Step 2

Early Childhood Development(Konsep Perkembangan Awal Kanak-kanak)- Factors influencing Development - Nature

vs Nurture- Child Development in four areas (PMES)

Early Childhood Development• Physical Growth – size, height, weight• Skills Development – mind & intelligence &

personality

Nature vs Nature

• Major changes in growth and development occur from birth to about 18 years of age

• Two main factors that influence growth and development are – hereditary and – environment

Hereditary (Baka)

• Hereditary or genes factor consists of genetic influences on the physical body, intelligence, sociability and emotions

• Some visible effects of nature – physical features such as the colour of eyes and

hair which are inherited from parents and grandparents

What other genetic influences can you list?

Environment (Persekitaran)• Influences from family, peers, teachers, mass

media, and society • Factors include home background, school,

socio-economic levels and culture heritage • Biological factors such as nutritional intake,

medical care and exposure to hazards / pollution also affect growth

Make a list of factors influencing the child as he /she grows?

Factors Affecting Growth & Development:

Genes – inherited from parents

Social – influence of other people

Lifestyle – choices that one makes

Environment – situation &

opportunities Genetic

Inheritance Gender Twins Physical

features  

Family relationships

Ethnicity and religion

Friendships

Life Experiences (birth, marriage, death and divorce)

Income Diet Material possessions Exercise

Employment & unemployment

Alcohol & smoking

 

Pollution Housing

conditions Educational

experiences Access to health

and welfare services

Experience of illness or disease

  

Characteristics of Preschool Children

• Physical (Jasmani)• Mental (Kognitif)• Emotional (Emosi) • Social (Sosial)

(a) Physical Development • refers to the growth of the size of the body and its organs, the functioning of

physical systems;• coordination of fine and complex motor skills. (b) Cognitive Development• refers to the changes that occur within the functioning of the human brain.;• Includes perception, concept formation, language acquisition, memory, spatial

ability and mathematical ability;• Also includes reasoning ability for logical problem solving. (c) Emotional (Affective and Psychosocial) Development • refers to the development of feelings, emotions and behaviour;• Also involves knowing oneself and being able to manage one’s own emotions and

temperament. (d) Social Development• refers to being able to relate to others, form relationships and friends; • Also involves personality development and interpersonal skills .

Some Characteristics of PreschoolersThree-year-olds • Love to observe and imitate others; • They like to be with their parents; and • can be good helpers with simple household chores.Four-Year-Olds• "Energetic," "enthusiastic," "silly," "fun," and "out of bounds" • This group of "pre-kindergartners" is not prepared to sit still and listen.Five-Year-Olds• More "together" than the wild four-year olds;• They are also more sensitive and aware of people's feelings and needs; • They may be more cooperative children than before.Six-Year Olds• ____• ____

Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) – Stages of Cognitive Devt

Stages Age CharacteristicsSensory- motor 0 – 2 years Can copy and remember things.

Knowing that an object still exists although it has been hidden.

Egocentric in nature (focusing on one’s self)

Pre-Operational 2 – 7 years Start to use language slowly Can think in the symbolic form

Concrete Operational

7 – 11 or 12 years Can solve concrete problems– Understand the concept of conservation

Can make classifications.Formal Operational Above 11 or 12

years Can solve abstract problems Become more scientific in one’s

thinking Feel concerned about social issues

in one’s environment.

Principles of Growth & Devt• Development depends on

maturation and learning– Children will improve in thinking

(cognitive) and psycho-motor (physical) skills as the brain and nervous system develop with constant exposure to new learnings from the environment

– Children must mature to a certain level before they can acquire new skills. • A four-month-old baby cannot use

language yet because the brain cells for language have not matured enough

Process of Growth & Devt• Development proceeds from the simple (concrete) to the more

complex.– Children comprehend concrete examples in early childhood; – Children use simple cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems

in early childhood; – Reasoning power improves with ability to differentiate and classify objects.

• Growth and development is a continuous process – Child constructs new knowledge and skills based on previous knowledge and

accumulates knowledge gradually;– Most children follow a similar pattern;

• The child must acquire control of hand movement to hold a pencil or crayon before he/she can draw or write.

• Growth and development proceed from the general to specific – In motor development, the child will be able to grasp an object with the whole

hand before learning to use only the thumb and forefinger; – Growth occurs from large muscle movements to more refined (smaller) muscle

movements.

Rate of Growth and Development– Sequence for growth and development are same

for all children;– Rate at which individual children reaches

developmental stage may be different – Specific time-range for developmental tasks• A child's intellectual development may progress faster

than his/her emotional or social development

Video Clips - Milestones

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0TGczdbiV4&list=PLrMFMZYz2AyiE46mXOJvuevMq9aRPif0R&index=2

• Milestones for 3 year oldshttps://youtu.be/eZNeomd3nbY

• Milestones for 3-5 year oldshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIUHWZrBSSs