7.42 Outline the decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula that culminated in the Reconquista,

Inquisition, and the rise of Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms.

I can outline the decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula.

Museum EntranceR

oom

One

Roo

m T

wo R

oom Four

Ro

om

Th

ree

Welcome to the Museum ofWelcome to the Museum ofMuslim SpainMuslim Spain

Curator’s Offices

Roo

m

Five

Curator’s Office

moon_phase13@yahoo.com

This presentation was created by So Yun Jhang and Kyllie Chang.

There is a ton of information about Spain. Choose which exhibits you want to use.

Other Resources:http://explorethemed.com/reconquista.asp?c=1

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/crusades.htm

modified by Jean Provine

Place your picture here.

Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Educational Virtual Museums website for more information on this instructional technique.

Return to Entry

Room 1

Return to

Entry

1

Room 1Room 1

Room 2

Return to

Entry

Room 2Room 2

Room 3

Return to

Entry

Room 3Room 3

Room 4

Return to

Entry

Room 4Room 4

Room 5

Return to

Entry

Room 5Room 5

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml

A Muslim general from North Africa sent to invade the Iberian peninsula. Tariq bin Ziyad and his army landed at Gibraltar, which was named after him. He and his army defeated the Visigoths and the Muslims conquered most of the peninsula without much opposition.

Return to Exhibit

Tariq bin Ziyad

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml

During this period of Muslim rule in Spain, libraries, colleges, and public baths were established. Many different types of arts, literatures, and architecture flourished. Also during this Golden Age, different ethnicities and religions were tolerated for instance Christianity and Judaism.

Return to Exhibit

The “Golden Age”

http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=308

Harvesting figs provided a greater diversity of fruits for consumers. Malaga (a city in Spain) was one of the most important centers for growing figs. The city is surrounded on all sides by fig trees. These figs were exported by Muslims and Christians and were sold in Baghdad as well as India and China. The fig was valued for its taste as well as its ability last for a full year.

Return to Exhibit

Figs

http://www.hispanicmuslims.com/andalusia/andalusia.html

After the Muslims Berbers crossed Straight of Gibraltar in 711, they established control over most of the Iberian Peninsula. This area that the Muslims controlled was called Al-Andalus (now Andalusia). This area included Portugal, Southern France, and the Balearic Islands.

Return to Exhibit

Andalusia

http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/26814

In Muslim Spain, there were three main monotheistic religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. These three religions have a number of differences. Jews, who were the first to discover the path towards salvation, thought that they were setting an example by worshiping God as a nation. But Christians thought that this was possible by individual means, and could be achieved by anyone regardless of race or sex. In Islam, the world is divided into two groups, with one subjugating control over the other. During the period of Islamic Spain, the three religions lived together peacefully. Return to

Exhibit

Division Between Religions

http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/arabconquest.html

After the Muslim conquest of Spain, the region expanded over west Africa, and north Africa, but this area was lacking a central control. Eventually, the Muslim Emirs (of Spain) recognized the sovereignty of the Umayyad Caliphate, but legal policies were mostly determined by the settlers, even though the governors of Muslim Spain were appointed in Kairouan, Tunisia.

Return to Exhibit

Government

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sumay/hd_sumay.htm

After the Umayyad caliphate of Damascus was overthrown in 750 by the Abbasids, the last surviving member of the Umayyad dynasty fled to Spain and named himself Emir Abd al-Rahman I. He then created the Umayyad emirate and made Cordoba the capital. He also took al-Andalus and established diplomatic ties with the northern Christian empires, the Byzantine empire, and North Africa.

Return to Exhibit

Emir Abd al-Rahman I

http://www.sunnah.org/history/moors.htm

The irrigation system that was imported from Syria and Arabia turned the dry plains of al-Andalus into very fertile land. Pomegranates, oranges, lemons, aubergines, artichokes, cumin, coriander, bananas, almonds, pans, hennas, woad, madder, saffron, sugar-cane, rice, cotton, figs, grapes, apricots, and peaches soon were added to the list of the foods grown there. Olives and wheat were native to al-Andalus,

Return to Exhibit

Plain of al-Andalus

http://www.sunnah.org/history/moors.htm

The period of economic, and intellectual prosperity eventually began to decline. There were internal rifts within the Arab power structure, as well as different warring factions between the Moors. The caliphs were eliminated and Cordova fell to other Arabs. In 1013, the great library in Cordova was destroyed, but the new leaders allowed the books and Cordovan scholars to be dispersed between different capital towns of small emirates.

Return to Exhibit

Decline

http://books.google.com/books?id=t8toAmyqmN0C&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Subh+-+Muslim+spain&source=bl&ots=Mbj4Ftv9Ev&sig=CLuExGnSIb3L2bzgKe35SeTwDD0&hl=en&ei=VzCxTMDCBsXflgevy4niBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Subh%20-%20Muslim%20spain&f=false

Women in Muslim society were active in political and cultural affairs. An example of such a woman would be Subh. She was the wife of al-Hakam al-Mustansir, the ninth Umayyad caliph. Subh was very ambitious, but she had two major faults: she was a foreigner and a Christian. Subh is a perfect example of being well versed in the history and the power of words. She was both a poet and a linguist. Because her husband was more interested in knowledge and books, he left all the management of political affairs to Subh.

Return to Exhibit

Subh

http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/asia/6/fc46b

After the Muslims took over al-Andalusia, the economy slowly began to grow. Agriculture especially flourished with new foods. This was made possible by the extensive irrigation system that was copied from the Syrians. Better agriculture produced a larger, healthier population. This in return allowed the government to lower tax rates, and this encouraged urban growth and more industries.

Return to Exhibit

Agriculture

http://www.fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/dba104.html

During the early eighth century, Abd-ar-Rahman, who assumed control as an independent emir of Cordova, invaded across the Pyrenees into France. But in 732, he was defeated by Charles “The Hammer” Martel and his Frankish army at Tours, which is near Poiters. Despite this, Umayyad rulers have continued to dominate Muslim Spain, and they have overcome a period of internal uprisings and “autonomous inclinations.”

Return to Exhibit

Invasion into France

http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Cordoba/Cordoba.htm

In 784, Abd al-Rahman I begins the construction of the Great Mosque of Cordoba. He uses recycled columns, capitals, and bases from other sites. The height and lightness for the building is achieved through the idea of double arches. Today, it is one of the oldest places of worship that is still intact.

Return to Exhibit

The Great Mosque of Cordoba

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/332578/the_reconquista_spains_assertion_for.html

The Reconquista officially started in 722, after the Battle of Covandonga. Because of the internal feuding between the Moors, the Spaniards (Christians in Spain) were able to repopulate their kingdoms and strengthen their borders for the campaign against the Moors. Eventually Taifas, independent Muslim-ruled principalities, formed because of the civil wars. The Reconquistadors were able to turn the Taifas against each other through a series of bribes. After 800 years of fighting, Spain was able to reunite, and the Muslims were finally expelled with the surrender of Abu ‘abd Allah Muhammad XII (Boabdil) in 1492. Return to

Exhibit

The Reconquista

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/educators/women/lesson2.html

Walladah was the daughter of the caliph of Cordoba. In Cordoba, many women were often scholars. Walladah inherited enough wealth after her father’s death to guarantee her independence. She was a well-known poet as well the host of literary gatherings for both men and women. Her surviving poetry describes her free spirit. She was also known for designing robes with embroidered sleeves.

Return to Exhibit

Walladah bint Mustakfi

http://www.sispain.org/english/history/muslim.html

The Andalusian economy was comprised of trade, manufacturing, and agriculture which was more efficient than the rest of Europe. The Caliphate had a currency-based economy and it played a role in its financial grandeur. The gold coin became the principle currency of this period.

Return to Exhibit

Economy

http://www.sispain.org/english/history/muslim.html

Abd al-Rahman III became the first Spanish Caliph. He had two purposes: one was to strengthen the Peninsular kingdom, and the other was to consolidate the commercial routes. This would guarantee an economic relationship with the east (Byzantium) and guarantee the supply of gold. Melilla, a Spanish city located on the Mediterranean on the north coast of Africa, was occupied in 972. Later in the same century, the Umayyad controlled the triangle formed by Algeria, Siyima, and the Atlantic.

Return to Exhibit

Trade

http://www.sispain.org/english/history/muslim.html

After the second and third Taifas were created as a result of fragmentation of the Peninsula, north Africa took this advantage to invade. The first to invade were the Almoravids, the second were the Almohads, and the third were the Banu Marins. By the middle of the 13th century, Islamic Spain, due to their progressive weakening, was reduced to Nasrid kingdom in Granada, which is located between the Strait of Gibraltar and the Cape of Gata.

Return to Exhibit

Spain After the Taifas

http://www.kalamullah.com/spain.html

The moors were actually Arabs who had left their homeland in the Middle East and traveled across North Africa.

The Berbers were inhabitants of Morocco that had been conquered by the Arabs and converted to Islam.

Return to Exhibit

Moors and Berbers

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Boabdil

Boabdil was the last Moorish king of Granada. In 1482, he was proclaimed the king in place of his father who had been driven from the land. He invaded Castile in order to gain prestige, but was taken prisoner. He was only granted freedom if he held Granada as a tributary kingdom under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. In 1941, he was asked by the king and queen of Castile to hand over Granada, but because he refused, it was besieged by the Castilians. After about a year, Granada surrendered. This picture shows the last spot that Boabdil was said to have looked at Granada from and is known as the “last sigh of the Moor.”

Return to Exhibit

Boabdil

http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/westeurope/spaninqui.html

The Spanish Inquisition was used both politically and religiously. Ferdinand and Isabella asked the pope to establish the Spanish Inquisition, and they began to drive out Jews and others who were not of the Christian faith, because they were considered a threat to the king and queen’s ambitions. In 1483, Tomas de Torquemada became the inquisitor-general for Spain. He is believed to have executed 2,000 people.

Return to Exhibit

The Spanish Inquisition

http://www.inter-islam.org/Pastevents/andalus1.htm

After the Spanish Inquisition was created, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to drive out the Muslims and Jews, because they were considered a threat to their ambition. The army was to capture anyone who didn’t follow the Roman Catholic faith. To do this, the army would check to see if they were circumcised. The army would spy on them, and if they bathed on Fridays or wore beautiful clothes of Eid, then they were killed. Even some weak and frail Muslims who thought the only way to be saved was to denounce Islam and convert to Christianity were also killed.

Return to Entrance

Muslim Oppression

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml

Islamic Spain began in 711 after the invasion of the Iberian peninsula, and ended in 1492. It is a multi-cultural mix of the three greatest monotheistic religions: Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Even though Christians and Jews had to live under restrictions (for instance they had to pay jizya), the religions managed to get along and benefit from one another. This brought a degree of civilization to Europe that was able to match that of the Roman Empire’s.

Return to Entrance

Islamic Spain

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml

http://www.orbilat.com/Encyclopaedia/M/Mozarabs.html

Many Christians living in Muslim Spain adapted to the culture. Some people learned Arabic, and wore the same clothes as their rulers. Some women even began wearing the veil. Some changed their names to Arabic names. The Christians who did this were known as Mozarabs. Christians had their own rulers known as counts. These counts were directly responsible to the Muslim emir of caliphate. Their taxes were collected by special agents, and they were allowed to retain their social hierarchy, as well as use Visigoth canon law instead of the Muslim law.

Return to Exhibit

Adaption