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Drs. Stefanus St., M.Kom Drs. Stefanus St., M.Kom KAPASITAS KAPASITAS JENIS JENIS TOPOLOGI TOPOLOGI TANTANGAN TANTANGAN KOMPONEN DASAR KOMPONEN DASAR PROTOKOL PROTOKOL Point-to-point Links Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching JARINGAN X.25 JARINGAN X.25 High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol The HDLC Address Field Types of HDLC Control Field HDLC Modes of Operation

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WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

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Page 1: 5 Wide Area Network (Wan)

Drs. Stefanus St., M.KomDrs. Stefanus St., M.Kom

KAPASITASKAPASITAS JENISJENIS TOPOLOGITOPOLOGI TANTANGANTANTANGAN KOMPONEN DASARKOMPONEN DASAR PROTOKOLPROTOKOL

– Point-to-point Links– Circuit Switching– Message Switching– Packet Switching

JARINGAN X.25JARINGAN X.25 High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) ProtocolHigh Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol

– The HDLC Address Field– Types of HDLC Control Field– HDLC Modes of Operation

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KAPASITASKAPASITAS The term Wide Area Network (WAN) usually The term Wide Area Network (WAN) usually

refers to a network which covers a large refers to a network which covers a large geographical area, and use geographical area, and use communications circuits to connect the communications circuits to connect the intermediate nodes. A major factor intermediate nodes. A major factor impacting WAN design and performance is impacting WAN design and performance is a requirement that they lease a requirement that they lease communications circuits from telephone communications circuits from telephone companies or other communications companies or other communications carriers. Transmission rates are typically carriers. Transmission rates are typically 2 Mbps, 34 Mbps, 45 Mbps, 155 Mbps, 625 2 Mbps, 34 Mbps, 45 Mbps, 155 Mbps, 625 MbpsMbps (or sometimes considerably more) (or sometimes considerably more) [FAIR,2001]. Jarak antarstation yang [FAIR,2001]. Jarak antarstation yang terhubung antara 100 km – 10.000 km terhubung antara 100 km – 10.000 km [TANE97].[TANE97].

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JENISJENIS Beberapa diantaranya adalah Beberapa diantaranya adalah public public

packet networks, large corporate packet networks, large corporate networksnetworks, , military networksmilitary networks, , banking networksbanking networks, , stock brokerage stock brokerage networksnetworks, dan , dan airline reservation airline reservation networksnetworks. Jaringan ini dapat . Jaringan ini dapat menghubungkan berbagai klasifikasi menghubungkan berbagai klasifikasi jaringan yang lain seperti jaringan yang lain seperti Personal Personal Area Network (Area Network (PANPAN)), , Local Area Local Area Networks (Networks (LANLAN), dan Metropolitan ), dan Metropolitan Area Networks (Area Networks (MANMAN).).

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TOPOLOGITOPOLOGI

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TOPOLOGITOPOLOGI

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TANTANGANTANTANGANpada umumnya berkaitan dengan konektivitas, pada umumnya berkaitan dengan konektivitas,

reliabilitas, managemen, fleksibilitas.reliabilitas, managemen, fleksibilitas. KonektivitasKonektivitas merupakan tantangan yang cukup merupakan tantangan yang cukup

besar karena jaringan global harus mampu besar karena jaringan global harus mampu menyatukan berbagai perbedaan teknologi, tipe menyatukan berbagai perbedaan teknologi, tipe media, dan kapasitas akses.media, dan kapasitas akses.

ReliabilitasReliabilitas merupakan jaminan bagi pemakai merupakan jaminan bagi pemakai pribadi maupun korporasi untuk memperoleh data pribadi maupun korporasi untuk memperoleh data yang dapat diandalkan dari sumber.yang dapat diandalkan dari sumber.

ManagemenManagemen meliputi pengkonfigurasian, keamanan, meliputi pengkonfigurasian, keamanan, unjuk kerja, dan berbagai isu agar jaringan berfungsi unjuk kerja, dan berbagai isu agar jaringan berfungsi dengan baik.dengan baik.

FleksibilitasFleksibilitas berkaitan dengan kemudahan berkaitan dengan kemudahan penambahan / penggabungan station / jaringan, penambahan / penggabungan station / jaringan, pelayanan dan tumbuhnya aplikasi-aplikasi baru.pelayanan dan tumbuhnya aplikasi-aplikasi baru.

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KOMPONEN DAS ARKOMPONEN DAS AR terdiri dari :terdiri dari : end system end system (ES), (ES),

intermediate systemintermediate system (IS), (IS), area,area, andand autonomous systemautonomous system (AS). (AS).

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ESES merupakan perangkat jaringan yang tidak merupakan perangkat jaringan yang tidak melakukan routing atau fungsi-fungsi trafik melakukan routing atau fungsi-fungsi trafik lainnya, contoh : terminal, komputer, dan printer.lainnya, contoh : terminal, komputer, dan printer.

ISIS merupakan perangkat jaringan yang melakukan merupakan perangkat jaringan yang melakukan routing atau fungsi-fungsi trafik router, switches, routing atau fungsi-fungsi trafik router, switches, dan bridge. Intradomain IS melakukan fungsi dan bridge. Intradomain IS melakukan fungsi komunikasi dalam single autonomous system, komunikasi dalam single autonomous system, sedangkan interdomain IS melakukan fungsi sedangkan interdomain IS melakukan fungsi komunikasi antar-autonomous systems. komunikasi antar-autonomous systems.

ASAS (domain) merupakan kumpulan jaringan dalam (domain) merupakan kumpulan jaringan dalam suatu otoritas administrasi yang membagi strategi suatu otoritas administrasi yang membagi strategi routing.routing.

AreaArea yang merupakan bagian dari AS, adalah grup yang merupakan bagian dari AS, adalah grup lojik jaringan dengan berbagai perangkat lojik jaringan dengan berbagai perangkat penghubung di dalamnya. penghubung di dalamnya.

  Literatur lain menyebut komponen dasar jaringan Literatur lain menyebut komponen dasar jaringan terdiri dariterdiri dari host host sebagai end system dan sebagai end system dan subnetsubnetyang terdiri dari yang terdiri dari Interface Message ProcessorInterface Message Processor(IMP) dan (IMP) dan saluran komunikasi sebagai ISsaluran komunikasi sebagai IS..

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ProtokolProtokol

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Point-to-point LinksPoint-to-point Links

sering diartikan sebagai jaringan leased line karena bersifat permanen.

Link ini memiliki dua tipe transmisi : • datagram transmissions (setiap

frames memiliki alamat individu), dan

• data-stream transmissions (aliran data dengan satu alamat)

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Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching

tratransmisi diawali dengan pembentukan nsmisi diawali dengan pembentukan hubungan hubungan fisikfisik. Sekali hubungan berlangsung, tidak akan . Sekali hubungan berlangsung, tidak akan terjadi kemacetan karena saluran telah dimonopoli. terjadi kemacetan karena saluran telah dimonopoli. Memiliki dua tipe transmisi : Memiliki dua tipe transmisi : – datagram datagram dan dan – data-streamdata-stream

transmissions. transmissions.

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Misal akan dilakukan transmisi dari station A ke D Misal akan dilakukan transmisi dari station A ke D melalui jalur AB, BC, dan CD.melalui jalur AB, BC, dan CD.

Biasa digunakan perusahaan telpon. Contoh dalam Biasa digunakan perusahaan telpon. Contoh dalam teknologi WAN : Integrated Services Digital teknologi WAN : Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).Network (ISDN).

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Message SwitchingMessage Switching transmisi tidak diawali dengan transmisi tidak diawali dengan

pembentukan hubungan fisik. Blok pembentukan hubungan fisik. Blok data disampaikan ke data disampaikan ke switch officeswitch office pertama, disimpan, dan diteruskan pertama, disimpan, dan diteruskan ((store and forwardstore and forward).).

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Ukuran blok tidak tertentuUkuran blok tidak tertentu sehingga diperlukan buffer yang sehingga diperlukan buffer yang memadai untuk menampung.memadai untuk menampung.

Dapat dilakukan Dapat dilakukan deteksi dan deteksi dan koreksikoreksi kesalahan. kesalahan.

Blok yang panjang dapat Blok yang panjang dapat memakan waktu beberapa memakan waktu beberapa menit transmisi sehingga menit transmisi sehingga metode ini metode ini tidak mendukung tidak mendukung mode interaktifmode interaktif..

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Packet SwitchingPacket Switching

transmisi tidak diawali dengan pembentukan transmisi tidak diawali dengan pembentukan hubungan fisik, namun hubungan fisik, namun ukuran blok tertentuukuran blok tertentu sebagai sebagai paket yang mampu ditampung oleh memori paket yang mampu ditampung oleh memori switch switch officeoffice sehingga metode ini sehingga metode ini mendukung mode mendukung mode interaktifinteraktif. Paket-paket dikirimkan secara point-to-. Paket-paket dikirimkan secara point-to-point melintasi jaringan dengan menggunakan point melintasi jaringan dengan menggunakan Statistical MultiplexingStatistical Multiplexing.

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Paket 1 dapat dikirimkan oleh switch office tanpa Paket 1 dapat dikirimkan oleh switch office tanpa menunggu paket 2 datang. Sehingga mengurangimenunggu paket 2 datang. Sehingga mengurangi delay delay dan menaikkandan menaikkan throughput. throughput.

Contoh dalam teknologi WAN : Ø     Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM / Cell Relay), Ø     Frame Relay, Ø     Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS), Ø     X.25

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JARINGAN X.25JARINGAN X.25

standar ini diciptakan oleh CCITT standar ini diciptakan oleh CCITT guna menyediakan interface antara guna menyediakan interface antara packet-switch publik dengan packet-switch publik dengan pelanggannya dengan kapasitas 64 pelanggannya dengan kapasitas 64 kbps. Jaringan ini bersifat kbps. Jaringan ini bersifat connection-orientedconnection-oriented dan mendukung dan mendukung switch virtual circuit maupun yang permanenswitch virtual circuit maupun yang permanen. Paket dikirim secara berurutan.. Paket dikirim secara berurutan.

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Layer pada X.25Layer pada X.25 Layer fisikLayer fisik : digunakan standar X.21, CCITT : digunakan standar X.21, CCITT

merekomendasikannya dengan sebutan V.24 / RS merekomendasikannya dengan sebutan V.24 / RS 232 dengan konektor 25 pin.232 dengan konektor 25 pin.

Layer data linkLayer data link : berfungsi untuk membangun : berfungsi untuk membangun hubungan lojik, deteksi kesalahan, framing, hubungan lojik, deteksi kesalahan, framing, pengaturan urutan, keutuhan, kecepatan, dan pengaturan urutan, keutuhan, kecepatan, dan hubungan lojik. Untuk layer ini CCITT hubungan lojik. Untuk layer ini CCITT merekomendasikan standar HDLC merekomendasikan standar HDLC (lihat subbab (lihat subbab berikutnya).berikutnya).

Layer networkLayer network (paket level) : berfungsi untuk (paket level) : berfungsi untuk melakukan multiplexing dengan terlebih dahulu melakukan multiplexing dengan terlebih dahulu membuat paket. Hubungan lojik berupa virtual membuat paket. Hubungan lojik berupa virtual circuit dengan mekanisme point to point full circuit dengan mekanisme point to point full duplex. Ada 2 jenis hubungan lojik :duplex. Ada 2 jenis hubungan lojik :– Permanent Virtual CircuitPermanent Virtual Circuit : hub.antar-DTE bersifat : hub.antar-DTE bersifat

permanen sehingga tak perlu prosedur yang rumit.permanen sehingga tak perlu prosedur yang rumit.– Virtual CircuitVirtual Circuit : hub.antar-DTE melalui prosedur : hub.antar-DTE melalui prosedur

pemutusan dan penyambungan.pemutusan dan penyambungan.

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HDLC ProtocolHDLC Protocol The The High Level Data Link Control High Level Data Link Control ((HDLC) HDLC)

protocol is a general purpose protocol protocol is a general purpose protocol which operates at the data link layer of the which operates at the data link layer of the OSI reference model. OSI reference model.

The protocol uses the services of a The protocol uses the services of a physical layer, and provides either a physical layer, and provides either a best effortbest effort or or reliablereliable communications path communications path between the transmitter and receiver (i.e. between the transmitter and receiver (i.e. with acknowledged data transfer). with acknowledged data transfer).

The type of service provided depends upon The type of service provided depends upon the the HDLC mode HDLC mode which is used.which is used.

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Each piece of data is encapsulated in an HDLC frame Each piece of data is encapsulated in an HDLC frame by adding a trailer and a header. by adding a trailer and a header.

The header contains an The header contains an HDLC address HDLC address and an and an HDLC control fieldHDLC control field. The trailer is found at the end of . The trailer is found at the end of the frame, and contains a Cyclic Redundancy Check the frame, and contains a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC-16) which detects any errors which may occur (CRC-16) which detects any errors which may occur during transmission. during transmission.

The frames are separated by HDLC flag sequences The frames are separated by HDLC flag sequences which are transmitted between each frame and which are transmitted between each frame and whenever there is no data to be transmitted.whenever there is no data to be transmitted.

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The HDLC Address FieldThe HDLC Address Field The first byte(s) of a frame transmitted The first byte(s) of a frame transmitted

using the High Level Data Link Control using the High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol are used to carry an (HDLC) Protocol are used to carry an address field. This field is typically a single address field. This field is typically a single byte, but extension is possible allowing a byte, but extension is possible allowing a number of bytes to be used. The address number of bytes to be used. The address format is shown in the figure below.format is shown in the figure below.

  

Format of the Address Byte(s) in HDLCFormat of the Address Byte(s) in HDLC

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The address consists of three parts:The address consists of three parts: A Service Access PointA Service Access Point (SAP) which is (SAP) which is

usually set to zero, but used in some usually set to zero, but used in some variants of HDLC to identify one of variants of HDLC to identify one of a a numbernumber of data link protocol entities. of data link protocol entities.

A Command/ResponseA Command/Response bit to indicate bit to indicate whether the frame relates to information whether the frame relates to information frames (I-frames) being sent from the node frames (I-frames) being sent from the node or received by the node. or received by the node.

An address extension bitAn address extension bit which is usually which is usually set to true to indicate that the address is set to true to indicate that the address is of length one byte. When set to false it of length one byte. When set to false it indicates an additional byte follows. indicates an additional byte follows.

The address field is mainly used when HDLC The address field is mainly used when HDLC is used in a is used in a mode which provides reliable data transfer mode which provides reliable data transfer using using numbered control frames.numbered control frames.

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Types of HDLC Control FieldTypes of HDLC Control Field The control field of HDLC follows the The control field of HDLC follows the address fieldaddress field

and is the second part of all and is the second part of all HDLC framesHDLC frames. The . The best-effort service is provided through the use of best-effort service is provided through the use of U (un-numbered) framesU (un-numbered) frames consisting of a single byte. consisting of a single byte. All frames carry a field of size 1 bit which is known All frames carry a field of size 1 bit which is known as the "poll/final" bit and is used by the as the "poll/final" bit and is used by the checkpointing procedure to verify correct checkpointing procedure to verify correct transmission. transmission.

Format of the control byte in HDLC framesFormat of the control byte in HDLC frames

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HDLC defines currently two formats for frames HDLC defines currently two formats for frames which carry sequence numbers. These type of which carry sequence numbers. These type of frame are used to provide the reliable data link frame are used to provide the reliable data link service. Two types of numbered frames are service. Two types of numbered frames are supported:supported:– S (supervisory) framesS (supervisory) frames containing only an containing only an

acknowledgment numberacknowledgment number (N(R)(N(R))) – I (information) framesI (information) frames carrying data and carrying data and

containing both a send sequence numbercontaining both a send sequence number (N(S)(N(S)) ) and an acknowledgment number and an acknowledgment number (N(R)(N(R)). ).

The S and U frames contain an additional field to The S and U frames contain an additional field to identify the function which is to be performed. The identify the function which is to be performed. The 2-bit 2-bit SS fieldSS field is used to identify one of four is used to identify one of four functions:functions:– SS=00 RR - Receiver Ready to accept more SS=00 RR - Receiver Ready to accept more

I-frames I-frames – SS=01 REJ - Go-Back-N retransmission request SS=01 REJ - Go-Back-N retransmission request

for an I-frame for an I-frame – SS=10 RNR - Receiver Not Ready to accept more SS=10 RNR - Receiver Not Ready to accept more

I-frames I-frames – SS=11 SREJ - Selective retransmission request SS=11 SREJ - Selective retransmission request

for an I-framefor an I-frame

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HDLC Modes of OperationHDLC Modes of Operation The The best-effortbest-effort or or datagram servicedatagram service. In this mode, . In this mode,

the packets are carried in a the packets are carried in a UI frameUI frame, and a best-, and a best-effort delivery is performed (i.e. there is effort delivery is performed (i.e. there is no no guaranteeguarantee that the packet carried by the frame will that the packet carried by the frame will be delivered.) The link layer does not provide error be delivered.) The link layer does not provide error recovery of lost frames. This mode is used for recovery of lost frames. This mode is used for point-to-point links carrying a network protocol point-to-point links carrying a network protocol which itself uses datagram packets (e.g. IP). which itself uses datagram packets (e.g. IP).

The Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM). This The Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM). This provides a provides a reliablereliable data point-to-point data link data point-to-point data link service and may be used to provide a service service and may be used to provide a service which supports either a datagram or reliable which supports either a datagram or reliable network protocol. In this mode, the packets are network protocol. In this mode, the packets are carried in carried in numbered I-framesnumbered I-frames, which are , which are acknowledgedacknowledged by the receiver using by the receiver using numbered numbered supervisory framessupervisory frames. Error recovery (e.g. . Error recovery (e.g. checkpoint checkpoint or go-back-n error recoveryor go-back-n error recovery) is employed to ensure ) is employed to ensure a well-ordered and reliable flow of frames. a well-ordered and reliable flow of frames.