideas were those of classical liberalism, as formulated by the philosophers and economists and propagated by free-masonry and in informal associations. To this extent the philosophers can be justly made responsible for the Revolution. It would have occurred without them; but they probably made the difference between a mere breakdown of an old regime and the effective and rapid substitution of a new one. A mixture of caution and significance statements to push his reasoning to its conclusionThe answer to the premise introduced in the topic sentence not revealed until this point keeping the reader following the argument 19. The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up leaders of the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social group gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group was the bourgeoisie; its ideas were those of classical liberalism, as formulated by the philosophers and economists and propagated by free-masonry and in informal associations. To this extent the philosophers can be justly made responsible for the Revolution. It would have occurred without them; but they probably made the difference between a mere breakdown of an old regime and the effective and rapid substitution of a new one. The end of the paragraph clarifies how far the argument can be pushed and invites the reader to disagree. Hobsbawm has imagined what the possible outcomes might have been and been decisive in his reasoning. Stylistically he uses concise sentence structures to help the reader understand complex /controversial ideas. 20. Susie Orbach concluding her book on our relationship with our bodiesOrbach, S. (2009). Bodies. London: Profile Books, pp.142-3 21. This book has argued not only that bodies are made but that they are made in conditions in which the body of the infant is rendered unstable and precarious. Body instability is rife. It is not only the dumping ground for emotional anxiety; it is a problem in its own right which needs addressing. Mostly we dont see the bodys anxiety as bodily anxiety. We misread the anxiety, misinterpret the wish to change the body as aspirational and as psychologically motivated the outcome of an unfortunate emotional anxiety, such as lack of control or, more commonly, an inability to digest upset or conflict which is then visited on the body as a somatic symptom. But body anxiety is as fundamental as emotional anxiety and we need to recognise this. It is essential, especially for therapists, if they wish to be of use to those who consult them. Although clinicians have sometimes been slow to see this, the work of contemporary artists is directing our gaze to this disturbing phenomenon. The power of works by Antony Gormley, Richard Serra, Marc Quinn, Orlan, Ron Muerk and many others lies in the way they address the fragmentation and instability of the human form in the later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Gormley makes casts of his body. In doing so he directs us to lack of integrity that has come to pervade the human form. He enunciates a whole body among other whole bodies, in vivid contrast to advertising images and photographys tendency to represent bodies only in terms of part objects. He is drawing us into the beauty of the ordinary form, unperfected. His repetitive use of his own body is a means to show us that we share a common bodiliness. 22. This book has argued not only that bodies are made but that they are made in conditions in which the body of the infant is rendered unstable and precarious. Body instability is rife. It is not only the dumping ground for emotional anxiety; it is a problem in its own right which needs addressing. Mostly we dont see the bodys anxiety as bodily anxiety. We misread the anxiety, misinterpret the wish to change the body as aspirational and as psychologically motivated the outcome of an unfortunate emotional anxiety, such as lack of control or, more commonly, an inability to digest upset or conflict which is then visited on the body as a somatic symptom. But body anxiety is as fundamental as emotional anxiety and we need to recognise this. It is essential, especially for therapists, if they wish to be of use to those who consult them. Although clinicians have sometimes been slow to see this, the work of contemporary artists is directing our gaze to this disturbing phenomenon. Topic sentence succinctly summarises the entire book and starts the concluding chapter.Very short sentence could have been combined with the next but the length gives it punch making the reader think.Use of the pronoun we builds solidarity with the reader and opens a dialogue Changes theme linking to next paragraph 23. The power of works by Antony Gormley, Richard Serra, Marc Quinn, Orlan, Ron Muerk and many others lies in the way they address the fragmentation and instability of the human form in the later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Gormley makes casts of his body. In doing so he directs us to lack of integrity that has come to pervade the human form. He enunciates a whole body among other whole bodies, in vivid contrast to advertising images and photographys tendency to represent bodies only in terms of part objects. He is drawing us into the beauty of the ordinary form, unperfected. His repetitive use of his own body is a means to show us that we share a common bodiliness.Topic sentence is contextual helping the reader to place Gormley within a group of artistsAgain a very short second sentence acting as a jolt to the narrative making the reader consider Gormleys action Expands her point by using illustrative languageAgain the use of pronoun we brings the reader back to their own experiences in the concluding sentence