3 Rules for Using THAT or WHICH v2

Using thator which

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3 QUICK RULES3 QUICK TIPS

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Contents

TEST YOURSELF• Question 1

• Question 2

BEFORE YOU BEGIN• Clause VS Phrase

• Two Types of Clauses

THAT VS WHICH• Three Quick Rules

• Three Quick Tips

• When to use THAT

• When to use WHICH

REVIEW THE BASICS• What is a Phrase?

• What is a Clause?

• What is a Restrictive Clause?

• What is a Non-restrictive Clause?


Self TestARE YOU SURE?



Which sentence is correct?

1. The cat that I saved from drowning is now a TV star.

2. The cat, which I saved from drowning, is now a TV star.

3. The cat, that I saved from drowning, is now a TV star.

4. The cat which I saved from drowning is now a TV star.


Answer The cat that I saved from drowning is now a TV star.

The cat is now a TV star.

The clause is restrictive because

(1) the meaning is different when the clause is removed,

(2) the clause describes a unique subject, and

(3) the clause and the predicate refer to the same thing: the cat’s life.

When a clause is restrictive:

(1) use THAT and

(2) do not place the clause between commas


Which sentence is correct?

1. Owls that feed on mice have night vision.

2. Owls which feed on mice have night vision.

3. Owls, that feed on mice, have night vision.

4. Owls, which feed on mice, have night vision.


Answer Owls, which feed on mice, have night vision.

Owls have night vision.

The clause is non-restrictive because

(1) the meaning is unchanged when the clause is removed,

(2) the clause is unrelated to the verb/adjective in the predicate, and

(3) the clause gives general, not unique, information.

When a clause is non-restrictive:

(1) use WHICH and

(2) offset the clause between commas


Before you Begin


Clauses VS Phrases2 Types of Clauses


BEFORE YOU BEGIN...

Clause VS Phrase

A clause is complete with a subject and a predicate.

On the other hand, a phrase lacks a subject or a predicate.


BEFORE YOU BEGIN...

Two Types of Clauses

A non-restrictive clause adds extra details that can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

On the other hand, a restrictiveclause adds important details that, if removed, changes the meaning of the sentence.


3 QUICK RULES

Use THAT

To start a clause

Use WHICH

To start a clause

RULE

1

Without commasbefore or after the clause

With commasbefore and after the clause

2

When the clause is restrictive

When the clause is non-restrictive3


3 QUICK TIPS

RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

The clause describes a unique subject of the sentence.

NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

The clause uses general terms to describe the subject of the sentence.

1

The clause gives details that are related to the predicate.

The clause gives details that are unrelated to the predicate.

2

Removing the clause changes the meaning of the sentence.

Removing the clause does not change the meaning of the sentence.

3


When to Use THAT3 QUICK NOTES



Use THAT

1. To begin a clause

2. When the clause is restrictive

3. Without commas before or after the clause


When to Use WHICH3 QUICK NOTES



Use WHICH

1. To begin a clause

2. With commas before and after the clause

3. When the clause can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence


3 QUICK RULES

Use THAT

To start a clause

Use WHICH

To start a clause

RULE

1

Without commasbefore or after the clause

With commasbefore and after the clause

2

When the clause is restrictive

When the clause is non-restrictive3


Review the Basics2 QUICK NOTES



Phrase VS Clause

A phrase is a group of words with no subject or no predicate.

On the other hand, a clauseis a group of words with a subject and a predicate.

1Note


Phrase

A group of words with no predicate is a phrase.

1a

some men

cats

the story

a rabbit


Phrase

A group of words with no subject is a phrase.

1b

survived the typhoon

is raining

will eat the fish

was exciting


Clause

A clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate.

1c

The cows survived the typhoon.

In other words, a clause is a complete sentence.


Clause

A group of words with a subjectand a predicate is a clause.

1d

survived the typhoon.

is raining.

will eat the fish.

was excited / exciting.

Some men

It

The story

A rabbit

PREDICATESUBJECT


One More Time...

• A clause is complete with a subject and a predicate.

• However, a phrase lacks a subject or a predicate.

1Note


Restrictive VS Non-restrictive

A restrictive clause adds details that cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

On the other hand, a non-restrictive clause adds details that can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

2Note


Restrictive Clause

A restrictive clause adds details to indicate a unique subject.

2a

will eat the fish.

turned out to be exciting.

Your story

A rabbit

that I almost burned last July

that now lives in my cupboard

The which-clause is specific information.

The which-clause is specific information.LAST VIEWED NEXT SLIDELAST SLIDEFIRST SLIDE PREVIOUS SLIDEEND SHOW

Restrictive Clause

A restrictive clause adds information of uniqueness or specificity regarding the subject of the sentence.

2b

survived the flu.

is boiling.

will eat the fish.

was exciting.

Some men

The water

Your story

A rabbit

that ate my leaves

that is in her kettle

that we heard

that was caught


Restrictive Clause

A restrictive clause adds necessary details that cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

2c

survived the flu.

is boiling.

will eat the fish.

was exciting.

Some men

The water

Your story

A rabbit

that ate my leaves


that we heard

that was caught


Restrictive Clause

When a restrictive clause is removed, the meaning is different.

2d

survived the flu.

is boiling.

will eat the fish.

was exciting.

Some men

The water

Your story

A rabbit

That ate my leaves


that we heard

that was caught


One More Time...

A restrictive clause adds

necessary details that

cannot be removed without

changing the meaning of the

sentence.

2Note


Non-restrictive Clause

A non-restrictive clause adds details that do not describe a unique subject.

A non-restrictive clause adds details that are unique or specific but unrelated to the predicate.

The non-restrictive clause can be removed without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

2e



A clause that adds details that are unique or specific but unrelated to the predicate can be considered non-restrictive.

2f

survived the flu.

is boiling.

Some men

The wine

, who I happen to know personally, ,

, which I bought in Italy last month,

The who-clause is unique but unrelated to the verb in the predicate.

The which-clause is unique but unrelated to the adjective in the predicate.



A non-restrictive clause adds only additional details.

2g

will eat the fish.

was exciting.Your story

A rabbit

, which is short and fast-paced,

, which is cute but nervous,

The which-clause is general information.

The which-clause is general information.LAST VIEWED NEXT SLIDELAST SLIDEFIRST SLIDE PREVIOUS SLIDEEND SHOW


When a non-restrictive clause is removed, the meaning is the same.

2h

survived the flu.

is boiling.

will eat the fish.

was exciting.

Some men

The water

Your story

A rabbit


One More Time...

A non-restrictive clause adds details that do not describe a unique subject.

A non-restrictive clause adds details that are unique or specific but unrelated to the predicate.

The non-restrictive clause can be removed without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

2Note


SUMMARY

RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

The clause describes a unique subject of the sentence.

NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

The clause describes a general subject of the sentence.

1

The clause gives specifics that are related to the verb in the predicate.

The clause gives specifics that are not related to verb in the the predicate.

2

Removing the clause can change the meaning of the sentence.

Removing the clause does not change the meaning of the sentence.

3


Related Online Resources

• Short Explanation About That and Which

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/notorious/that.htm

• Quiz with explanations on Which, That, and Who

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/which_quiz.htm

• Three Rules about That and Which

http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/whovwhvt.asp

• A 15-item quiz about That and Which

http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/grammar/which_that/quiz3333.html

• Explanation about restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/clauses-5.html


http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/notorious/that.htm

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/which_quiz.htm

http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/whovwhvt.asp

http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/grammar/which_that/quiz3333.html






Using thator which3 QUICK RULES3 QUICK TIPS

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3 Rules for Using THAT or WHICH v2