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CBSS
GEOGRAPHY UNIT
ALL ABOUT
GEOGRAPHY SEC TWO
CHAPTER 1 :
HOW AND WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE?
HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT
• A place.
• Surroundings changed by
people.
• Includes settlements and
economic activities.
• Natural environment is
unaltered by people.
RURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Less developed.
• Primary industries
• Mining, Farming, Logging, etc.
URBAN
ENVIRONMENT
• More developed.
• Built-up area.
• Town, city.
• Secondary or Tertiary
Industries.
• Factories, Service industry.
LETS TRY THIS OUT
FOR EACH PHOTO, TRY TO SEE
IF IT’S A NATURAL OR HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT.
IF IT’S A HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT, DECIDE IF ITS
URBAN OR RURAL.
HUMAN SOCIETY
DEVELOPMENT
3 main stages
1. Hunter-gatherer society
2. Agrarian society
3. Industrial society
HUNTER-GATHERER
SOCIETY
• Nomadic
• Move around in search for food.
• No permenant shelters.
• Small groups of 20-40 persons.
• Hunt wild animals (fish, deer, horses,
primates)
• Gather wild plants, fruits and nuts.
• !Kung bushmen (Kalahari Desert)
• Efe people (DRC)
AGRARIAN SOCIETY
• Communities with crops and livestock.
• Non dependent on hunting and
gathering.
• Stable food source.
• Use of technology (simple inventions)
• Increase crop output
• Sale of crops for profit / traded
AGRARIAN SOCIETY
‘CONT
• Increased stable food leads to
development
• Culture/ technology/ education/ war
• Early major civilisation centres
developed with agrarian societies.
• Xi’an / Lisbon / Cairo / etc.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
• Mainly manufacturing of goods.
• Food / clothing / building materials / etc.
• Use of technology and machinery.
• Important to be near good transport routes
• Rivers/ Deep sea harbours/ Air routes/ Railway stations
• Near raw materials to lower transport costs
UNIT 1 EX 1
Complete the entire
exercise
Take it as a review of the
unit
WHERE DO PEOPLE
LIVE TODAY?
Where would you prefer to live in?
* Discuss with your partner which location you would prefer
to live in. (tell each other 2 things that are better at your
choice location.)
A B
URBANISATION
• Living in a built up
area
• Modern amenities
and facilities
• Over 52% of global
population lives in
urban areas
CHART READING
EXERCISE
1. Turn to Pg 10 of your textbook
2. Look at the line graph
3. Answer the questions on pg 11.
4. Check with your partner if you have the same answers
TIPS ON LINE GRAPHS
• Estimate!
• Measure and divide for
readings that are not
there!
• Look at the different
sections!
ANSWERS
1.Increase of 21%
2.South America (41%)
3.Asia (9%)
FEATURES OF CITIES
• Large population size
• High population density
• Cosmopolitan population
• Built-up area
POPULATION
INDICATORS
• Natural increase
• Increase in population due to natural causes
• Birth rate – Death rate
• Migration
• Change of residence in a voluntary/forced manner
• Rural-Urban / Urban-Rural
Let’s try
Ex 2
FACTORS THAT LEAD TO
INCREASE IN BIRTH RATE
EARLY MARRIAGE
As early as 15 years old.
Women who marry young
more likely to have more
children.
•Longer potential fertility period
CHILDREN SEEN AS
WEALTH
Children viewed as assets.
Free labour on farms.
Tradition of filial piety.
•Children will look after their parents
•Bring in additional income
HIGH NUMBER OF
CHILD DEATHS
Lack of basic health care services.
Bad water and food hygiene.
Easy spread of diseases.
Children die easily of common ailments
Additional children seen as security / insurance.
LACK OF BIRTH
CONTROL KNOWLEDGE
People ignorant of birth control methods.
•Illiterate
•Not well-informed
•Lacking in available information
Birth Control might not be readily available
PREFERENCE FOR A
MALE CHILD
Asian (Patriarchal ) societies prefer male children.
•Carry on the family name
•Inherit the family business
People keep giving birth if they don’t have male offspring.
OTHER CAUSES FOR
POPULATION CHANGE
RURAL-URBAN
MIGRATION
Pull Factors
• More job opportunities
• Better amenities
• Salary
• Better living standards
• Better education opportunities
RURAL-URBAN
MIGRATION
Push Factors
• Low/ no salary
• No job opportunities
• Few amenities
• Low standard of living
• Lesser education opportunities
POPULATION DENSITY
• Amount of people living in a unit
of land area.
• Number of people / area they
occupy.
• Larger number = more crowded
environment
• Used to look at Cities /
Countries
DENSELY POPULATED
CITIES
Tokyo
Hongkong
Mongkok
Mumbai
New York
COSMOPOLITAN
POPULATION
• Multicultural society
• People from diverse cultural
backgrounds
• Open to different ideas and
comfortable interacting
• New York
BUILT-UP AREA
Area covered by buildings and
roads
Dense transport networks
Tall buildings (commercial –
offices / residential – homes)
SUMMARY
• How did ancient man live?
• How did we evolve over the past million
years?
• How does modern man live?
• What are the factors that affect
population size?
• Are there benefits to living a
cosmopolitan life?