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A brief overview
Academic libraries are the “heart” of the learning community,
providing a place for students and faculty to do their research and advance their knowledge.
“An academic library is a library that is attached to a
higher education institution which serves two
complementary purposes to support the school's
curriculum, and to support the research of the
university faculty and students” (Wikipedia)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library)
There appear to be three phases:
(1)A small college community, on a centralized campus,requiring a single library building.
(2)An expanding campus community, which has facultiesdeveloping into dispersed segments of the campus landscaperesulting in perceived faculty ownership of independentlibraries.
(3)A stage where co-ordination of the various faculty librariesbecomes necessary i.e. for development, managerial,professional and technical reasons resulting in a centraladministration.
Generally Academic Libraries are categorized into three:
◉ School Libraries
◉ College Libraries
◉ University Libraries
“The school Library provides information, inculcates ideas, and develops
knowledge that is so essential to functioning successfully in today’s information
and knowledge based society. It is fundamental to school library to equip students
with life long learning skills and develop in them creative thinking and
imagination, and enabling them to live as ideal and responsible citizens”.(CBSE
Guidelines)
(http://cbse.nic.in/LIBRARY-1-99.pdf)
Generally there are three prerequisites in any school library:
Good resources
A skilled librarian
Collaboration with all teaching departments
Collection E-resources for children: say fun Math, Science, Geography, English, etc. Range of stock to reflect the whole curriculum Various e-text books links are given open to children Category wise Resources i.e. Staff, Students, Parents. Collections of resources for topic teaching Texts to support literacy across the curriculum Fiction to support curriculum topics Identified and bookmarked websites
Functioning Parents are welcome to choose books with children School Library Services Virtual Reference service to the children and staff(chat with the librarian
or Ask the Librarian links) Generally the school libraries provide the link to public libraries of their
respective districts, (specially to the children section of the public library)
Guidelines and counseling for further and higher education are also provided by the school library.
The school libraries are act as virtual libraries and provide remote access to their pupil.
Staff
Usually one or two Library staff is there to take care of the resources and providing services
School Libraries provide OPAC especially Web OPAC with good search facilities.
Information Literacy Information literacy is the buzz word today and almost all kind
of libraries are regularly conducting IL programs
Regular current awareness and orientation programs for teaching staff – detailing how the school librarian‟s resources and skills can support new curriculum initiatives are held.
There is no as such rule or link provided into the website for the library rules, advocacy or policy but nearly all the school libraries work according to IFLA School Library Manifesto 2000. It says“It has been demonstrated that, when teachers and librarians
work together, students achieve higher levels of literacy, reading, learning, problem solving and information and communication technology skills” (UNESCO/IFLA School Library Manifesto
2000)Retrieved July 15,2015, from
http://www.unesco.org/webworld/libraries/manifestos/school_manifesto.html
Collaborative planning between teaching staff and the librarian for collection development and book selections
Library Rules and guidelines are either displayed on the entrance gate or kept in a public file to display.
Outreach Services(Extension services)◉Celebrating success of the pupils◉Various competitions such as essay writing,
debate, painting, etc are regularly conducted for the promotional development of children
◉Book fairs and exhibitions are held to develop love for books to their children
Organizations promoting reading – The Reading Agency, Booktrust,The National Literacy Trust
Regional arts councils and Creative Partnerships
Agencies promoting libraries – the School Library Association(SLA), the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP)
Local primary / secondary cluster groups
The Local Education Authority
It is to be noted that CILIP and The SLA act as the governing bodies of School Libraries
Some Examples of School Libraries
In USA
Library Resources
Library Catalog (OPAC)
E-Books
Outreach activities
Teacher Resources/
Staff Resources
Other Library
resources
Link to Public Libraries
Library home Page
Links to Library ResourcesLibrary Catalog, Databases, E-
Books………………etc.
Instructions to Parents
participation in Library
„School libraries are an under-utilized resource, often perceived by head teachers to be a low priority. What should be a vital ingredient of our schools system is marginalized and seems not to be connected with the acknowledged educational priorities of literacy and information skills supporting knowledge acquisition, which are their core business”. (School Library Commission, 2010)
Retrieved July20, 2015, from (http://www.cilip.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/strategic-school-libraries-report_0.pdf)
There is no clear picture of School Libraries in UK. A few schools have Library‟s link on their websites
The schools have well maintained websites but the resources in their libraries are not well defined
We can concluded the conditions of school libraries by analyzing the results of two or more surveys
The results are given in the next slide
The UK National Survey of School Libraries
found that:
1.http://www.cilip.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/BeatingHeartoftheSchool.pdf
2.http://www.cilip.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/strategic-school-libraries-report_0.pdf
The number of books does not generally grow as student numbers increase.
More than half of book stocks are seen as good but 13% are patchy or poor
Functioning More than 25% of secondary school libraries do not
operate for a full school day Only 25% of secondary school libraries operate an
extended school day Only 17% of the libraries have enough computers or
laptops for an average class Almost a third of the libraries have insufficient space
Almost half the library budgets for books and other resources are frozen at the previous year‟s level; almost a third have been cut, some from a very low base.
The 2012 School Library Association Survey3 confirmed these figures with 34% of responding secondary schools reporting a reduction and 49% a
freeze in budgets.
(http://www.cilip.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/BeatingHeartoftheSchool.pdf)
Staff The survey confirmed that relatively few schools have a
designated librarian, although some professional support is usually to hand
It also showed that though relatively few had a designated school librarian, 90% accessed professional support via the Schools Library Service
Schools Library Services are support services delivered by local authorities providing primary and secondary schools with advice and training on managing and developing their own school libraries and teaching resources, on teaching information and digital fluency to enable children to become independent learners and on helping schools create a reading culture.
Schools Library Services are often a traded service to schools. When faced with tough budget decisions some schools are choosing to no longer use them, so children are missing out, and the school as a whole loses the added value and economies of scale.
Three quarters of the school libraries actively engage in information literacy development in the school, but they may focus too much on finding and selecting information
Outreach Services
• Some School libraries actively promote reading for pleasure. They present displays, organize reading clubs and author visits, get involved in awards for reading and support school efforts to develop literacy and wider reading
Some Examples of School Libraries
In UK
Library Instructio
ns
European continent has well equipped and well maintained school libraries. Almost all the Libraries are fully automated but no description of the Library Automation software is given on school websites.
CollectionLike USA, School Libraries in Europe hold rich
collection of Library resources. Books, Magazines, Fiction-Books, Non-Fiction Books along with E-resources such as CDs with documentary films, stories, e-books and links to web resources, etc.
There is a collaboration between the teaching and the library staff. There is a collaboration between the school library and the
public/children‟s library to improve learning and reading skills and in offering a wide range of (traditional and digital) resources.
Provide Reference Service and virtual reference services along with other routine services to their clientele
Library staff also keep children update to new arrivals Training programs are regularly conducted to use library resources and
instructions to search OPAC are given on the website or stucked on the walls of library.
Like USA school Libraries, Parents are also welcome to choose books for their children
Libraries are also called media centers here. There are proper library schedule given in the school curriculum. Library timings are also properly mentioned. Web 2.0 technologies are used at great extent, e.g. Blogging, Ask a
Librarian, etc.
A professionally trained staff are recruited,responsible for planning and managing the school library.
However, the situation in this field varies very much from country to country and sometimes within the same country.
Librarian is also called Information Specialist.
Library CatalogueSchool Libraries provide OPACSome School Libraries/ Media centers also provide web OPAC
The school Librarians provide regular training to use library resources to the children
Library period of 15-20 mints is given in the school schedule along with other classes.
Library advocacy, Policies, Funding, Legislation School libraries mainly funded by its parent institution “School libraries may be funded or helped by local authorities:
e.g., City Councils assist school libraries in Norway; in Denmark “in connection with the Folkeskole (national primary school system)”
“The municipalities also provide a long list of offers, such as school libraries” (Denmark, Indenrigs –og Sundhedsministeriet, 2002), or at national level as in France”.
(http://eprints.rclis.org/14272/1/marquardt_final4IFLA_20080818.pdf)
“The school library is mentioned both in the Library Act and in the school legislation for instance”,
in Spain: the art. No. 113 of the Ley Orgánica2/2006.1regarding school legislation
the Danish Act No. 340 of 17. May 2000 regarding library services (stated in Part 2, art.18)
Retrieved July 20, 2015, from (http://eprints.rclis.org/14272/1/marquardt_final4IFLA_20080818.pdf
Some school Librarians involved in celebrating success of their children by displaying the snapshots of meritorious students in sports, various competitions, etc. for e.g. Dresden International School, Germany.
Organize book fairs, book exhibitions, story telling hours
Special summer reading sections are there in some libraries.
Most of the Libraries have Library Blogs for discussions and other interactions with teachers, children and parents
There is a special library period for each class given in school schedule.
Some examples of School Libraries
In Europe
School Library is divided in Two
sections
Library schedule
Summer Reading
Library Blog
Library resources
Electronic Library
Search OPAC
Library Blog
Dresden International School has three libraries:
•Primary School Library•Secondary School Library•Electronic Library
Outreach
Resources
Library hours
Library Catalog(OPAC)
School Libraries in India are not so well equipped and maintained like USA and European Schools‟ Libraries, but some school libraries have rich collection of resources.
Some school libraries are automated but others are still in their infancy regarding automation as well as collection
“Although the college and university libraries have developed to a great extent as a result of the work done by UGC and INFLIBNET, the school libraries are a neglected lot in India . According to the 5 th All India Educational Survey, only about 40% of the schools have libraries that too in public schools. Moreover, the situation in rural areas is worse than the urban areas. The number of the trained librarians working in the schools is still less. The school libraries neither have good collection nor sufficient space because of the financial constraints. The libraries of public schools are slightly better as compared to their government counterparts. The situation is worst in case of libraries of government primary and middle schools”.
( Mahajan, P.(2010) School Libraries in India: Present-day Scenario. Library Philosophy and Practice(e-journal). Retrieved July
22, 2015, from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1384&context=libphilprac)
Unlike USA and Europe, the collection in Indian School Libraries is up to the mark and even some school libraries have print collections only.
There is exceptions, for e.g. KV Library Pottam, The Cathedral & John Connon School, Mumbai is fully automated and these are also having digital collections and making use of Web 2.0 technologies to serve their clientele
Generally text books and magazines are the main collection of School libraries in India
Some libraries also having e-resources and links to web resources for children
Collaboration with the teaching staff is there. The documents in most of the school libraries are kept in
cabinets under lock and key and are made available to the students on demand only.
The library acquires the magazines on current affairs and sports besides a number of daily newspapers in English, Hindi and other regional languages.
There is no role of parents All libraries are not automated, hence services are provide
manually Majority of the school librarians in India do not provide
any other service except the circulation of books in the absence of good library infrastructure.
Some libraries are making full use of Web 2.0 technologies, providing, Ask a Librarian service, FAQs to search books, E-mail alert service for new arrivals, etc.
There is one librarian and some libraries also having Library attendant.
Library Catalogue A traditional card catalogue and Dewey Decimal system for classification of
the documents is normally used. A majority of the school libraries have no computers in the libraries although a good number of them have set up the computer laboratories.
Some libraries provide OPAC Some Libraries also provide open access system to take
books/magazines
Information LiteracyOnly Few libraries organize training programs e.g. KV Library,
Pottam
“The government has left the responsibility of school libraries to the school themselves for providing the resources and funds to establish well-equipped libraries. Most of the schools do not have a separate room for the library especially in government primary schools. Since the school authorities are not convinced about the appointment of professional staff for their libraries, they do not appoint professionally trained staff”.
( Mahajan, P.(2010) School Libraries in India: Present-day Scenario. Library Philosophy and Practice(e-journal). Retrieved July 22, 2015, from
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1384&context=libphilprac)
Outreach Services The students of the primary classes have a library hour on the weekly
basis when they are given storybooks so as to inculcate the reading habits.
Some examples of School Libraries
In India
Library at KV Pattom is well maintained and
there is full use of Web 2.0 Technologies it
seems to be the exception in case of
govt. school libraries in India
E-Book reading facility
•Library online catalogue•Digital Repository•Online subject directory
Ask librarian service
Email allerts
Outreach
Library ResourcesOutrea
ch Servic
es
Library & Digital Class
Rooms
Library Resources
College and
University
Libraries
A library attached or associated with a university/College and used by students, teachers, researchers, administrative staff etc. of the university/College as well as by the other research workers, alumni outside the university is known as university library. It is also known as the heart of university. It works like an axis of all educational and research activities in all disciplines.
The University/College library system is
divided in two categories for the present study
University/College Library System in Developed
Countries, USA, UK and Europe
University/College Library System in India
University or college libraries in developed countries are highly modernized and advanced. Most of the University libraries have their own sophisticated websites to provide more advanced services as well as resources to their clientele. The university library system in developed countries is well planned and maintained.
Collection
Along with print collection the university libraries of developed countries have high range of e-resources, web-resources and free/open access resources
Along with a central library, generally the university libraries have different departmental libraries containing respective resources.
Research support/tools are available for researchers
There is a separate section for differently abledpersons where resources available for these types of persons such as digital talking books for blinds, etc.
Some Libraries have rich collection of Archives, rare books and manuscripts e.g. Princeton University Library, USA, Queen Marry University London, Harvard University Library, USA etc.
Almost all the University libraries open for long hours. Every library has a map/chart of library opening hours
One can find and reserve seats in the reading halls of the library online. There is a provision to do so via a link „find a study place in Library along with the features one want such as shown in fig: on the library web sites.
Course reserve and find subject librarian service is available in almost all the libraries. One can seek subject expertise by find the subject librarian service. The Course Reserves Service handles all print and electronic materials selected by the faculty and placed on reserve as required or recommended reading for their courses.
Lib2.0 tools: Libraries provide virtual reference service, alert services such as chat with the librarian, email alerts, ask the Librarian, etc.
Social Media/Networking sites: Libraries have their accounts on social networking sites such as tweeter, face book, you tube and education sites such as slide share for promotion, advertising and sharing purposes
Patron type services are also provided such as for teachers only,
new students, for students only, etc. as shown in fig:
Patron type search
Libraries also provide wireless printing facilities, laptops, pen-drives, computers, and other required technologies.
Inter Library Loan: Libraries also provide interlibrary loan service to their clientele.
Almost all University Libraries of developed countries provide remote access/off campus Access service to electronic documents.
RFID technology: Libraries providing RFID technology to their users such as wireless printing, return of books during closing hours, reserve places or seats in the reading halls, Pay fines, renewal, etc.
Mobile Library Services: Libraries, specially of European University Libraries provide Library updates on Mobile via mobile app download e.g. University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, etc.
All the University Libraries in USA, UK and Europe are fully automated and digitized as well.
Libraries provide web catalogue search (web OPAC)
Libraries work in the networked environment by giving access to other libraries‟ resources via worldcat search, links to other libraries‟ websites and support Inter Library Loan service
Some libraries also provide Single Window Search.
Libraries are having adequate staff to serve their clientele generally University Librarian is the head of the University Library but some Libraries such as MIT Library has Director of Libraries is the authoritative body under whom all the departmental head librarians work.
There are also two or three Deputy Librarians, Assistant Librarians for each sections, information scientists, and subject support librarians.
University Libraries provide links „How to find‟ to guide students to search resources and some libraries also offer a service „Have a librarian come to your class‟ to instruct the students for library resources and services e.g. Berkeley Library, University of California, USA.
Libraries also provide FAQs links on their websites
Library advocacy, Policies, Rules Libraries have clearly and well defined policies
and rules
Outreach is the important service provided by the academic libraries. Here the link „News and Events‟ click to the extension services of the libraries. Following services are come under outreach.
Open Access resources or Scholarly publishing are the buz words today and academic system of the developed countries strongly support open access.
Most of the Universities support open access movement and having collection of free/open access e-resources. Some are having institutional repositories e.g. Dspace@MIT- institutional repository of MIT, Oxford Institutional Repository and some provides Open Access Journal System (OAJS) for scholarly publishing e.g. California digital library, etc.
Some Examples of University Libraries in
USA
Libraries
Links to library resources and services
Books & E-Books
Collection
Other collection
alert services
Organizational Chart
Librarian
Administrative Manager
Other Staff
sections of Library
Groups
Main Collecti
onServices
Find Subject
Librarian
Research support tools
SearchCatalogs
•OASIS
•Worldcat
•HOLLIS+
•Dash
•More…..
Search Various databases/ E-resources
of the Library
Some Examples of University Libraries in UK
Using the Library
Links to library
Resources
Links to other services/colle
ctions
Library Catalog/ online
resources
Various links
Social Networking
Outreach
Patron Type search
Library Resources
Some Examples of University Libraries in
Europe
Library Services/collection
Provision for mobile updates
QR code technology
Long term preservation and access
facility
Special service for
students and staff
E-resources
in the library
Print resources
Description and link to
library resources
Facilities/services/resourc
es
University Library
System in India
The University library system of India not as strong as those of the developed countries.
Hardly few libraries has well maintained and sophisticated websites, e.g. Central Library of JNU and Allama Iqbal Library, University of Kashmir
The Academic Library system in India is still in its second phase of development, hence large number of Universities are lagging behind in providing good services and acquiring adequate collections due to lack of funds.
With the efforts of UGC and INFLIBNET,DELNET, etc the University libraries are now developed to a great extent, still no comparison with those of developed countries.
Unlike developed countries India has scarcity of e-resources & subscribed web resources although E-journal consortiums, UGC support and INFLIBNET has raised the status of University libraries in terms of resources.
Very few libraries provide Remote Access/Off Campus access to their clientele, e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru University Library and Central Library of Jamia Millia Islamia. Although most of the university libraries provide Web based OPAC.
Like the libraries of UK, USA and Europe, University libraries also contain various departmental libraries to serve their clientele having respective collection.
Although the libraries of the institutes of higher learning such as IIT Delhi, IIT kharagpur, etc. and some research institute libraries such as CSIR libraries are much advanced in terms of resources and services.
Very few academic libraries provide adequate resources and services to their clientele e.g. DULS, AMU, JMI, JNU, University of Kashmir.
Most of the University Libraries in India have handful of collection but these are lagging behind in the provision of services to their clientele
Some University libraries do not have adequate staff to serve their clientele.
Almost all the academic libraries in India are getting automatedbut a few have digitized collection.
Now the Digital Library Project by Government of India in collaboration with C-DAC is in progress covering most of the libraries having rare collection.
“Digital Library is a mission to create a portal for the Digital Library of India which will foster creativity and free access to all human knowledge. As a first step in realizing this mission, it is proposed to create the Digital Library with a free-to-read, searchable collection of one million books, predominantly in Indian
languages, available to everyone over the Internet. All the significant literary, artistic, and scientific works of mankind can be digitally preserved and made freely available, in every corner of the world, for
our education, study, and appreciation for our future generations”.
(Retrieved July 24, 2015, from http://cdac.in/index.aspx?id=mc_hc_digi_lib)
The libraries covered so far are:
TERI
ICCR
IARI
President House
BITS Pilani,
Association of Indian Universities,
Gurukul Kangari, Haridwar ,
NCERT ,
Dayal Singh Library,
LBS National Academy of Administration,
ATI, Nainital,
Delhi University,
Delhi College of Engineering,
Indian Council Of medical Research,
Aligarh Muslim University,
Jamia Millia Islamia,
Gujarat Vidyapeeth.......
Some academic libraries in India contain world‟s best rare book/ manuscripts collection e.g. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University,Dr. Zakir Hussain Library, Jamia MilliaIslamia,Allama Iqbal Library, University of Kashmir.
Hardly any academic library provide Mobile app services.
There is a provision of Inter library loan facility but it is used by rare users.
Information literacy program/guide to library use are provided by few libraries e.g. Delhi University Library System is much strong in this category,having planned way to train users.
Central library JNU and central library of CoachinUniversity of Science and Technology are having sophisticated websites and provision of digital services using web 2.0 technologies to their users.Delhi University Library system has the provision to chat with the librarian.
Some University libraries has very good research support tools e.g. JNU, DULS and Coachin University Science & Technology
Although most of the libraries support open access. But few of them having open digital libraries or Institutional repositories, eg. Social Science cyber library, AMU, Aligarh, Dyuthi, Institutional repository of Coachin University of Science and Technology, Al-Knoor repository of University of Kashmir.
Most of the libraries have link to free e- resources.
Some examples of University Libraries in
India
Library resources
Library 2.0 facilities
Search the library
Collection/Services
Remote access facility
Digital Resource Centre
Open Access E-resources
•Manuscripts•Rare books
Various Services
Differently Abledsection facility
Various Links
Virtual reference service (lib 2.0)
Facility for blind users
DELHI UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SYSTEM
Library-resource
s
Virtual reference service (lib
2.0)
Social media
Training program
Various modules
DISCUSSION
The overall Academic Library system of USA & Europe is much much strong.
The University Library System of UK is highly maintained but lagging behind with those of USA and Europe in provision of School library services. There is no clear picture of school library resources in UK
UK and European University Libraries have well-built support to RFID technologies and open access.
USA and European University Libraries has maintained, well-built, portal like and user friendly websites in comparison to UK University libraries.
India is still in its developing phase in maintaining academic library system.
But the representation is not so awful.
Some libraries are providing high-quality services and resources to their clientele
Few libraries are using lib 2.0 technologies to provide virtual reference services to their users.
Some libraries have well maintained websites and are equipped with high-quality resources
But, still there is no comparison with the academic library system of developed countries.
