8.... vision loss

Chapter 13: Pediatric Hearing Loss

VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS

Dr. MOHIBULLAH KHAN MARWATSUIT Peshawar

[email protected]

Cell. 03333161616Cell. 03113161616

The term Vision is not limited to only the act of Seeing or Watching but it is a Complex Process that involves Eyes & Brain as well. Vision includes: 1. Ability of the Eyes to properly Take and Send the picture to the Brain and 2. Immediate act of Processing and Interpretation of the Brain about the picture sent by the Eyes.1. What is Vision

2. Visual ImpairmentVisual Impairment is any visual condition that Impacts an Individuals ability to Successfully Complete the activities of everyday life. Visual Impairments including Blindness are defined as the Vision that, even with correction, Adversely affects a childs Educational Performance. (Contd)

Visual Impairments includes bothPartial Sightedness and Complete Blindness.

3. Visual Impairment (Contd)

4. ASSESSING VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS

Early Assessment is key to helping a student benefit from appropriate intervention programs.Severe Visual Impairments are more easily identified in schools than Milder Vision Losses.The warning signs of visual impairment include Lack of Coordination in the eyes or Excessive Eye Movement and Blinking. (Contd)

5. ASSESSING VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS

Children who Rub their eyes or who have frequent Watering and Signs of Eye Infections may need Assessment for Visual Impairment. If a child Confuses Colours, Complains of Headache, or has Poor Posture when reading or writing, they may have Vision Impairment. More Obvious Signs include Squinting, Sitting very close to the Board or Screens, Untidy Work, or complaining of difficulty Seeing Things Clearly.

6. COMMON EYE DISORDERS

More than 30 Specific Diseases and conditions are associated with Visual Impairments. Amblyopia The common name for Amblyopia is Lazy Eye. It develops in early childhood and involves One eye not working well with the Brain, resulting in reduced vision in the affected eye. Amblyopia affects about Two to Three out of every 100 Children. (Contd)

Amblyopia includes: Myopia (Nearsightedness) and Hyperopia (Farsightedness).

Myopia (Nearsightedness) It is the most commonrefractive errorof theeye, and it has become more prevalent in recent years.

7.COMMON EYE DISORDERS (Contd)

Causes of Myopia :Its exact cause is unknown, many Eye Experts feel it has something to do with Eye Fatigue from Computer Use and other close Vision Tasks, and possible Genetic predisposition for Myopia.Symptoms of Myopia : Squinting,Eye Strainand Headache. Feeling Fatigued when Driving or Playing


Treatment of MyopiaIt can be corrected withGlasses,Contact Lensesor by Surgery9.COMMON EYE DISORDERS (Contd)

Hyperopia (Farsightedness ):Hyperopia is a Defective Vision condition in which one can see distant objects Clearly, but objects nearby may be Blurry. The degree of theFarsightedness influences the Focusing Ability of the eyes. It is usually inherited.

Farsightednessoccurs if Eyeball is Too Short or the Cornea has Too Little Curvature, so light entering the eye is not properly focused.


CauseofHyperopia.In Hyperopia, Eye is Shorter than Normal, Cornea is not Curved Enough, or the Lens sits Farther back in the eye than it should Be. These differencesCausea problem in the Focusing Mechanism of the eyes.


Common Symptoms of Hyperopia: It includes difficulty in Concentrating and Maintaining a clear focus on Near Objects, Eye Strain, Fatigue, Headaches after close work, Aching or Burning Eyes, and Irritability or Nervousness after Sustained Concentration.12.COMMON EYE DISORDERS (Contd)

Nystagmus: Nystagmus is an Involuntary Movement of the eye that reduces vision. Normally, Eye movement is from side to side, but it can be Up and Down or Circular. The condition may be Hereditary and can result in Severe Reduction in Vision. Students may need Extra Time for reading to Scan Text.


14. Facts SheetMost of the vision related available Statistical DATA ARE about the USA, EU Countries and Australia.Vision problems affect One in Twenty Preschoolers and One in Four School-aged Children. Prevent Blindness America:

Only 1 out of 3 children receives an Eye Exam before Entering the School. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

15. Facts Sheet(Contines)Research has proved that 25% of high school children (11-14 years) can't read the Blackboard because of Myopia (Nearsightedness).Helen Keller International

Research indicates that 70% of juvenile delinquents in a recent study had Vision Problems.Study published in the Journal of Behavioral Optometry

16.Facts Sheet(Continues)Report of the Task Force on Vision Impairment and its Rehabilitation, National Eye Institute maintains that

More than 80 % of all learning in the First 12 years is through Vision.

17.How Does Vision Work?

Vision is a Highly Complex, Finely Tuned, Organized Process between Eyes and Brain. It is composed of the Optical System (eyes, eye muscles, optic nerve) and the Perceptual System (Brain).Allthese parts must be Intact and Properly Functional for Perfect Vision to occur.The visual system serves the role of an Information-Gathering and Motor-Monitoring System. (Contd)

18.How Does Vision Work? (Continues)

Optical Components collect Visual Stimuli and Sends them to the Brain, where they are Identified, Classified, and Filed in Memory.

The Brain builds a collection of Images through which it Understands the World, and which are then used for Formal Logical Reasoning.

(Contd)

Based on the Brain's Processing of the Information sent to it by the Eyes, the Brain Sends Instructions to the body about how to Move in order to Retrieve, Avoid, or Further Examine an Object or Situation. (Contd)


Following Conditions are required for Proper Vision Output:The Eyes must be in Alignment.The Pupil Size must be adjusted for Lighting Conditions.The Lens must Adjust its Shape to the EnvironmentThe Transparent Parts of the Eye must be Clear (Cornea & lens). (Contd)


The Retina must be Functional (i.e., the Photo-Receptor Cells must be Working).

The Optic Nerve must be Capable of Transmitting the Image to the Visual Cortex (area of the Brain responsible for Visual Processing).

(Contd)


Vision is the Primary Sense upon which most Traditional Education Strategies are based. These strategies must be Modified to reflect the child's Visual & Auditory capabilities. In order to ensure a Normal Physical, Mental and Emotional Growth, Early Intervention is essential for both the Child and the Family.

22. ROLE OF VISION

23. ROLE OF VISION (Continues)As the child grows, the Impaired Vision begins to Interfere in his/her Routine Activities. No Other Sense can stimulate Curiosity, Interest, Motivation, Eagerness, or Invite Exploration in the same way, as Efficiently as Vision. Students with Visual Impairments can and do Succeed, but after proper Intervention in terms of Overall Examination and Follow-up work.

24. Signs of Vision Problems

A child may Not Tell You that he or she has a Vision Problem because they may think The Way They See is The Way Everyone Sees.

Signs that may indicate a child has vision problem include:1.Frequent Eye Rubbing or Blinking2.Short Attention Span3.Avoiding Reading and Other Close up Activities

4.Frequent Headache5.Covering one eye6.Tilting the head to one side7.Holding Reading Materials Close to the Face8.Seeing Double9.Losing Place when Reading10.Difficulty Remembering what He or She Read

25.Signs of Vision Problems (Contd)

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26.What does Opia mean?Opia is a Combining Form, occurring in compound words denoting a Condition of Sight or of the Visual Organs: Diplopia; Hemeralopia; Myopia;Hyperopia.

27. What is Eye TeamingEye Teaming: It is the ability of BothEyesto Work Together. Each Eyesees slightly different image and Brain Blends these two images into One Picture. This process of Brain is called Fusion. The ability to use both eyes as a Team, or a Single Functioning Pair, is what allows our brain to Merge the two separate pictures coming in from each eye into a Single Image. (Contd)

Eye Teaming.It is a Visual Efficiency Skill that allows Botheyesto work together in a Precise and Coordinated way.GoodEye Teamingallows Sustained, Single, and Comfortable Vision, and is the basis for Depth Perception.28. What is Eye Teaming(Contd)

29.Eye Teaming

30.Common Problems of Vision Disorder Children with vision-based problems may . . . Have Trouble in Understanding Avoid Reading or other Close-up Tasks Omit, Turn Around, or Confuse words Use their Finger to follow a Line of Print Have a Short Attention Span Need Breaks during Homework Get Tired Quickly when they read Suffer from Eye Strain Have Red or Watery Eyes when reading (Contd)

31. Common Problems of Vision Disorder Complain of Blurred, Double, or Moving Print Squint or Rub their Eyes While Reading Hold books Too Closely when reading Cover One Eye when Read Have difficulty in Copying from the Board Complain of Headache Have Poor Handwriting

32.Why is this a Educational Problem? Child with Undetected Vision Problems often Shows Slow Progress in School. Good Vision is the Pre-requisite for Success in school.Child must be able to Coordinate their Eye Movements as a Team. Child must be able to Follow a Line of print Without Leaving the Seat.

Child must be able to make Quick Focusing Changes when looking up to the Board and Back to the Desks.Child must be able to Accurately Process what they are Seeing. If a child has Faulty Vision, he/she can experience Great Difficulty in School, especially in Reading.Proper Vision Check-up is Need of the Day.

33. Why is this a Educational Problem?

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March 26, 2016