Upload
drewmargolin
View
482
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2450 News
Step 5: Once database is
breached, frustrated culprit
attempts to sort through
incredibly disorganized mess
office manager has made of
the files
• Attribution
– Mental Models – we’re explanatory creatures who find reasons for everything
• Design changes what we see and use in our explanations
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
• Attribution
– Mental Models – we’re explanatory creatures who find reasons for everything
• Design can modify evidence
– Blame – social roles inform our sense of who is responsible for what
• Design and the way we talk about it can re-negotiate responsibility
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
Learned Helplessness
• Repeated failure or errors
Combined with..
• Inability to form consistent explanation (attribution)
People (and animals) stop trying to learn/understand
passively accept negative consequences
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
tfamighetti2450 Learned helplessness is something I see all the time
with people new to coding. Ex. they try to code-& doesn't work-& give
up
“Taught” Helplessness (Norman)
Inducing learned helplessness through poorly designed technology…
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
lreisch2450 Cornell engineering classes definitely showed me the
extent of taught helplessness
Goals
Intention to act
Sequence of actions
Execution of theaction sequence
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
Something
specific that
would fulfill the
goal
Goals
Intention to act
Sequence of actions
Execution of theaction sequence
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
Things you have
to do to do the
action
Based on
detail of
mental model
& mappings
Goals
Intention to act
Sequence of actions
Execution of theaction sequence
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
Doing the actionInfluenced by
skill, accuracy
of model
Goals
Intention to act
Sequence of actions
Execution of theaction sequence
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
Goals
Evaluation of the interpretations
Interpreting the perception
Perceiving the stateof the world
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
Sensory
feedback
Goals
Evaluation of the interpretations
Interpreting the perception
Perceiving the stateof the world
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
Understanding
state of the
system
Goals
Evaluation of the interpretations
Interpreting the perception
Perceiving the stateof the world
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
Understanding
state of the
system
Goals
Evaluation of the interpretations
Interpreting the perception
Perceiving the stateof the world
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
Was my goal be
satisfied?
Goals
Evaluation of the interpretations
Interpreting the perception
Perceiving the stateof the world
Intention to act
Sequence of actions
Execution of theaction sequence
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
GULF OF
EXECUTION:
How much do I
need to know to do
what I want?
Goals
Evaluation of the interpretations
Interpreting the perception
Perceiving the stateof the world
Intention to act
Sequence of actions
Execution of theaction sequence
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
GULF OF
EXECUTION:
How much do I
need to know to do
what I want?
GULF OF
EVALUATION
How hard to I have
to look to see if I
did it?
MTerr2450: NYC metrocard machine- big gulf of eval, says 'please
swipe again' but no feedback given on how to swipe correctly
#baddesign
Goals
Evaluation of the interpretations
Interpreting the perception
Perceiving the stateof the world
Intention to act
Sequence of actions
Execution of theaction sequence
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
GULF OF
EXECUTION:
How much do I
need to know to do
what I want?
GULF OF
EVALUATION
How hard to I have
to look to see if I
did it?
MTerr2450: NYC metrocard machine- big gulf of eval, says 'please
swipe again' but no feedback given on how to swipe correctly
#baddesign
Goals
Evaluation of the interpretations
Interpreting the perception
Perceiving the stateof the world
Intention to act
Sequence of actions
Execution of theaction sequence
The World
Chapter 2 – The Psychology of Everyday Things
The Seven Stages of Action
GULF OF
EXECUTION:
How much do I
need to know to do
what I want?
GULF OF
EVALUATION
How hard to I have
to look to see if I
did it?
Spitterson2450: Twitter's design is hard to adjust to. Most pages look
so similar it doesn't feel like i am going to different pages
TweetReport
Under-represented:
- Declarative knowledge
- Cultural constraints
- memory through “explanation”
TweetReport
Knowledge in the World - Examples
JoshuaZhang2450: A friend can navigate different routes in NYC perfectly
but cannot read the map, interesting example of knowledge in the world.
MTerr2450: I get frustrated when my iPhone apps get moved around.
Ordered them originally so I could remember their locations quickly!
Both are in the world, but real environment
has much richer information
TweetReport
Procedural Knowledge vs. Declarative Knowledge
jhubbard2450: I prefer to learn through 'Procedural Knowledge'. It's easier for
me to learn by doing rather than someone telling me.
cboutwell2450: I've never thought about it, but I type every single day and
yet I still couldn't tell you where every key is on the keyboard.
elu2450: could procedural knowledge be classified as reacting to your
environment?
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Declarative vs. procedural knowledge
Information in the head
Information in the world
Great precision is not required
• Natural constraints
• Cultural constraints
Reminders
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Declarative vs. Procedural Knowledge
Declarative – knowing that. Knowledge you can put into words
Procedural – knowing how. Knowledge you can put into actions
Norman: conveying procedural know
how via declarative statements is
inefficient
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Declarative vs. Procedural Knowledge
Norman’s take:
1. Conveying procedural know how via declarative statements is inefficient
2. People have substantial procedural knowledge capacity
rsuss2450: I can't remember how to signal a left turn without visualizing
being behind the wheel. Procedural knowledge wins this time!
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Declarative vs. Procedural Knowledge
Mini-BREAKOUT
• declarative vs. procedural in FB
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Declarative vs. Procedural Knowledge
Norman’s take:
1. Conveying procedural know how via declarative statements is inefficient
2. People have substantial procedural knowledge capacity
3. Both kinds of knowledge are aided by
• Relationships (physical and mental)
• Constraints (natural and cultural)
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Information in the head - memory
• memory for arbitrary things (rote memory)
• Information “stands alone” – unrelated and unconstrained
• Difficult to learn
• Difficult to maintain (must rehearse)
avimal2450: Right before any math exam I memorize the formulas (knowledge) and repeat it in my head (rehearsal) till the paper begins.
elee2450: Rote memorization is definitely less effective in the long run: I remember almost nothing from all my cramming sessions
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Information in the head - memory
• memory for arbitrary things
• memory for meaningful relationships
• Can connect arbitrary knowledge to something known
• Have to impose or apply the relationship
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Making memories more meaningful (but still arbitrary)
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Making memories more meaningful (but still arbitrary)
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Information in the head - memory
•memory through explanation (mental models and novel situations)
• Must create a coherent model
• Memory automatically follows from model
Everyone was angry during the Civil War but Lincoln held the country together
Eventually Grant won the war.
The only president to ever be impeached is Andrew Johnson
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Information in the world
• physical, symbolic or social cues that
• guide behavior (procedural)
• provide knowledge or prompt memory (declarative)
hbianchi2450: I take 'knowledge in the world' for granted. Without street
signs or written reminders in my planner, I wouldn't survive!
mrothstein2450: In high school I kept my gym locker combination under a
contact named 'Jim' ... I guess I'm not as cunning as I thought
jstern2450: With the proliferation and availability of search, I often wonder
the effect it has (or doesn't) on our memory's capability?
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Perfect precision is not required
• only need to narrow down the choices enough to ensure the right one
sharrison2450: Minimal knowledge to get by: I don't know most of my
friends' last names even if we're fb friends. I rely on profile pictures
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
Great precision is not required
BREAKOUT
• declarative vs. procedural in FB
• How does FB let you be
imprecise?
• only need to narrow down the choices enough to ensure the right one
Chap 3 – Knowledge in the Head and in the World
How do we narrow things down?
Natural constraints
• reduce the possible number of options or combinations
• don’t require much learning – can be perceived “in the world”
AKellett2450: I have the entire preamble to the US Constitution memorized because of the constraints of a tune #WeThePeople
Blog Assignment #1
Option 1: Design Hall of Shame
Option 2: Seven stages of action in action
• identify a physical or virtual design (visual might be useful)
• analyze it in terms of principles from chap 1 (feedback, mapping, etc)
• conclude why this design fails and belongs in the hall of shame
• identify a physical or virtual design
• analyze it in terms of Norman’s seven stages of action
• does the model work well in describing how people use it?
• does the design work in bridging the gulf of execution or evaluation?
Evaluation (out of 10)
1. Connecting to theoretical principles from readings
2. Specificity of description experience, design item, etc
3. Clarity, economy and evocativeness of presentation (~500 words)
Must be posted Monday before 6PM (same as tweet)