CHAPTER 2: LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORTS1 The ability of organisms to move from place to place is called l………………………..Q1 What are the functions of the skeleton?i) Protection: Internal organs are not damaged. Ex: Brain is protected by skullii) Produces b…………… c……………. such as red and white blood cells and plateletsiii) Provides shape and s…………………….iv) Enables m……………………v) Stores materials such as c…………………and phosphate for strong bones

Q2 Explain the three different types of skeleton found in organisms.Ans:

Q3 Describe the problems faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion. Explain how problems in support and locomotion are overcome.Ans: Problems faced are:- g…………….., fr………………. and r………………… when moving.

Ways to overcome problems:- S……………lined body to overcome resistance and friction- F……….. in fishes, w…………. in birds and bones in tetrapod animals to overcome problems of gravitational force-Muscles that attach to skeleton can contract and relax. This causes movement Q4 Name the bone that make up the axial and apendicular skeletons in the human body.

Type of skeleton

Exo……………….

H……………………skeleton

Endo…………………

Made up of chitin or cuticle

Body f…………..provide support and movement

Made of many b……………

Human skeleton

Axial Appendicular

SkullR..........c……

V…………c……………

….

Pectoral girdle

P…………G………..

Fore L………….

Hind L………….

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S2 Vertebral column or backbone or spine is made up of …………..bones.or ……………………….S3Number of vertrabral bones:

i) cervicle: 7 ii) thoracic:……… iii) lumbar:…………iv) sacrum: 5 fused v)coccyx: 4 fused.

Q5 Label the vertebra below:

Q6 State the function for the structure labeled above.Ans:

Q7 Label the human skeleton below:

Structure FunctionSentrum Provide s……………..and absorbs sh……………..Vertebral arch Protects the s…………..c…………Neural canal Provides passage for s……………c……………Spinous process Provide surface for m………………. and ligaments to

attachTransverse process Provide surface for m………………. and ligaments to

attach

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S4 The two types of joints in the body are: h …………….joint and ball and socket joint.S5 What kind of joints are found in the following parts of the body:

Type of joint Ball and socket Hinge

Scapula and humerus

Pelvic girdle and femurFemur and TibiaHumerus and radius

Role of Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons in Movement

S1 Movement is caused by c………………………of skeletal muscles that interact with the bones.S2 Muscles have a lot of m……………… that produce energy for the contraction of muscles.Q1 Compare and contrast tendon and ligament.Ans:

S3 Skeletal muscles are a…………….. muscles. This means when one musclec..……………..the other muscle r……… Q2 Explain how the forelimbs move.Ans:

The triceps r………… , the biceps c………… at the same time. The r…………. and u……… are pulled upwards. The forearm is bent.

The triceps ………….. and the biceps ……………at the same timeThe radius and ulna move backward.The forearm is straightened

SimilaritiesTendon

Made of collagenHold two tissues together

Differences

Connect b……. and muscle

Connect m……… and muscle

E……….tissue absent E……….tissue present

In…………….. E………………

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Ligament

Functions of Cartilage and Synovial Fluid at JointsS1 Complete the flow chart:

Locomotion in AnimalsQ1 Describe briefly the how animals such as grasshopper, earthworm, fish, frogs and birds move Grasshopper

Characteristic MovementHave exoskeleton; Have a…………………… muscles(flexor,extensor)

Before jumping: -Rear legs f……………../folded-because flexor muscles c……………-energy stored in e………… tendon propels the grasshopper forward and upwardDuring a jump:-rear leg straight- because flexor muscle r………..; extensor muscle c…………….

EarthwormH………………. skeleton; Have antagonistic l……………… and c…………..muscles that contract and relax to produce movement

- When circular muscles contract, body becomes longer- When longitudinal muscles contract, body become shorter-C………….grip the ground when it moves- Fluid in the body makes the earthworm move

Place where two bones meet=……………….

M……..............

immovable

Two types

Ex: -H……………joint -Ball and socket joint

Ex: Skull

-Synovial membrane= secretes s………………….fluid Function of synovial fluid = lubricate joints to prevent f…………….when bones move-CartilageFunction= absorb shock that prevents bones from damage

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FishStreamlined shapeS……….. body

Antagonistic muscles known as m……………..

Have fins

To reduce resistance in water

When one side of myotome muscle contracts the other myotome muscles relax.Body bends towards the muscles that contractAlternate contractions of the myotomes cause the tail to beat. The tail propels the fish forward.Dorsal and ventral fins prevents fish from y…………………Pectoral and pelvic fins prevents fish from p………………..Median and paired fins prevents fish from r………………..

FrogA frog leaps, crawls and swims.Long and muscular legs

Short fore limb

Before jumping:Long hind legs are bent like ‘Z’ shape because f……….muscle contractsDuring jump:E…………… muscles contract causing hind legs to straighten and forces the frog up and forwards.The frog lands on fore limb that absorbs the shock

BirdAerofoil shape wing

Pectoralis minor and pectoralis major muscles(antagonistic muscles)

To reduce resistance in air

Pectoralis m………… muscle contract causes wing to move u…. and f………….Pectoralis m………… muscle contract causes wing to move d……… and b………………

Consequenses of an Impaired Musculoskeletal System on Support and LocomotionQ1 State the consequenses of an impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion and how it can be prevented or treated.Disease Symptoms Prevention/Treatment

O………………..…- bones become soft and brittle because bone

minerals lost- Happens in women after menopause because

lack of estrogen

- Weight-bearing exercise- Don’t smoke- Diet rich in calcium, phosphorous,

vitamin D

M………………….d…………………..

- hereditary disease- D………………….of muscles and the muscles

become small- difficulty in breathing

- Steroid injection to strengthen muscle- Genetic engineering to replace gene with normal gene

Arthritis- osteoarthritis- rheumatoid arthritis

- gout

- Inflammation or degeneration of joints which is painful- cartilage breaks down- inflammation of joints at the synovial membrane- Uric a…………….deposit in the joints

- exercise regularly-diet low in uric acid- vitamins to promote strong cartilage

Ways to Maintain a healthy Musculoskeletal SystemS1 A healthy musculoskeletal system can be obtained by

a) Balanced diet- rich in calcium, vitamin D and phosphorousb) Do weight-bearing exercises to increase bone massc) Good posture while sitting, standing, drivingd) Do not wear tight clothese) Exercise carefully especially during vigorous exercise so not to strain muscles

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UNDERSTANDING SUPPORT IN PLANTS

Necessity for Support in PlantsQ1 Explain why plants need support?Ans: Plants need support for the following reasons:

- grow upright towards sunlight for pho………………..- to attract insects for polli……………. in flowers

- to enable fruits to be disp…………..Q2 Explain how plants support itself.Ans:

Have adaptations to float

no v……………tissue so that it is lightAir s……….. (a……………...tissue) to reduce density of plantSoft thin stems bend with the flow of waterLeaves with fine hair/cuticle to prevent water from entering the leavesB……………..of water supports floating plantsFew v…………….tissues.Xylem wall is not lignified. Therefore the stem can bend without breaking

Terrestrial Plants

Adaptations

- s……………t…………, x………..vessels and t…………….have cell walls that are thick and filled with cellulose and lignin to give support

-P…………….. tissues store sugars, starch and water. They absorb water and become turgid to give support- C………………tissues have walls with cellulose that give support to leavesClimbers have- tendrils to twine(cucumber) around other plants-thorns for support(rose)-clasping roots for support(pepper plant)

W……..plants Non-woody plants

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Type of plants that need support

A…………….. plants like Eichornia sp; Hydrilla sp; Elodea sp.