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LifeLifeSciencesSciences
AgendaAgenda
Return of HW & feedbackIntroduction to Module BThe Scientific Method Comprehension
Timed practiceVocabulary
David Porter Unit 4Grammar
The Passive Voice
NRW (Huckabee) Feedback
Some PointersSome Pointers
Whatever , …Whatever the case may be, …
Missing articlesE.g. the, a, an
Explain fully (don’t let readers connect points for themselves)E.g. The teaching pace is no longer
adjusted to suit the needs of the average but becomes more flexible to suit the needsof the individual.
Some PointersSome Pointers
Ensure a clear division between summary & responseIn my opinionAfter reading the article
Don’t write your opinion as factsIn my opinionI feel that / I believe / I think
Use hedging wordsE.g. “may”, “if”
What’s moreWhat is more
Most ImportantlyMost Importantly
What’s the purpose of the articleheading/title gives the clueExamples are examples. They are not
points. Look for salient points.
Introduction to Module B
The Scientific Method
1. Give the meaning of the words
Collectively and over timeAs a cohort across generations
Non-arbitraryNot randomly but purposefully, educated guess
Group of phenomenaA collection of happenings/observations
ContradictOppose, challenge, go against
Intricately associatedClosely involved with
2. Explain the rationale behind the “scientific method” in your own words.
It is a means of making sure scientific hypotheses and discoveries are made in a systematic and standardised manner which are free from idiosyncratic or arbitrary judgments of individual scientists.
3. What are four steps of scientific theory?
Using our eyes or senses to make observations or deductions on what we see before us in nature,
Formulating or thinking of a hypothesis or a scientific hunch based on observable data,
Confirming that the hunch is correct by applying it to predictions of other occurrences or by research such as experimentation; and
Seeing if the experiments may be replicated in other applications.
4. What does the writer mean by the phrase “experimental science”?
He means that this knowledge is derived from having conducted various means, i.e. experiments and other controlled situations.
Chemistry, biology, medicine, biochemistry, engineering
5. Why is it that “experiment is supreme”?
The ability to test a hypothesis out by experiment is said to be “supreme” or of paramount importance because if it cannot be tested thus, the hypothesis, in general, cannot be confirmed as being true.
6. Is an error a bad thing?
No, an error is not necessarily a bad thing as an error can also disprove a hypothesis.
However, if an error is due to a design flaw in logic or by excluding data erroneously then it would be a bad thing as that might pose a set- back to a discovery being made.
Errors nevertheless have to be minimised and there are standard operating procedures for doing so.
7. What are the 3 common mistakes?
The three commonest mistakes areto accept a hypothesis without proof,to be biased in data selection in order to
prove or disprove a hypothesis; andto exclude or dismiss as a design or
experimental quirk any hitherto unexpected finding rather than investigating it properly.
8. What is the difference between a hypothesis, a model and a law? A hypothesis is an educated hunch or guess that
there are definite reasons or explanation for a certain observable fact.
A model is used when a hypothesis can be used to explain some other events but not all events related to the topic being investigated.
However, a law is used when a hypothesis or a group of hypotheses are pretty well proven and stable and can be tested repeatedly and reliably.
In short, the three terms appear to be in some sort of continuum of what makes scientific truth.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary
David Porter Unit 4 In groups, complete the exercise that has
been assigned to you.
Vocabulary Sheet 4 p.22Work out the meanings of the words in the
list.
Vocabulary Sheet 4 p.22
Phenomenon/phenomenaAn occurrence, circumstance, or fact that
is perceptible by the senses. Physics An observable event.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
Hypothesis/hypothesesA tentative explanation for an observation,
phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.
Something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; an assumption.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
TheoryA set of statements or principles devised
to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.
An assumption based on limited information or knowledge.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
TheoremAn idea that has been demonstrated as
true or is assumed to be so demonstrable.Mathematics A proposition that has been
or is to be proved on the basis of explicit assumptions.• Pythagoras' theorem
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
SuperimposeTo lay or place (something) on or over
something else.To add as a distinct feature, element, or
quality.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
EliminateTo get rid of; remove. To leave out or omit from consideration;
reject.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
ExterminateTo get rid of by destroying completely.
Eradicate To get rid of as if by tearing up by the
roots.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
Embodies the principleTo represent in bodily or material form the
basic truth.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
High proportionA part considered in relation to the whole. High ratio.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
InduceTo infer by inductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning - reasoning from detailed facts to general principles.
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Vocabulary Sheet 4
DeduceTo reach (a conclusion) by reasoning. To infer from a general principle; reason
deductively.
Deductive reasoning - reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect).
Source: thefreedictionary.com
Grammar
The Passive Voice
Someone locks the office every morning.The office is locked every morning.
Someone has invited Sarah to the party.Sarah has been invited to the party.
We use the passive when we are not interested in who or what does something
The factory was painted during the war.Sarah has been invited to the party.
I made a mistake.A mistake was made.
We also use the passive when we do not want to say who or what does something
Compare
We form passive verbs with the different tenses of bebe (e.g. is, was, is being, have been) + past participle.