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IDs 221-242 IDs 221-242 A powerpoint by Alex Baughman A powerpoint by Alex Baughman

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IDs 221-242IDs 221-242

A powerpoint by Alex BaughmanA powerpoint by Alex Baughman

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MechanismMechanism

Philosophy which expresses that all Philosophy which expresses that all natural processes are explicable using natural processes are explicable using Isaac Newton’s laws of mechanicsIsaac Newton’s laws of mechanics

(probably already (probably already explained)explained)

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Sir Francis BaconSir Francis Bacon

English Member of Parliament (MP) who English Member of Parliament (MP) who perfected Galileo’s empiricism which became perfected Galileo’s empiricism which became the INDUCTIVE METHODthe INDUCTIVE METHOD

1.1. Identify the ProblemIdentify the Problem

2.2. State HypothesisState Hypothesis

3.3. Experiment/ObserveExperiment/Observe

4.4. ConcludeConclude

5.5. Start it Again!Start it Again!

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EmpiricismEmpiricism

Galileo’s experimental method basing Galileo’s experimental method basing science on science on observations and evidenceobservations and evidence rather than rather than suppositions and theoriessuppositions and theories

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Novum OrganumNovum Organum

Bacon’s philosophical work which details Bacon’s philosophical work which details a new system of logic including a new system of logic including reduction reduction and and inductioninduction

Instrumental in helping science develop and growInstrumental in helping science develop and grow

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Renee DescartesRenee Descartes

Master of DEDUCTIVE reasoning (Master of DEDUCTIVE reasoning (if it can’t if it can’t be proven- it’s not true!/ don’t believe it till you see it)be proven- it’s not true!/ don’t believe it till you see it)

Cartesian DualismCartesian Dualism: divides everything : divides everything into spiritual and material spheres (into spiritual and material spheres (what what

you should do when studying and suchyou should do when studying and such)) Rationalist who advocated the Rationalist who advocated the

perfectibility of societyperfectibility of society

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Inductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning back to back to Bacon…Bacon…

Experience things with an open mindExperience things with an open mind Generalized or specific observations… Generalized or specific observations…

everything based on observations everything based on observations though!though!

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Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes sort of sort of pessimistic next to Locke…pessimistic next to Locke…

Human nature was the law- without Human nature was the law- without government, people would be government, people would be quarrelsome. quarrelsome.

Order must be maintained through Order must be maintained through contracts so people “surrender” to the contracts so people “surrender” to the ruler (ABSOLUTE POWER)ruler (ABSOLUTE POWER)

Government must be a Government must be a LeviathanLeviathan

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William HarveyWilliam Harvey

Think BLOODThink BLOODStudied the circulation and Studied the circulation and

movement of blood in the bodymovement of blood in the body

Obviously helped scientists out a lot Obviously helped scientists out a lot with progress! with progress!

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John Locke John Locke this is better!this is better!

Government based on contract to create Government based on contract to create authority, yes, but people must also be authority, yes, but people must also be able to express themselves and be able to express themselves and be entitled to life, liberty, and property. entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Education! Enlightened life! Education! Enlightened life! Government must behave or else people Government must behave or else people

may rebel! (may rebel! (BIG DIFFERENCE BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOBBES!BETWEEN HOBBES!))

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Margaret CavendishMargaret Cavendish

Daughter of RoyalistsDaughter of Royalists English aristocrat, scientist, and mainly English aristocrat, scientist, and mainly

WRITERWRITER Mingled with Royal Society of London, Mingled with Royal Society of London,

topics included gender, power, manners, topics included gender, power, manners, scientific method, sci fi, and animal scientific method, sci fi, and animal protection. protection.

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““On the Revolution of the On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres”Heavenly Spheres”

By Nicholaus CopernicusBy Nicholaus Copernicus Published posthumously Published posthumously Heliocentricity- Basically details a Heliocentricity- Basically details a

humongous universe where the earth is humongous universe where the earth is not the center, but rather the sun or any not the center, but rather the sun or any sun anywheresun anywhere

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““Dialogue on the Two Chief Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems” World Systems” or “systems of the or “systems of the

world”world”

By Galileo GalileiBy Galileo Galilei Defended the Copernican view of the Defended the Copernican view of the

universeuniverse, which the Catholic church , which the Catholic church rejected in 1616.rejected in 1616.

Pitted science against religion, and had Pitted science against religion, and had to recantto recant

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Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal

Jansenist (hates Jesuits, extreme Jansenist (hates Jesuits, extreme Catholics)Catholics)

French mathematicianFrench mathematician Man is inherently evil, God only saves a Man is inherently evil, God only saves a

select few!select few! Don’t be falsely optimistic, be religiousDon’t be falsely optimistic, be religious

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Witch HuntsWitch Hunts

Women feared for sexual insatiability Women feared for sexual insatiability (figure it out for yourself)(figure it out for yourself)

Men thought women were weakMen thought women were weak Paranoia (accusing neighbors, older Paranoia (accusing neighbors, older

widows, getting rid of non-conformists)widows, getting rid of non-conformists) Happened here and thereHappened here and there

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Baroque ArtBaroque Art

Uses a lot of light/ shadows to contrast Uses a lot of light/ shadows to contrast and make certain things more expressive and make certain things more expressive or stand outor stand out

Overt emotionOvert emotion Late 16Late 16thth century to early 18 century to early 18thth century century Opulence, grandiosityOpulence, grandiosity

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PeeragePeerage

System of titles in British Nobility System of titles in British Nobility Basically, upper class/ nobility of BritainBasically, upper class/ nobility of Britain

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Nobles of the SwordNobles of the Sword

The French nobles with the The French nobles with the family namefamily name, , money in the family, going back for money in the family, going back for years, etc.years, etc.

Louis XIV Louis XIV hates hates themthem They go to Versailles to live in paradise… They go to Versailles to live in paradise…

hooray…hooray…

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Nobles of the RobeNobles of the Robe

Basically, new nobles that Louis XIV Basically, new nobles that Louis XIV appointed in his own systemappointed in his own system

NOT NOT the family namethe family name Honorary titles with appointment to a Honorary titles with appointment to a

specific office (judge, councilor, etc)specific office (judge, councilor, etc) Age of Louis XIV’s Age of Louis XIV’s intendant intendant systemsystem

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RobotRobot

Serf system in Eastern Europe!Serf system in Eastern Europe! Peasants owed the lord about 3-4 days a Peasants owed the lord about 3-4 days a

week of forced laborweek of forced labor Forced to work more and more for lord Forced to work more and more for lord

and got less and less time for their well-and got less and less time for their well-beingbeing

Bad Bad

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Pugachev’s RebellionPugachev’s Rebellion

Rebellion against Catherine the Great of Rebellion against Catherine the Great of RussiaRussia

Uprising of the serfs, Pugachev claimed Uprising of the serfs, Pugachev claimed to be “true tsar” and the violence that to be “true tsar” and the violence that occurred prevented Catherine from occurred prevented Catherine from reforming serfdomreforming serfdom

Put DOWNPut DOWN

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NeoclassicismNeoclassicism

New movement around 18New movement around 18thth century in art century in art and culture that drew upon Ancient or and culture that drew upon Ancient or Classical Greek and Roman themesClassical Greek and Roman themes

Mainly in art!Mainly in art!

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Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

1818thth century improvements in agricultural century improvements in agricultural production and technology (production and technology (Jethro Tull, Jethro Tull, Enclosure, Crop Rotation, Selective Breeding)Enclosure, Crop Rotation, Selective Breeding)

Occurred mainly in England, helped Occurred mainly in England, helped spark the industrial revolution years laterspark the industrial revolution years later