The Expansion ofThe Expansion ofCivilization in South andCivilization in South and

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

Chapter 9

I. The Silk Road

Figure 9-1 p241

TheKushanKingdomandtheSilkRoad.A6erthecollapseoftheMauryanEmpire,anewstateformedbyrecentmigrantsfromthenortharosenorthoftheIndusRivervalley.Forthenextfourcenturies,theKushankingdomplayedamajorroleinregionaltradeviatheSilkRoadunFlitdeclinedinthethirdcenturyC.E.

Figure 9-2 p243

TheGuptaEmpire.ThismapshowstheextentoftheGuptaEmpire,theonlymajorstatetoariseintheIndiansubconFnentduringthefirstmillenniumC.E.ThearrowindicatesthemilitarycampaignintosouthernIndialedbyKingSamudragupta.

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Figure 9-3 p244

II. India After the Mauryas

A. The Gupta Dynasty: A New GoldenAge?

B. The Transformation of Buddhism 1. Theravada 2. Mahayana

C. The Decline of Buddhism in India D. When Did the Indians Become

Hindus?

When we last looked at India, the Gupta’scontrolled a vast Indian empire. By the 6th

century, this empire collapsed and left Indiavulnerable to internal fighting and civil war.

The internal fighting among the Indian stateslasted for several centuries, with no stategaining dominant power

During this time, Buddhism declined and Islamgrew throughout India

End of Gupta Empire

“e Glue”*Despite fragmentation, caste system & Hindu

religion held Indian society together

*But 600-1450 Islam arrives in India to shake things up

Decline of BuddhismThe followers of Buddhism in Indiaeventually split into two different religiousschools: the Theravada and the Mahayana

Theravada believed they were followingthe original teachings of Buddha; theybelieved Buddhism was a way of life, not areligion.

Mahayana thought the Theravadateachings were too strict for ordinarypeople. They viewed Buddhism as more ofa religion, not a way of life. They sawBuddha as a divine figure; throughdevotion to Buddha they could achievesalvation.

Neither school remained popular By 7th century, Buddhism was declining

rapidly; Theravada nearly disappeared,while Mahayana was absorbed intoHinduism and Islam

Buddhism became more popular inChina, Korea, Japan, and SoutheastAsia, where it is still practiced today

Decline of Buddhism

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III. The Arrival of Islam

A. The Empire of Mahmud of Ghazni B. The Delhi Sultanate C. Tamerlane

By 8th century, Islam had spread into India andwas very popular in NW corner of India

Had major impact on Indian civilization &eventually led to a division in the subcontinentinto Hindu India and two Islamic states,Bangladesh and Pakistan

Islam arrived in India when India had politicaldisorder; the region was divided into about 70states that fought each other constantly

Islam in Early India

Expansionof Islam

10th century, rebellious Turkish slaves founded anew Islamic state known as Ghazni, located inpresent-day Afghanistan.

In 997, Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of thefounder of Ghazni, began attacking neighboringHindu kingdoms. Looted Hindu & Buddhisttemples & established Islamic mosques orshrines on the sites of temples they destroyed.By his death in 1030, he extended his rulethroughout the upper Indus Valley as far as theIndian Ocean.

Mahmud’s successors fought the Hinduwarriors, called Rajputs, who could not competewith Ghazni’s cavalry and army.

By 1200, Muslim power reached across the entireplain of northern India. This Muslim state wasknown as the Sultanate of Delhi. By 1400, thisstate extended into the Deccan Plateau and rulednearly all of the Indian subcontinent.

*refers to 5 shortlived dynasties

*1206-1526

*capital at Delhi

*sultanate

*period of Indiancultural renaissance

*"Indo-Muslim"fusion of culturesleft lasting syncreticmonuments inarchitecture, music,literature, religionand clothing

Figure 9-4 p248

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KutubMinar.Tocommemoratetheirvictoryin1192,theMuslimconquerorsofnorthernIndiaconstructedamagnificentmosqueonthesiteofDelhi’slargestHindutemple.Muchofthematerialforthemosquecamefromtwenty‐sevenlocalHinduandJainshrines(right).AdjacenttothemosquesoarstheKutubMinar(KUH‐tubmee‐NAHR),symbolofthenewconqueringfaith.Originally238feethigh,thetower’sinscripFonproclaimeditsmissiontocastthelongshadowofAllahovertherealmoftheHindus.

Delhi Sultanate

1st independent Muslim Empire on Indiansubcontinent

Sultans - Persian, Afghan, Turkic or mixed descent

Fought Hindu princes for control of Indus & Gangesriver valleys

Depended on large armies to expand rule

Maintained extravagant courts & large bureaucracies

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KutubMinar.Tocommemoratetheirvictoryin1192,theMuslimconquerorsofnorthernIndiaconstructedamagnificentmosqueonthesiteofDelhi’slargestHindutemple.Muchofthematerialforthemosquecamefromtwenty‐sevenlocalHinduandJainshrines(right).AdjacenttothemosquesoarstheKutubMinar(KUH‐tubmee‐NAHR),symbolofthenewconqueringfaith.Originally238feethigh,thetower’sinscripFonproclaimeditsmissiontocastthelongshadowofAllahovertherealmoftheHindus.

Kingdom of VijayanagarLocated in northern Deccan Plateau

Established by 2 Muslim converts who renouncedIslam & returned to native Hinduism

Established an independent empire

Life Under Delhi Sultanate*Indians generally allowed to keep religions

*number of Buddhists dwindled

*Merchants were main carriers of Muslim faith

*Sufi mystics actively recruited converts - establishedschools, mosques, welcomed lower castes, formedmilitias against bandits

*High caste Hindus served as administrators for Muslimoverlords, served in sultan’s army, traded with Muslimmerchants BUT lived socially separate lives in separateparts of cities

Some Muslim princes….

Adopted Hindu practices in their courts Decorated palaces & coins with

likenesses of Hindu gods like Vishnu andShiva

Adopted Indian foods & styles of dress Organized states along caste lines with

recently arrived Muslim leaders on topbut high-caste Hindu converts next

Differences

HINDUS Hierarchical caste

system Many gods

MUSLIMS Emphasized equality One God

Nearly impossible to reconciledifferences between the twoIslam in India met stiff resistance from Hindu elites.

Tensions between the two - unlike Africa where religionscoexisted

By the 14th century, the Sultanate of Delhi was in decline. A new military force crossed the Indus River from the northwest, raided

Delhi, and then withdrew Over 100,000 Hindu prisoners were massacred before the gates of the

city. Timur (Tamarlane) lead this army; he was the ruler of a Mongol state

based in Samarkand to the north in the Pamir Mountains Timur seized power in 1369 and immediately began conquering other

regions and expanding his empire By the 1380s, he controlled the entire region from the Caspian Sea to

Mesopotamia, and large sections of India. After his death, the Moguls invaded from the north and threatened India Portuguese spice traders also arrived in search of trade goods, gold,

and spices.

Timur the Lame/Tamerlane

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Samarkand,GemoftheEmpire.ThecityofSamarkandhasalonghistory.OriginaFngduringthefirstmillenniumB.C.E.asacaravanstopontheSilkRoad,itwaslateroccupiedbyAlexandertheGreat,theAbbasids,andtheMongolsbeforebecomingthecapitalofTamerlane’sexpandingempire.TamerlaneexpendedgreatsumsincreaFngacityworthyofhisimperialambiFons.Shownhereisthegreatsquare,knownastheRegistan.Siteofamosque,alibrary,andaMuslimuniversity,allbuiltintheexuberantPersianstyle,Samarkandwasthejumping‐offpointfortradewithChinafartotheeast.TheinsethighlightsthefancifulFlemosaics,showinglionschasingdeerwhilearisingsunsmilesonthescene.

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Samarkand,GemoftheEmpire.ThecityofSamarkandhasalonghistory.OriginaFngduringthefirstmillenniumB.C.E.asacaravanstopontheSilkRoad,itwaslateroccupiedbyAlexandertheGreat,theAbbasids,andtheMongolsbeforebecomingthecapitalofTamerlane’sexpandingempire.TamerlaneexpendedgreatsumsincreaFngacityworthyofhisimperialambiFons.Shownhereisthegreatsquare,knownastheRegistan.Siteofamosque,alibrary,andaMuslimuniversity,allbuiltintheexuberantPersianstyle,Samarkandwasthejumping‐offpointfortradewithChinafartotheeast.TheinsethighlightsthefancifulFlemosaics,showinglionschasingdeerwhilearisingsunsmilesonthescene.

IV. Society and Culture

A. Religion 1. Class and Caste

B. Economy and Daily Life 1. Agriculture 2. Foreign Trade 3. Science and Technology

Muslim rulers in India saw themselves as foreignconquerors and maintained a strict separationbetween themselves and the Hindu population

Muslim rulers tried to convert the population to Islam,but realized there were too many Hindus to convertthem all

Muslim rulers reluctantly tolerated religiousdifferences, but still had great impact on Hindu society

Hindus behaved like conquered peoples, treatingMuslims with suspicion and dislike

Islam & Indian Society

From 500 – 1500, most Indians lived on theland and farmed; paid a share of their crops tolandlords who sent payments to the local ruler

Several large cities in India during this timeperiod, where many of the landed elites, richmerchants, and other wealthy Indians lived

Rulers had the most wealth; some kings werecalled maharaja (great king), and collectedwealth from throughout their states

One major source of wealth was trade; it wasthe cross point for the Silk Road, and center oftrade for goods between Southeast Asia andEast Asia

Foreign trade remained high throughout thisperiod, in spite of internal strife

Economy

Indian Culture:Architecture

From 500 to 1500 religiousarchitecture in India developedfrom caves to new, magnificentstructures. From the 8th centuryon, Indian architects builtmonumental Hindu temples.Each temple consisted of acentral shrine surrounded by atower, a hall for worshippers, anentryway, and a porch, all set ina rectangular courtyard.

The Khajuraho temple is one ofthe greatest examples of this typeof architecture. Of 80 templesbuilt there in the 10th century, 20still remain.

Famous Hindu Akshardham temple in South Delhi

Southeast Asia

V. The Golden Region: EarlySoutheast Asia

A. Paddy Fields and Spices: The Statesof Southeast Asia 1. The Mainland States 2. The Malay World 3. The Role of India

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Rice Culture in Southeast Asia. Rice was first cultivated in southern Asia seven or eight thousand years ago. It is a labor-intensive crop that requires many workers to plant the seedlings and organize the distribution of water. Initially, the fields areflooded to facilitate the rooting of the rice seedlings and add nutrients to the soil. The upper photo shows terracing on ahillside in Bali, and in the lower photo workers are performing the backbreaking task of transplanting rice seedlings in aflooded field in modern Vietnam. The significance of rice in Southeast Asia is reflected in the fact that all cultures in the regionhave traditionally venerated its sacred nature by creating elaborate rituals to the rice goddess. In Indonesia, the worship ofDewi Sri has long been essential to assure a good harvest

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RiceCultureinSoutheastAsia.RicewasfirstculFvatedinsouthernAsiasevenoreightthousandyearsago.Itisalabor‐intensivecropthatrequiresmanyworkerstoplanttheseedlingsandorganizethedistribuFonofwater.IniFally,thefieldsarefloodedtofacilitatetherooFngofthericeseedlingsandaddnutrientstothesoil.TheupperphotoshowsterracingonahillsideinBali,andinthelowerphotoworkersareperformingthebackbreakingtaskoftransplanFngriceseedlingsinafloodedfieldinmodernVietnam.ThesignificanceofriceinSoutheastAsiaisreflectedinthefactthatallculturesintheregionhavetradiFonallyvenerateditssacrednaturebycreaFngelaborateritualstothericegoddess.InIndonesia,theworshipofDewiSrihaslongbeenessenFaltoassureagoodharvest

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Between China &India lies the regionthat today is calledSoutheast Asia. Ithas two major parts:the mainland,extending south fromthe Chinese borderto the tip of the MalayPeninsula. Thesecond part is thearchipelago, orchain of islands,most of which is partof present-dayIndonesia and thePhilippines.

Southeast Asia

Ancient mariners called the area the “golden region”or “golden islands.”

Located between India and China, Southeast Asia is amelting pot of peoples. It contains a vast mixture ofraces, cultures, and religions.

Several mountain ranges in the mainland, along withseveral fertile river valleys.

Mountains are densely forested and full of malaria-bearing mosquitoes, which caused isolation amongthe river valleys, as it was difficult to traverse themountains

Prevented Southeast Asia from being unified underone government; instead separate, distinct culturesgrew throughout Southeast Asia

Mainland Southeast Asia

“Diasporic Communities”

People from all over the Indian OceanBasin came to settle in Southeast Asia

Blend of religions and customs By 13th century, Islam was widespread in

Southeast Asia due to trade and activemissionaries (most done peacefully)

Between 500 and 1500 a number oforganized states developed throughoutSoutheast Asia

Each state was influenced by Chinaand India, but they adapted the modelsto their own needs and created severalunique states:

Vietnam Angkor Thailand Burma

Formation of States

The Vietnamese were conqueredby China in 111 BCE; however, theChinese struggled to control theVietnamese who clung fiercely totheir own identity

When the Vietnamese threw out theChinese, they created a newVietnamese state called Dai Viet. They followed the Chinese

model of government They followed Confucianist

ideals The Vietnamese conquered the

coastal region of Southeast Asiaand extended from China to theGulf of Thailand by 1600

Vietnam

In the 9th century, the kingdom of Angkor arose in theregion that is present-day Cambodia

Jayavarman united the Khmer people and establisheda capital at Angkor Thom. In 802, Jayavarman wascrowned god-king of the people

The Khmer Empire was the most powerful state inmainland Southeast Asia for several hundred years

When the Thai people arrived from the north in the 14th

century, Angkor began to decline In 1432, the Thai destroyed the Angkor capital and set

up a new capital near Phnom Penh, the capital ofpresent-day Cambodia

Angkor

Angkor Wat -

The Thai people first appeared in the 6th

century as frontier people in China They began moving southward in the 11th or

12th century, as a result of the Mongol invasionof China

The Thai eventually destroyed Angkor and tookover the region

The Thai converted to Buddhism, but alsoincorporated some Indian political practices,melding into a modern-day culture of Thailand

Thailand

The Burman people were established in the Salweenand Irrawaddy River valleys, where they had migratedfrom Tibet in the 7th century

Burmans were pastoral people, but adopted farmingsoon after arriving in Southeast Asia

They converted to Buddhism and adopted politicalinstitutions and culture

In the 11th century, they founded the first Burmesestate, the kingdom of Pagan, which was powerful for200 years

Attacks from the Mongols in the late 13th centuryweakened Pagan, causing it to decline

Burma

Kingdom of Pagan

Malay Peninsula

Two organized states eventuallyemerged in the peninsula: the state ofSrivijaya and the kingdom of Sailendra

Srivijaya dominated the trade routepassing through the Strait of Malaccaand depended on trade for their wealth

Sailendra was based on farming, butheavily influenced by Indian culture

Malay Peninsula

In the 13th century, the kingdom of Majapahit wasfounded

Majapahit incorporated most of the archipelago andparts of the mainland under single rule

Majapahit only lasted 200 years, until the Muslimconquest of India caused Muslim merchants to settle inport cities and convert the local population

Around 1400, an Islamic state began to form in Melaka(Malacca), which became a major trading point in theregion

Almost the entire population of the region wasconverted to Islam and became part of the Sultanateof Melaka

Malay Peninsula

Two groups lived in Southeast Asia:agricultural societies and trading societies

Trade in Southeast Asia expanded after theemergence of states in the area reachedtheir greatest heights under Muslim control

Demand for products from East Asia grew inEurope, increasing trade opportunitiesthroughout Southeast Asia Southeast Asia exported: cloves, pepper,

nutmeg, cinnamon, teak, sandalwood and rice

Economics

Aristocrats were the top of the social ladder inmost Southeast Asian societies Held political power Held economic wealth

Most of the population were farmers, fishers,artisans, and merchants Rice farmers tended to live at lowest level, paying

heavy rent or taxes to lords or local rulers

Women enjoyed greater rights in SoutheastAsian than in other parts of Asia, often findingequality with men

Social Structures

Chinese culture was the region’s strongestinfluence

Architecture throughout Cambodia, MalayPeninsula and Archipelago show Chinese-style temples and buildings

Hindu and Buddhist ideas had earlyprominence, arriving in the first century CE Theravada Buddhism became the religion of

choice for most of Southeast Asia until the arrivalof Islam

Culture & Religion

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Figure 9-6 p259

SoutheastAsiaintheThirteenthCentury.ThismapshowsthemajorstatesthataroseinSoutheastAsiaa6ertheyear1000C.E.Some,suchasAngkorandDaiViet,werepredominantlyagricultural.Others,suchasSrivijayaandChampa,werecommercial.

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Besakih,theBalinese‘‘MotherTemple.’’InSoutheastAsiaasinmanyothercultures,mountainshavetradiFonallybeenconsideredtobetheabodeofthegods.OntheislandofBali,beauFfulMountAgung(AH‐goong)issFllviewedbyHindusasBali’sholiestsite—thelocalequivalentofMountMeru(MAY‐roo),thetradiFonalhomeofthegodsinIndia.InBalinesecosmology,theseaisthehomeofevilspirits,whilehumansoccupytheprofaneworldinbetween.

ConstructedlongagoonMountAgung,Besakih(bee‐SAHK‐ee)isconsideredthemostsacredBalinesetemple.Composedofmanybuildings,thetemplecomplexrisesonseventerracesupthesideofthevolcanicmountain,asseenhere.Althoughthevolcanoeruptedin1963,killingthousandsofislandersinacloudofvolcanicash,theBesakihtemplewasrelaFvelyunscathed.

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TheTempleofBorobudur.ThecolossalpyramidtempleatBorobudur,ontheislandofJava,isoneofthegreatestBuddhistmonuments.ConstructedintheeighthcenturyC.E.,itdepictsthepathtospiritualenlightenmentinstone.SculpturesandreliefportrayalsofthelifeoftheBuddhaatthelowerleveldepicttheworldofdesire.AthigherelevaFons,theygivewaytoemptybelltowers(seeinset)andculminateatthesummitwithanemptyandclosedstupa,signifyingthestateofNirvana.Shortlya6eritwasbuilt,BorobudurwasabandonedwhenanewrulerswitchedhisallegiancetoHinduismandorderedtheerecFonoftheHindutempleofPrambanannearby.Buriedforathousandyearsundervolcanicashandjungle,Borobudurwasrediscoveredinthenineteenthcenturyandhasrecentlybeenrestoredtoitsformersplendor.

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TheTempleofBorobudur.ThecolossalpyramidtempleatBorobudur,ontheislandofJava,isoneofthegreatestBuddhistmonuments.ConstructedintheeighthcenturyC.E.,itdepictsthepathtospiritualenlightenmentinstone.SculpturesandreliefportrayalsofthelifeoftheBuddhaatthelowerleveldepicttheworldofdesire.AthigherelevaFons,theygivewaytoemptybelltowers(seeinset)andculminateatthesummitwithanemptyandclosedstupa,signifyingthestateofNirvana.Shortlya6eritwasbuilt,BorobudurwasabandonedwhenanewrulerswitchedhisallegiancetoHinduismandorderedtheerecFonoftheHindutempleofPrambanannearby.Buriedforathousandyearsundervolcanicashandjungle,Borobudurwasrediscoveredinthenineteenthcenturyandhasrecentlybeenrestoredtoitsformersplendor.

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AngkorWat.TheKhmer(kuh‐MEER)rulersofAngkorconstructedanumberofremarkabletemplesandpalaces.DevisedaseitherHinduorBuddhistshrines,thetemplesalsoreflectedthepowerandsancFtyoftheking.Thistwel6h‐centurytempleknownasAngkorWatisrenownedbothforitsspectaculararchitectureandforthethousandsoffinebas‐reliefsrelaFngHindulegendsandKhmerhistory.Mostmemorablearetheheavenlydancingmaidensandtheroyalprocessionswithelephantsandsoldiers.

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Giant Heads of Easter Island. When the Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples spread out from their homeland into the islandsof the Pacific, they eventually settled in areas as distant as Hawaii and Easter Island. Some of these peoples first arrived onEaster Island in the fifth century C.E. and soon began to erect giant stone statues. It is thought that they were erected by rivalchiefdoms for reasons of prestige. The process of moving the statues from the quarry (shown here) by rolling them on a bedof rounded logs eventually devastated the forests and caused the total erosion of the landscape. As a result, almost the entirepopulation was wiped out.

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