New IdeasNew Ideas

IntroductionIntroduction►The “philosophes” helped to start the The “philosophes” helped to start the

revolution in France.revolution in France.►They were women and men who met to They were women and men who met to

discuss society and politics, and solutions discuss society and politics, and solutions to social problems.to social problems.

►They rejected absolute monarchy and They rejected absolute monarchy and favoured democracy, established in favoured democracy, established in England and US (after 1776).England and US (after 1776).

►Several women were heavily involved in Several women were heavily involved in this movement; Madame de Pompadour this movement; Madame de Pompadour & English writers, Mary Astell and Mary & English writers, Mary Astell and Mary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft

Madame de Pompadour (1721-Madame de Pompadour (1721-64)64)

• unofficial wife of Louis XV

•Held many salons

•Protected free thinkers

English Women PhilosophesEnglish Women Philosophes►Mary AstellMary Astell ►was a proto-feminist was a proto-feminist

writer whose writer whose advocacy of equal advocacy of equal educational educational opportunities for opportunities for women earned her women earned her the title "the first the title "the first English feminist."English feminist."

►Mary Mary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft

► she is celebrated for she is celebrated for her early advocacy her early advocacy of women's equality of women's equality and rationality, and and rationality, and for arguing against for arguing against the degradation and the degradation and subjugation of subjugation of women justified by women justified by "the arbitrary power "the arbitrary power of beauty“.of beauty“.

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment►The philosophes were against any religion The philosophes were against any religion

that they viewed as old-fashioned or that they viewed as old-fashioned or superstitious.superstitious.

►What did ‘enlightened’ meanWhat did ‘enlightened’ mean??► It meant that science and human It meant that science and human

intelligence were of the highest intelligence were of the highest importance. If a belief could not stand up importance. If a belief could not stand up to reason then it had to be discarded.to reason then it had to be discarded.

►What influenced the philosophesWhat influenced the philosophes??► Isaac Newton – law of gravityIsaac Newton – law of gravity► John Locke – empiricismJohn Locke – empiricism

►Empiricism – knwledge was possible only Empiricism – knwledge was possible only through experience of the world with your through experience of the world with your senses.senses.

►What did philosophes clash with religionWhat did philosophes clash with religion??►Religious beliefs could not be proven with Religious beliefs could not be proven with

senses.senses.►Direct conflict with Church and its teachings.Direct conflict with Church and its teachings.►Church supported monarchs.Church supported monarchs.►Church and monarchs were holding up Church and monarchs were holding up

progressprogress►They must change or they had to go.They must change or they had to go.

The BIG ThreeThe BIG Three

RousseauRousseau VoltaireVoltaire MontesquieuMontesquieu

►VoltaireVoltaire – Against the church, for – Against the church, for freedom of speech, absolute monarchy freedom of speech, absolute monarchy is good for society, hated injustice, is good for society, hated injustice, disliked Rousseaudisliked Rousseau

►MontesquieuMontesquieu – Ruler must work with – Ruler must work with elected parliamentelected parliament

►RousseauRousseau – Social contract, ‘natural’ – Social contract, ‘natural’ law – people are naturally good and law – people are naturally good and destroyed be govt and society, feelings destroyed be govt and society, feelings more important than thinking – romanticmore important than thinking – romantic

Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau

•Swiss political philosopher of the Enlightenment and purported father of the French Revolution

•Important works; Discourse on Inequality (1754), Discourse on Political Economy, (1755) Social Contract (1762).

VoltaireVoltaire

•Francois Marie Arouet

•Voltaire's intelligence, wit and style made him one of France's greatest writers and philosophers

• “Those who can make you believe absurditiescan make you commit atrocities.”

MontesquieuMontesquieu•Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu

•Montesquieu's most radical work divided French society into three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined): the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons.

The Political ClubsThe Political ClubsFill in the chart from information from your textbookFill in the chart from information from your textbook

GirondistsGirondists JacobinsJacobins Sans-culottesSans-culottes

Radical Leaders of the Radical Leaders of the RevolutionRevolution

Fill in the chart from information from your notebook Fill in the chart from information from your notebook

MaratMarat DantonDanton RobespierreRobespierre

The Revolutionary WarsThe Revolutionary Wars

►European countries were on the brink of European countries were on the brink of invading France to restore the king’s powerinvading France to restore the king’s power

►Marat, Danton, and Robespierre gave Marat, Danton, and Robespierre gave speeches telling the people that foreign speeches telling the people that foreign troops would destroy the country and all troops would destroy the country and all their hard-earned rights.their hard-earned rights.

►The people’s faith never stoppedThe people’s faith never stopped►French armies won a victory against French armies won a victory against

AustriaAustria

The End of the MonarchyThe End of the Monarchy

►The war made people even more The war made people even more suspicious of the royal familysuspicious of the royal family

►The National Convention decided that The National Convention decided that the king should be tried for his crimes the king should be tried for his crimes against the country and executedagainst the country and executed

►““Citizen Louis Capet” was found guilty Citizen Louis Capet” was found guilty and guillotined Jan 21, 1793. M.A. was and guillotined Jan 21, 1793. M.A. was guillotined in October.guillotined in October.

Louis XVI (Jan 21, 1793)

Marie Antoinette (Oct 16, 1793)

Maximilien Robespierre (July 28, 1794)