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20th Century
Imitation vs. Interpretation
• INTERPRETATION - media and technique used to express the artist’s personal interpretation of their idea(s)
• line, shape, form, texture, color and technique are now equal or more important than the image/subject matter. This is the new attitude DURING the MODERN ERA
• IMITATION - media and technique used for MIMETIC purposes: the pursuit of realism
• line, shape, form, texture, color and technique support the image. The image/subject matter is first and foremost. This is the prevailing attitude BEFORE the MODERN ERA
a•vänte-gärde´, n. [Fr., lit., advance guard.] the leaders in new or unconventional movements, esp. in the arts; vanguard
avante-garde
abstractab´stract, v.t.; abstracted, pt., pp.; abstracting, ppr. [L. abstractus, dragged away, pp. of abstrahere, to draw from or separate.]
1. To draw from, or to separate; as, to abstract a criticism from one’s own bias.
2. To separate (ideas) by the operation of the mind; to think of (a quality) apart from any particular instance or material object that has it.
By the end of the 1800’s... • Petroleum
replaces coal
• steel replaces iron
• gasoline powered internal combustion engines
• gas powered automobiles
• gas powered - heavier than air flying machines
• the assembly line
By the end of the 1800’s...
the wonders of electricity
• Edison’s light bulb
• Tesla’s electrical transmission system (alternating current)
• Bell’s telephone
• Marconi’s wireless(radio)
Edweard MUYBRIDGE
PhotographicStudies of Movement
Palo Alto 1878-79
Étienne-Jules MAREY Photographic
Studies of Movement
late 1880’s
The rise of the
AVANTE GARDE• INDUSTRIALIZATION and CAPITALISM fuel the growth of urban populations
• TREMENDOUS GROWTH of the MIDDLE CLASS
THE RISE OF:
• MASS PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION
• MASS MEDIA (NEWSPAPERS / MAGAZINES)
• “COMMERCIAL” ART:
(GRAPHIC ARTS - PRINT & PUBLICATION)
• POPULAR ART - POSTERS, POSTCARDS, etc…
• ADVERTISING ART
The rise of the
AVANTE GARDE• INDUSTRIALIZATION and CAPITALISM fuel the growth of urban populations
• TREMENDOUS GROWTH of the MIDDLE CLASS
• in PARIS, a growing market for art outstrips the ACADEMY’S ability to supply the demand
THE RISE OF:
• INDEPENDENT ART DEALERS / GALLERIES
• ARTIST ORGANIZED EXHIBITIONS
• THE ART CRITIC
IMPRESSIONISM sought to describe the way the eye perceives light
1860’s - 80’s
THE BEGINNINGS of MODERNISM
DEGAS
MONET
RENOIR
POST IMPRESSIONISTS (1880’s - early 1900’s)
sought to use color and line to describe their emotional responses to the scene before them
VAN GOGH 1853-1890
CEZANNE 1839-1906
GAUGUIN 1848-1903
THE FOUNDATIONS OF 20th CENTURY PAINTINGBetween 1901-06, several comprehensive van Gogh, Gauguin & Cezanne exhibitions held in Paris and Germany
Henri
ROUSSEAU
Sleeping Gypsy 1897
• self taught painter, admired by PICASSOTHE TURN OF THE CENTURY
• a preview of the coming century
THE 20th CENTURY
Edvard MUNCH
The Scream
1893
fin de siecle
LES FAUVES“THE WILD BEASTS”
1905 PARIS
The beginning of 20th Century EXPRESSIONISM
LES FAUVES
Henri MATISSE
THE WILD BEASTS
20th CENTURY EXPRESSIONISM
• leader of this loosely knit group
• experimentation and exploration
Andre DERAIN
LES FAUVES - FAUVISM
THE WILD BEASTS
20th CENTURY EXPRESSIONISM
• wild “VIOLENT” colors
• distortion of forms and perspective
LES FAUVES - FAUVISM THE WILD
BEASTS
VLAMNICK
20th CENTURY EXPRESSIONISM
EXPRESSIONISM• emotional
• unrestrained color
• bold distortions
• takes root in GERMANY
Wassily KANDINSKY
Ernst Ludwig KIRCHNER
• URBAN ANGST
• PURE PAINTING
CUBISM
ABSTRACTION
THE 20TH CENTURY
Pablo
PICASSO
ABSTRACTION
CUBISM
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
1906
• deconstruction of the notion of beauty
• fractured & redefined pictorial space
• redefined painting: rejects the idea of BEAUTY as the goal of art
THE 20TH CENTURY
Pablo PICASSO
Georges BRAQUE
MORE CONCEPTUAL THAN PERCEPTUAL
ANALYTIC CUBISM
• a cerebral interpretation of nature
• an analytical abstraction
ABSTRACTIONTHE 20TH CENTURY
Synthetic Cubism
Collage of elements
Picasso
Braque
THE 20TH CENTURY
• abstraction through synthesis of disparate elements
ABSTRACTION
CUBISM…an evolution
of a style
Juan GRISRobert DELAUNAY
Sonya DELAUNAY
THE 20TH CENTURY
• widespread influence of CUBISM
• evolves into many variations
• introduction of strong color
ABSTRACTION
FUTURISM
ABSTRACTION
THE 20TH CENTURY
Marcel DUCHAMPNude Descending a
Staircase
Futurism
- Movement
- Speed
Futurist Manifesto 1909
- Anarchy, Violence
THE 20TH CENTURY ABSTRACTION
FUTURISM
Umberto BOCCIONI
• frenzied, frenetic, fractured
• celebrates industrialized urban life
THE 20TH CENTURY ABSTRACTION
• revels in the promise of industry & technology
• incorporates CUBISM
Futurism
Ferdinand LEGER
• the new urban WORLD
• industrial UTOPIA
THE 20TH CENTURY
• optimism and faith in a better future through technology
ABSTRACTION
FUTURISM glorifies and celebrates:
These Questions will appear on the November 2nd quiz
The Synthetic Cubist artwork expressed abstraction through a combination of different materials and elements. What form or technique was a result of this?
Which one of these elements was not a concern to the Futurist?
What does Les Fauves mean?
WORLD WAR I1914 - 1917
THE MACHINE GUNTHE 20TH CENTURY
WORLD WAR I • THE GREAT WAR
“The war to end all wars”
…the dreams & promises of an
industrialized UTOPIA are
shattered
…a glimpse of the future
THE 20TH CENTURY
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
FRANCE (PARIS), ITALY - DADA, SURREALISM
GERMANY (BERLIN) - GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM
RUSSIA - SUPREMATISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM
HOLLAND - DE STIJL (The STYLE)
GERMANY - the BAUHAUS
da
daDA
DA
da
AFTER THE GREAT WAR…
• DA: YES in RUMANIAN
• the French word for “HOBBY HORSE”
• a child’s first few words
DADA20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
dada
Hugo BALL
Dada Poem
1917
MAN RAY
Cadeau (the Gift)
1958 (replica of 1921 original)
Francis Picabia
Portrait of Cezanne
1920
• a subversive movement:
ANTI -EVERYTHING
• attacked the notions held by BOURGEOIS society
• celebrates & elevates absurdity
DADA
Raoul HAUSMANN
The Art Critic
1919-20
COLLAGE• favorite of the DADAISTS
• cut outs from mass media: newspapers & magazines
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
Marcel DUCHAMP
The Fountain
1917
(aka: R. Mutt)
dada
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
“READYMADES”
...SHOCK, PUZZLE & TEASE
dada
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
DUCHAMP’S “READYMADES”
Bicycle wheel 1913
In Advance
of a Broken
Arm 1915
challenges every artistic notion of the value of artistic skill
L.H.O.O.Q. 1919
SURREALISM
FANTASY
THE 20TH CENTURY
SURREALISM
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
• DADA falls apart
• an outgrowth of DADA
• fantastic landscapes and environments of the mind
Giorgio de CHIRICO
Sigmund
FREUD• father of
PSYCHOANALYSIS
• investigations into the SUBCONSCIOUS MIND
Rene MAGRITTE
SURREALISM20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
• new visions of the “INTERNAL WORLD”
• dream - like images
• explorations into the UNCONSCIOUS MIND
SURREALISM
Salvador DALI20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I• nightmarish
visions
• consummate technician
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM
EXPRESSIONISM
THE 20TH CENTURY
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
Ernst Ludwig KIRCHNER
URBAN ANGST
• GERMANY: 1920’s -30’s (between WWI & WWII)
• GERMANY in turmoil
• bankrupt economy
• chaos & anarchy
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM
Max
BECKMAN20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
• an angry, cruel world
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM
Max BECKMAN
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
• bold colors, crude, angular strokes
• content is pessimistic, chaotic, angry
• crowded, jumbled, confused
The Dadaist were famous for what type of art form?
What group explored the unconscious mind?
What art group reacted the the urban angst?
What elements were not a concern to the Futurist?
the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1917
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1917
“BREAD, PEACE and LAND”
The FALL of the LAST MAJOR AUTOCRATIC MONARCHY in EUROPE
THE RISE OF SOCIALISM
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
SOCIALISMso cial•ism, n. 1. The theory or system of the ownership and operation of the means of production and distribution by the society or community rather than by private individuals, with all the members of the society or community sharing the work and the products
COMMUNISM
com mu•nism, n. (Fr. communisme, from L. communis, common)
1. An economic theory or system of the ownership of all the property by the community of society sharing in the work and the products
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
Vladimir Illyich
LENIN
U.S.S.R.
United
Soviet
Socialist
Republic
1917
Kasimir MALEVICH
…BEFORE the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
• influenced by CUBISM & FUTURISM
SUPREMATISM
ABSTRACTION
THE 20TH CENTURY
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
SUPREMATISM
…a new art for the new WORKER’S UTOPIA
• LINE, SHAPE and COLOR distilled to its PURE essence
Kasimir MALEVICH
• rejects all the “OLD” / creation of a NEW AESTHETIC
SUPREMATISMMALEVICH
1915
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
RUSSIA
CONSTRUCTIVISM
ABSTRACTION
THE 20TH CENTURY
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
CONSTRUCTIVISM
• incorporates MALEVICH’S ideas - PROMOTION of SOCIALLIST VALUES
• visual foundation of today’s GRAPHIC DESIGN AESTHETICS
Lazar Markovich LISSITZKY
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
Alexander
RODCHENKO
Novyi Lef
(Left Front of the Arts) Poster of LENIN:
BREAD, PEACE , LAND
CONSTRUCTIVISM
DE STIJL
(the Style)
ABSTRACTION
THE 20TH CENTURY
DE STIJLPiet MONDRIAN (The STYLE)
…after WORLD WAR I
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
DE STIJL(The STYLE)
Theo van DOESBURG
Piet
MONDRIAN
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
BAUHAUSBAUHAUS
1919-193320TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
The ART SCHOOL of MODERNIST RENDS
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
THE BAUHAUS
20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I
into WORLD WAR II
1938
WORLD WAR II
Guernica, Picasso 1937