A HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

1.A brief history of telecommunications2. A short history of the bell system3.The principle of regulated monopoly4.Telephone rate subsidization5.The first antitrust case6.The second Antitrust case7.The telecommunications Act of 19968.The aftermath of the MFJ9.A short history of the Internet10.Telecommunications standards11.How Standards are developed12.Standards Organizations

A BRIEF HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

PSTN-The public switched telephone network

DOJ-Department of Justice LAN-Local area networks

A short history of the bell system

The Bell System traced its roots back to Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone in 1876,

and survived for nearly 110 years.

THE PRINCIPLE OF REGULATED MONOPOLY

PUC-public utilities commissionICC-Interstate Commerce Commission

FCC-Federal Communications CommissionLEC-local exchange carriers

TELEPHONE RATE SUBSIDIZATIONPBX-private branch exchangeBOC-Bell Operating Company

Figure 1-1Simplified Organization of the Pre-divestiture bell system

AT&T General Departments

Long Lines Divisio

n

22 Bell operating companies

Bell laboratorie

s

Western electric

corporation

THE FIRST ANTITRUST CASE-INTERCONNECTION-LONG-DISTANCE RESTRICTIONS-EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING

MFJ-Modified final JudgmentPCA-protective coupling arrangementIXC-interexchange carrier

THE SECOND ANTITRUST CASE

RBOC-regional Bell Operating CompaniesLATA-local transport area

PIC-primary interexchange carrierBellCore-Bell Communications Research

THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ACT OF 1996The Universal Service fund

THE AFTERMATH OF THE MFJ

In United States telecommunication law, Modification of Final Judgment (MFJ) is the August

1982 agreement approved by the court settling United States v. AT&T, a landmark antitrust suit

A short history of the internet

TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS

IBM produced its Systems Network Architecture (SNA) with its own resources while the International Standards Organization (ISO) later developed its Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) architecture that is similar, but not identical. AT&T, eager to replace signaling systems that were vulnerable to toll fraud, developed its common channel interoffice signaling (CCIS) and applied it several years ahead of the ITU standard,which subsequently evolved into Signaling System 7 (SS7).

HOW STANDARDS ARE DEVELOPED

The field of players in the standards process is vast, and sometimes not closely coordinated. Standards progress from conception to adoption in four key stages:

1. Conceptualization2. Development3. Influence4. Promulgation

STANDARDS ORGANIZATION-International telecommunications union-ITUAmerican national standards institute-ANSI

International standards organization-ISOInternet engineering task force-IETF

Industry and professional associations

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