Anxiety in children

Infant Mortality

Foreign Exchange

Anxiety

Anxiety is a general feeling of apprehension or worry and is a normal reaction to stressful situation

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental, emotional and behavioral problem to occur

Normal Fear Age Normal Fear

Birth-6 month Loud noises, loss of physical support

7 – 12 month Strangers, unexpected objects

1-5 Year Dark, Animals, The Toilet

6-12 Year Supernatural, Disease, Punishment

12-18 year Performance in school, Appearance

Guidelines to decrease AnxietyChildren should be encouraged to talk

about their fearsThe Fears object should be

neutralized by associating it with something positive

Situations that could cause fear, such as starting nursery school, could become less fearful when the school is visited beforehand

Parents should provide a secure heaven by dealing with their children’s fears in a patient and comforting manner

In the event of divorce and separation, the reason should be explained to the child

Infant Mortality Infant mortality is the death of a child less than

one year of age. Infant mortality is the death of a child before the child’s first birthday.

Globally, ten million infants and children die each year before their fifth birthday. Out of which 99% belong to developing countries.

This rate is often used as an indicator for the level of health in a country.

Causes of infant mortalityNinety-nine percent of infant death occur in

developing countries, and eighty – six percent of these death are due to infection , premature birth, complication during delivery.

Environmental and social barriers prevent access to basic medical resources and thus contribute to an increasing infant mortality rate.

Common causes are preventable with low- cost measure.

Infant mortality rate in PakistanTotal:  57.48 deaths/1,000 live births 

Male:  60.67 deaths/1,000 live births 

Female:  54.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

Foreign Exchange

What is Foreign ExchangeForeign Exchange is the mechanism by which the

currency of one country gets converted into the currency of another country

The conversion of currency is done by the banks who deal in Foreign Exchange. These bank maintain stocks of one currencies in the form of balances with banks

Determination of foreign Exchange

Interest RateInflation RateGovernment budget deficit or surplusPolitical condition

Foreign Exchange RiskExposure to exchange rate movement.Any sales or purchase of foreign currency

entails foreign exchange risk.Foreign exchange transaction affected the

net asset or net liability position of the buyer/seller.

Carrying net assets or net liability position in any currency gives rise to exchange risk.