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Power Point I for Dr. Krasilovsky's Bio 110
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TISSUES & MEMBRANES
Marieb: Chaps. 4 - 5
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Introduction 1. Tissue - group of cells with related or
common structure and function 2. Types of Tissues
Epithelial (covering) Connective (support) Muscle (movement) Nervous (control)
3
I. Epithelial Tissue (cover, line, transport) A. Cell Types
1. Squamous - Flat or scalelike 2. Cuboidal - Cube or hexagonical 3. Columnar - Rectangular 4. Transitional - several layers with appearance of
cells varying from layer to layer 5. Simple - single layer, little wear and tear,
transport functions (semi-permeable) 6. Stratified - multilayer, wear & tear with
replacement of surface layers 7. Pseudostratified - one lay but all cells do not
reach the top
4
Fig. 4.2
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B. Classification SIMPLE 1. Simple Squamous Epithelial -
a) single layer, thin cells closely packed together b) little intercellular/extracellular space or matrix c) non-vascular - no blood vessels d) basement membrane - epithelial layer attached
to underlying connective tissue e) diffusion of gases (lungs, capillaries) f) filtration - kidney capsule g) mesothelium - squamous that lines cavities &
organs
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Fig. 4.3
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2. Simple Cuboidal a) boxy-like appearance b) function - secretion or absorption c) kidney tubules or glandular ducts or
tubes
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3. Simple Columnar Right angle view with basal nuclei Function - protection, absorption, secretion Line digestive tract with microvilli Goblet cells - mucous secretion (slide 9) Cilia (microtubular structure) for movement along
surface of cells Found in Respiratory tract, Oviducts
9
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.4 Goblet cell (unicellular exocrine gland).
(b)(a)
Microvilli
Secretoryvesiclescontainingmucin
Golgiapparatus
Rough ER
Nucleus
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4. Pseudostratified a) variations in levels of nuclei of cells b) all touching basement membrane, but all do not
reach the top of the tissue c) ducts of glands d) can be ciliated with mucus goblet cells e) Respiratory tract & Female reproductive system
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STRATIFIED 4. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
a) multilayered - basal cells dividing appear as cuboidal or columnar cells
b) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous - Wet surface and wear and tear Mouth - Esophagous - Vagina
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4. Stratified Squamous Epith - continued c) Keratinized Stratified Squamous
Outermost cells die and contain keratin Keratin - waterproofing Barrier and protection from bacteria
SKIN
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5. Stratified - Transitional Epithelium a) similar to Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous b) outer cells relaxed/nonstretched = NOT FLAT c) outer cells stretched = flat/squamous d) urinary bladder and urethra and ureters
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6. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
a) rare - usually 2 layers b) lines ducts of larger glands - sweat
glands and mammary glands
7. Stratified Columnar Epithelium a) rare - basal cells compressed b) line parts of male urethra
line parts of glandular ducts
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C. Glandular Classification
1. Gland - group of cells that release a chemical into a duct or the blood a) Exocrine - gland with a duct / tube
Salivary - water and chemicals Sweat - water and salts Pancreas - enzymes and buffers
b) Endocrine - ductless glands Hormones released into the blood Pituitary / Thyroid
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2. Exocrine - release/secretion a) Holocrine - chemical in
cytoplasm - cell dies & its contents are discharged - cell replaced - SEBACEOUS
b) Merocrine - secretion occurs with no other cellular contents - exocytosis - PANCREAS & SALIVARY
c) Apocrine - apical portion with chemical is pinched off - MAMMARY GLANDS
Fig. 4.6
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3. EXOCRINE STRUCTURE a) Unicellular - goblet cells (Fig. 4.4) b) Multicellular glands and various ducts
Different shapes to gland and/or duct
Fig.4.5
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.5 Types of multicellular exocrine glands.
Compound duct structure(duct branches)
Simple tubular
ExampleIntestinal glands
Simple branchedtubular
ExampleStomach (gastric)glands
Compound tubular
ExampleDuodenal glands of small intestine
Compound alveolarExampleMammary glands
SimplealveolarExampleNo importantexample in humans
Simple branchedalveolarExampleSebaceous (oil)glands
CompoundtubuloalveolarExampleSalivary glands
Tubularsecretorystructure
Alveolarsecretorystructure
Surface epithelium Duct Secretory epithelium
Simple duct structure(duct does not branch)
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II. Connective Tissue
A. Introduction 1.loose or dense 2.diverse class 3.Fig. 4.7
Cells Fibers Matrix
extracellular
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4. Classes of connective tissue
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B. Areolar Tissue1. Loose CT - supports & binds organs, role in
inflammation & infections, body fluids
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2. Cells a) Fibroblasts - immature cells
Large, branching processes Formation of new tissue and repairs Produce fibers
b) Fibrocyctes -mature cells Maintain tissue
c) Macrophages - phagocytosis for defense d) Plasma cells - origin in wbc production of
antibodies e) Mast cells - near blood vessels to initiate local
inflammation Heparin - anticoaggulant Histamine - increase vessel permeability
f) Pigment cells and Fat Cells (store nutrients)
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3. Fibers - proteins from fibroblasts a) Collagen (white fibers) - tough, bundle
arrangement, some degree flexibility b) Elastic fibers (yellow) - also protein = elastin,
flexible and branching (skin, lungs, etc.) c) Reticular fibers - shorter, finer collagen fibers,
more give than traditional collagen
4. Matrix - Fluid nature - nutrients and wastes Hyaluronic acid - viscous Hyaluronidase - liquefy ground substance
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C. Adipose Tissue - Fat 1. Fibroblast - modified
to store fats 2. Large vacuole 3. Functions
Store energy raw
materials Insulation
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D. Dense / Collagenous CT 1. Collagen fibers
predominate matrix (regular) 2. Fibroblasts line up 3. Tendons
Muscle to bone 4. Ligaments
Bone to Bone More elastic
5. Dense irregular Fig. 4.9e) Fibrous covering of organs
Fig. 4.8d
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•E. Elastic CT
1. Elastic fibers produced by fibroblasts2. Stretch & return to original shape3. Walls blood vessels, vocal cords, respiratory tract between cartilage rings
F. Reticular CT 1. Reticular fibers
from fibroblasts 2. Internal framework
for organs - Spleen / Liver
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III. Cartilage
1. Functions - tough but flexible, supportive structure, large amounts of tissue fluid
2. Chondrocyctes - cartilage cells from mesenchyme tissue
Produce collagen & elastic fibers in a different matrix 3. Matrix - collagen & elastic fibers and
Chondroitin sulfate (gel like matrix) (Fig.4.7) 4. Lacunae - space in matrix around cell 5. Perichondrium - outer surface of cartilage tissue
associated with fibrous CT
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A. Hyaline Cartilage 1. Location
a) surface of bone - joint articulating cartilage b) ribs attached to sternum c) nose cartilage d) fetal skeleton e) respiratory tract
2. Chondrocytes - Produce collage fibers
that are NOT visible 3. Lacunae 4. Perichondium
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B. Elastic Cartilage
1. Support and maintain shape 2. Larynx / Outer ear /
Eustachian tube 3. Chondrocytes with
visible elastic
(& collagen) fibers Lacunae Matrix - fibers and
chondroitin sulfate
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C. Fibrocartilage 1. Strength / Support / rigidity 2. Vertebral discs and Pubic
symphysis 3. Chondrocytes with
visible collagen fibers Lacunae Matrix - fibers and
chondroitin sulfate
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IV. Bone (connective tissue)Chap. 6
A. Functions 1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Mineral storage - calcium 5. Blood cell formation
Blood also CT
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B. Anatomy of Long Bone (Fig. 6.3)
1. Epiphysis 2. Articulating
cartilage 3. Periosteum
With inner layer
Osteoblasts 4. Diaphysis 5. Bone Marrow
Red/Yellow 6. Osteoclasts 7. Bone
Spongy Compact
1.7.
4.
3.
2.
5.
6
7.
3.
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Fig. 6.3
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8. Haversian System of compact bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.7 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone.
Endosteum lining bony canalsand covering trabeculae
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
Periosteal blood vesselPeriosteum
Lacuna (withosteocyte)
(a)
(b) (c)
Lacunae
Lamellae
NerveVeinArtery
CanaliculiOsteocytein a lacuna
Circumferentiallamellae
Osteon(Haversian system)
Central(Haversian) canal
Centralcanal
Interstitial lamellae
Lamellae
Compactbone
Spongy bone
Fig. 6.6
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C. Intramembranous Bone formationembryonic cranial skeleton = fibrous
membranes (Fig. 6.7)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.8 Intramembranous ossification.
Mesenchymalcell
CollagenfiberOssificationcenter
Osteoid
Osteoblast
Osteoid
Osteocyte
Newly calcifiedbone matrix
Osteoblast
Mesenchymecondensingto form theperiosteum
Blood vessel
Trabeculae ofwoven bone
Fibrousperiosteum
Osteoblast
Plate ofcompact bone
Diploë (spongybone) cavitiescontain redmarrow
1 2
3 4
Ossification centers appear in the fibrousconnective tissue membrane.
• Selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center.
Bone matrix ( osteoid ) is secreted within the
fibrous membrane and calcifies. • Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is calcified within a few days.• Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
Woven bone and periosteum form.• Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels in a random manner. The result is a network (instead of lamellae) of trabeculae called woven bone.• Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to
the periosteum . Red marrow appears. • Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, and are later replaced with mature lamellar bone, forming compact bone plates.• Spongy bone (diploë), consisting of distinct trabeculae, per- sists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.
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Fig. 6.9 - Endochondrial Ossification - other bones of skeleton formed this way and pages 183-184.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.9 Endochondral ossification in a long bone.
1 2 3 4 5 Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.
Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.
The periostealbud invades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.
The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.
The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains onlyin the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.
Hyalinecartilage
Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix
Epiphysealblood vessel
Spongyboneformation
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Secondaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
Medullarycavity
Articularcartilage
Childhood toadolescence
BirthWeek 9 Month 3
Spongybone
Bonecollar Primaryossificationcenter
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Bone Growth (Figs. 6.10 & 6.11)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.10 Growth in length of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
Calcified cartilagespicule
Osseous tissue(bone) coveringcartilage spicules
Resting zone
Osteoblast depositingbone matrix
Proliferation zoneCartilage cells undergo mitosis.
Hypertrophic zoneOlder cartilage cells enlarge.
Ossification zoneNew bone formation is occurring.
Calcification zoneMatrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating.
1
2
3
4
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V. Muscle Tissue - Next Unit- motion due to filament contraction- classification - location / nerve innervation / appearance
-skeletal -voluntary / striated
-cardiac - involuntary / striated
-smooth/visceral - involuntary / nonstriated
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VI. Nervous Tissue- Neuron = Nerve Cell- Generate & Conduct Electrical signals- Cell Processes
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VII. Membranes (epithelial & underlying CT) Fig. 4.11
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.11 Classes of membranes.
Cutaneous membrane(skin
Mucosa of nasalcavity
Mucosa of lungbronchi
Mucosa of mouth
Esophagus lining
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
(a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface.
(b) Mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior.
(c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior.
Parietalperitoneum
Visceralperitoneum
Parietal pleuraVisceral pleura
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VII. Membranes1. Mucous Membranes
a) line body area open to the outside Digestive, respiratory, urogenital
b) moist due to mucus secretion (urine) and cilia to move materials
c) secretion of mucus and absorption of materials
d) underlying CT binds plus flexible
(lamina propria)
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VII. Membranes2. Serous Membranes
a) lines areas not open to outside & their organs
b) mesothelium & loose CT c) visceral portion = around organ parietal portion = around cavity d) pleural = lungs peritoneum = abdominopelvic cavity/organs
3. Synovial Membrane a) lines joint cavity b) no epithelial component
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Synovial Joint
(loose CT)
Fig8.3 -.4
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VIII. Skin / Cutaneous Membrane A. Epidermis - stratified keratinized sq.
1. Stratum basale - dividing columnar shape 2. Stratum spinosum - multilayers of newly
formed cells 3. Stratum granulosum - flatten cells/pigment
formation, 1st step in Keratin formation 4. Stratum lucidum - Dead cells, flat, keratin Formation (palm/sole) 5. Stratum corneum- 2 dozen layers dead, keratinized squamous
cells that are shed
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B. Dermis1. Loose CT (dense, collagen, elastic) Blood vessels, Nerves (sensory) Hair follicles and Glands = Epidermal in origin
2. Dermal Ridges / Papilla 3. Subcutaneous layer - with
Adipose / Areolar CT
C. Accessory Organs 1. Hair - epidermal origin plus
arrector pili muscle
2. Sebaceous Glands Holocrine Keeps hair/skim pliable,
water-proof 3. Sweat Glands(merocrine)
Open to surface via duct
45
Fig. 5.5
Fig. 5.6