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2 ftc and signed areas

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Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, signed areas

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Page 1: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

http://www.lahc.edu/math/frankma.htm

Page 2: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area.

R

More on Area

Page 3: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b.

R

More on Area

Page 4: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b.

a=x b=x

R

More on Area

Page 5: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b.

a=x b=x

R

More on Area

Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

Page 6: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b.

a=x b=x

R

More on Area

L(x)

Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

Page 7: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b.

a=x b=x

R

More on Area

L(x)

Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.Let the sequence {a=x0, x1, x2, .. xn=b} be a regular partition of [a, b]

Page 8: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

a=x0 b=xn

Let the sequence {a=x0, x1, x2, .. xn=b} be a regular partition of [a, b]

x1 x2 xi–1 xi

R

More on Area

L(x)

Page 9: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

a=x0 b=xn

Let the sequence {a=x0, x1, x2, .. xn=b} be a regular partition of [a, b] and select an arbitrary point xi in each sub-interval [x i–1, xi].

*

x1 x2 xi–1 xi

R

More on Area

L(x)

Page 10: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

a=x0 b=x

Let the sequence {a=x0, x1, x2, .. xn=b} be a regular partition of [a, b] and select an arbitrary point xi in each sub-interval [x i–1, xi].

x1 x2

x1*

xi–1 xi

R

More on Area

L(x)

*

Page 11: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

a=x0 b=x

Let the sequence {a=x0, x1, x2, .. xn=b} be a regular partition of [a, b] and select an arbitrary point xi in each sub-interval [x i–1, xi].

x1 x2

x1* x2

*xi–1 xi

R

More on Area

L(x)

*

Page 12: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

a=x0 b=x

Let the sequence {a=x0, x1, x2, .. xn=b} be a regular partition of [a, b] and select an arbitrary point xi in each sub-interval [x i–1, xi].

x1 x2

x1* x2

* x3*

xi–1 xi

xi*

R

More on Area

L(xi)

*

*

Page 13: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

a=x0 b=x

Let the sequence {a=x0, x1, x2, .. xn=b} be a regular partition of [a, b] and select an arbitrary point xi in each sub-interval [x i–1, xi]. Let Δx = the width of each subinterval.

x1 x2

x1* x2

* x3*

xi–1 xi

xi*

R

More on Area

*

L(xi)*

Page 14: 2 ftc and signed areas

Given a 2D region R and we would like to find its area. Take a ruler and measure R from one end to the other, let x be the measurements and let R span from x = a to x = b. Let L(x) = cross–sectional length at x.

a=x0 b=x

Let the sequence {a=x0, x1, x2, .. xn=b} be a regular partition of [a, b] and select an arbitrary point xi in each sub-interval [x i–1, xi]. Let Δx = the width of each subinterval. The rectangle with L(xi) as height and Δx as width approximates the area in R that is spanned from xi–1 to xi.

x1 x2

x1* x2

* x3*

xi–1 xi

xi*

R

More on Area

*

*

Δx

L(xi)*

Page 15: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

a=x0 b=xx1 x2 xi–1 xi

x1* x2

* x3* xi

*

R

The Riemann sum

Page 16: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

a=x0 b=xx1 x2 xi–1 xi

x1* x2

* x3* xi

*

R

L(x1)Δx*The Riemann sum

L(x1)*

Δx

Page 17: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

a=x0 b=xx1 x2 xi–1 xi

x1* x2

* x3* xi

*

R

L(x1)Δx+ * L(x2)Δx+ … *The Riemann sum

L(x1) L(x2)* *

ΔxΔx

Page 18: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

a=x0 b=xx1 x2 xi–1 xi

x1* x2

* x3* xi

*

L(xi)

Δx

R

L(x1)Δx+ * L(x2)Δx+ … * L(xn)Δx*The Riemann sum

L(x1) L(x2)* **

ΔxΔx

L(xn)*

Δx

xn*

Page 19: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

a=x0 b=xx1 x2 xi–1 xi

x1* x2

* x3* xi

*

L(xi)

Δx

R

L(x1)Δx+ *i=1

n∑ L(xi)Δx *L(x2)Δx+ … * L(xn)Δx = *The Riemann sum

of all such rectangles approximates the area of R.

L(x1) L(x2)* **

ΔxΔx

xn*

Δx

L(xn)*

Page 20: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

a=x0 b=xx1 x2 xi–1 xi

x1* x2

* x3* xi

*

L(xi)

Δx

In fact the mathematical definition of the area of R is the limit

R

L(x1)Δx+ *i=1

n∑ L(xi)Δx *L(x2)Δx+ … * L(xn)Δx = *The Riemann sum

of all such rectangles approximates the area of R.

n∑ L(xi)Δx as Δx 0 or n ∞,*of the Riemann sum

L(x1) L(x2)* **

ΔxΔx

xn*

Δx

L(xn)*

so

Page 21: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

a=x0 b=xx1 x2 xi–1 xi

x1* x2

* x3* xi

*

L(xi)

Δx

In fact the mathematical definition of the area of R is the limit

the area of R =∫x=a

bL(x) dx

R

L(x1)Δx+ *i=1

n∑ L(xi)Δx *L(x2)Δx+ … * L(xn)Δx = *The Riemann sum

of all such rectangles approximates the area of R.

n∑ L(xi)Δx as Δx 0 or n ∞,*of the Riemann sum

by the FTC

L(x1) L(x2)* **

ΔxΔx

xn*

Δx

L(xn)*

so

Page 22: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

a=x0 b=xx1 x2 xi–1 xi

x1* x2

* x3* xi

*

L(xi)

Δx

In fact the mathematical definition of the area of R is the limit

the area of R =∫x=a

bL(x) dx

R

L(x1)Δx+ *i=1

n∑ L(xi)Δx *L(x2)Δx+ … * L(xn)Δx = *The Riemann sum

of all such rectangles approximates the area of R.

n∑ L(xi)Δx as Δx 0 or n ∞,*of the Riemann sum

by the FTC

Theorem. The area of a 2D region is the definite integral of its cross–section (length) function.

L(x1) L(x2)* **

ΔxΔx

xn*

Δx

L(xn)*

so

Page 23: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

More on Area

Page 24: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Page 25: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Page 26: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Page 27: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Set the equations equal to find the intersection points.

Page 28: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Set the equations equal to find the intersection points.x2 = –x2 + 2x

Page 29: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Set the equations equal to find the intersection points.x2 = –x2 + 2x2x2 = 2x

Page 30: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Set the equations equal to find the intersection points.x2 = –x2 + 2x2x2 = 2x2x(x – 1) = 0 so x = 0, 1.

Page 31: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Set the equations equal to find the intersection points.x2 = –x2 + 2x2x2 = 2x2x(x – 1) = 0 so x = 0, 1.

Hence the area is ∫x=0

1

(–x2 + 2x) – x2 dx

Page 32: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Set the equations equal to find the intersection points.x2 = –x2 + 2x2x2 = 2x2x(x – 1) = 0 so x = 0, 1.

Hence the area is ∫x=0

1

(–x2 + 2x) – x2 dx = ∫1

–2x2 + 2x dx0

Page 33: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Set the equations equal to find the intersection points.x2 = –x2 + 2x2x2 = 2x2x(x – 1) = 0 so x = 0, 1.

Hence the area is ∫x=0

1

(–x2 + 2x) – x2 dx = ∫1

–2x2 + 2x dx

= –23

x3 + x2 |0

0

1

Page 34: 2 ftc and signed areas

Example A. a. Find the area bounded by y = –x2 + 2x and y = x2

We need to find the span of the area. They are the x–coordinates of the intersections of the curves.

More on Area

y = –x2 + 2x

y = x2

Set the equations equal to find the intersection points.x2 = –x2 + 2x2x2 = 2x2x(x – 1) = 0 so x = 0, 1.

Hence the area is ∫x=0

1

(–x2 + 2x) – x2 dx = ∫1

–2x2 + 2x dx

= –23

x3 + x2 |0

0

1

= 13

Page 35: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

More on Area

Page 36: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Page 37: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Page 38: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x).

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Page 39: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x). The second part is has f(x) on top.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Page 40: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x). The second part is has f(x) on top. We set the equations equal to solve for the span.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Page 41: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x). The second part is has f(x) on top. We set the equations equal to solve for the span.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

–x2 = 2x – x3

Page 42: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x). The second part is has f(x) on top. We set the equations equal to solve for the span.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

–x2 = 2x – x3

x3 – x2 – 2x = 0

Page 43: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x). The second part is has f(x) on top. We set the equations equal to solve for the span.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

–x2 = 2x – x3

x3 – x2 – 2x = 0 x(x2 – x – 2) = 0

Page 44: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x). The second part is has f(x) on top. We set the equations equal to solve for the span.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

–x2 = 2x – x3

x3 – x2 – 2x = 0 x(x2 – x – 2) = 0

x(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0 so x = –1, 0, and 2.

Page 45: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x). The second part is has f(x) on top. We set the equations equal to solve for the span.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

–x2 = 2x – x3

x3 – x2 – 2x = 0 x(x2 – x – 2) = 0

x(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0 so x = –1, 0, and 2.

Therefore the span for the 1st area is from x = –1 to x = 0

Page 46: 2 ftc and signed areas

b. Find the area bounded by f(x) = 2x – x3 and g(x) = –x2

The bounded area consists of two parts. The first part is bounded above by g(x) and below by f(x). The second part is has f(x) on top. We set the equations equal to solve for the span.

More on Area

f(x) = 2x – x3

g(x) = –x2

–x2 = 2x – x3

x3 – x2 – 2x = 0 x(x2 – x – 2) = 0

x(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0 so x = –1, 0, and 2.

Therefore the span for the 1st area is from x = –1 to x = 0 and the span for the 2nd area is from x = 0 to x = 2.

Page 47: 2 ftc and signed areas

∫x= –1

0

–x2 – (2x – x3) dx

More on Areaf(x) = x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Hence the total bounded area is

–1 0 2

Page 48: 2 ftc and signed areas

∫x= –1

0

–x2 – (2x – x3) dx

More on Areaf(x) = x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Hence the total bounded area is

+ ∫x= 0

2

2x – x3 – (–x2) dx

–1 0 2

Page 49: 2 ftc and signed areas

∫x= –1

0

–x2 – (2x – x3) dx

More on Areaf(x) = x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Hence the total bounded area is

+ ∫x= 0

2

2x – x3 – (–x2) dx

=

–1 0 2

∫–1

0x3 – x2 – 2x dx

Page 50: 2 ftc and signed areas

∫x= –1

0

–x2 – (2x – x3) dx

More on Areaf(x) = x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Hence the total bounded area is

+ ∫x= 0

2

2x – x3 – (–x2) dx

=

–1 0 2

∫–1

0x3 – x2 – 2x dx + ∫0

2– x3 + x2 + 2x dx

Page 51: 2 ftc and signed areas

∫x= –1

0

–x2 – (2x – x3) dx

More on Areaf(x) = x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Hence the total bounded area is

+ ∫x= 0

2

2x – x3 – (–x2) dx

=

–1 0 2

∫–1

0x3 – x2 – 2x dx + ∫0

2– x3 + x2 + 2x dx

x4

4– = x3

3– x2 |

–1

0

Page 52: 2 ftc and signed areas

∫x= –1

0

–x2 – (2x – x3) dx

More on Areaf(x) = x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Hence the total bounded area is

+ ∫x= 0

2

2x – x3 – (–x2) dx

=

–1 0 2

∫–1

0x3 – x2 – 2x dx + ∫0

2– x3 + x2 + 2x dx

x4

4– = x3

3– x2 |

–1

0

+ –x4

4+ x3

3+ x2 |

0

2

Page 53: 2 ftc and signed areas

∫x= –1

0

–x2 – (2x – x3) dx

More on Areaf(x) = x – x3

g(x) = –x2

Hence the total bounded area is

+ ∫x= 0

2

2x – x3 – (–x2) dx

=

–1 0 2

∫–1

0x3 – x2 – 2x dx + ∫0

2– x3 + x2 + 2x dx

x4

4– = x3

3– x2 |

–1

0

+ –x4

4+ x3

3+ x2 |

0

2

= 512 + 8

3

= 3712

Page 54: 2 ftc and signed areas

A type II region R is a region that is bounded on the right by a curve x = f(y) and the left by x = g(y) from y = a to y = b.

More on Area

Page 55: 2 ftc and signed areas

A type II region R is a region that is bounded on the right by a curve x = f(y) and the left by x = g(y) from y = a to y = b.

More on Area

y = a

y = bx = f(y)x = g(y)

Page 56: 2 ftc and signed areas

A type II region R is a region that is bounded on the right by a curve x = f(y) and the left by x = g(y) from y = a to y = b.Its cross–sectional length is L(y) = f(y) – g(y).

More on Area

y = a

y = bx = f(y)x = g(y)

Page 57: 2 ftc and signed areas

A type II region R is a region that is bounded on the right by a curve x = f(y) and the left by x = g(y) from y = a to y = b.Its cross–sectional length is L(y) = f(y) – g(y).

More on Area

y = a

y = bx = f(y)x = g(y)

L(y) = f(y) – g(y)

Page 58: 2 ftc and signed areas

A type II region R is a region that is bounded on the right by a curve x = f(y) and the left by x = g(y) from y = a to y = b.Its cross–sectional length is L(y) = f(y) – g(y).

More on Area

y = a

y = bx = f(y)x = g(y)

L(y) = f(y) – g(y)

Therefore the area of R = f(y) – g(y) dy ∫y=a

b

Page 59: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on AreaExample B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

Page 60: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on AreaExample B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

Page 61: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question.

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

Page 62: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

Page 63: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 4

Page 64: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 4

Page 65: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 40 = (x – 4)(x – 1) so x = 1 and 4.

Page 66: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 40 = (x – 4)(x – 1) so x = 1 and 4. However x = 4 is the only good solution.

Page 67: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 40 = (x – 4)(x – 1) so x = 1 and 4. However x = 4 is the only good solution.

4

Page 68: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 40 = (x – 4)(x – 1) so x = 1 and 4. However x = 4 is the only good solution.

As a type I region, the span is from x = 0 to x = 4.

4

Page 69: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 40 = (x – 4)(x – 1) so x = 1 and 4. However x = 4 is the only good solution.

As a type I region, the span is from x = 0 to x = 4. But the lower boundary is not a single function.

4

Page 70: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 40 = (x – 4)(x – 1) so x = 1 and 4. However x = 4 is the only good solution.

As a type I region, the span is from x = 0 to x = 4. But the lower boundary is not a single function.

4

Page 71: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 40 = (x – 4)(x – 1) so x = 1 and 4. However x = 4 is the only good solution.

As a type I region, the span is from x = 0 to x = 4. But the lower boundary is not a single function. Therefore to find the area of the region, we have to split it into two pieces, I and II as shown.

4

Page 72: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

The shaded region is the area in question. For the span of the region, set

√x = x – 2

Example B. Find the area that is bounded by the positive x–axis, y = x – 2 and y = √x.

y = x – 2

y = √x

x = x2 – 4x + 40 = x2 – 5x + 40 = (x – 4)(x – 1) so x = 1 and 4. However x = 4 is the only good solution.

As a type I region, the span is from x = 0 to x = 4. But the lower boundary is not a single function. Therefore to find the area of the region, we have to split it into two pieces, I and II as shown.

I II

4

Page 73: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

2 4

Page 74: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

∫x= 0

2

√x dx +

2 4

Page 75: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

∫x= 0

2

√x dx +

2

∫x= 2

4

√x – (x – 2) dx

4

Page 76: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

∫x= 0

2

√x dx +

2

∫x= 2

4

√x – (x – 2) dx

= 2x3/2

3 + |0

2

4

Page 77: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

∫x= 0

2

√x dx +

2

∫x= 2

4

√x – (x – 2) dx

= 2x3/2

3 + 2x3/2

3( – x2

2 + 2x ) |0

2

2

4

|

4

Page 78: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

∫x= 0

2

√x dx +

2

∫x= 2

4

√x – (x – 2) dx

= 2x3/2

3 + 2x3/2

3( – x2

2 + 2x ) |0

2

2

4

|

= 2(2)3/2

3 +

4

Page 79: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

∫x= 0

2

√x dx +

2

∫x= 2

4

√x – (x – 2) dx

= 2x3/2

3 + 2x3/2

3( – x2

2 + 2x ) |0

2

2

4

|

= 2(2)3/2

3 + 2(4)3/2

3[( – 42

2 + 8 )

– 2(2)3/2

3 – 22

2 + 4 )

( ]

4

Page 80: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

∫x= 0

2

√x dx +

2

∫x= 2

4

√x – (x – 2) dx

= 2x3/2

3 + 2x3/2

3( – x2

2 + 2x ) |0

2

2

4

|

= 2(2)3/2

3 + 2(4)3/2

3[( – 42

2 + 8 )

– 2(2)3/2

3 – 22

2 + 4 )

( ]

= 2(2)3/2

3 + 163 – 2(2)3/2

3 – 2

4

Page 81: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

y = x – 2

y = √x

The total area is (area I) + (area II) i.e.

I II

∫x= 0

2

√x dx +

2

∫x= 2

4

√x – (x – 2) dx

= 2x3/2

3 + 2x3/2

3( – x2

2 + 2x ) |0

2

2

4

|

= 2(2)3/2

3 + 2(4)3/2

3[( – 42

2 + 8 )

– 2(2)3/2

3 – 22

2 + 4 )

( ]

= 2(2)3/2

3 + 163 – 2(2)3/2

3 – 2 = 103

4

Page 82: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region.

y = x – 2

y = √x

Page 83: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2.

y = x – 2

y = √xy = 2

Page 84: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions.

y = x – 2

y = √xy = 2

Page 85: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions. The right boundary is x = f(y) = y + 2

y = x – 2

y = √xy = 2

Page 86: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions. The right boundary is x = f(y) = y + 2 and the left boundary is x = g(y) = y2

y = x – 2

y = √xy = 2

Page 87: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions. The right boundary is x = f(y) = y + 2 and the left boundary is x = g(y) = y2

y = 2y = √xso x = y2

y = x – 2 so x = y + 2

Page 88: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions. The right boundary is x = f(y) = y + 2 and the left boundary is x = g(y) = y2 so L(y) = (y + 2) – y2 = y + 2 – y2

y = 2y = √xso x = y2

y = x – 2 so x = y + 2

Page 89: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions. The right boundary is x = f(y) = y + 2 and the left boundary is x = g(y) = y2 so L(y) = (y + 2) – y2 = y + 2 – y2.

y = x – 2 so x = y + 2

y = √xso x = y2

L(y) = y + 2 – y2

y = 2

Page 90: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions. The right boundary is x = f(y) = y + 2 and the left boundary is x = g(y) = y2 so L(y) = (y + 2) – y2 = y + 2 – y2.

y = x – 2 so x = y + 2

y = √xso x = y2

L(y) = y + 2 – y2

Therefore the area is

y + 2 – y2 dy∫y = 0

2

y = 2

Page 91: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions. The right boundary is x = f(y) = y + 2 and the left boundary is x = g(y) = y2 so L(y) = (y + 2) – y2 = y + 2 – y2.

y = x – 2 so x = y + 2

y = √xso x = y2

L(y) = y + 2 – y2

Therefore the area is

y + 2 – y2 dy∫y = 0

2

= + y2

2 2y

– y3

3 0

2

|

y = 2

Page 92: 2 ftc and signed areas

More on Area

However, we may view this as a type II region. It spans from y = 0 to y = 2. Solve for x for the boundary functions. The right boundary is x = f(y) = y + 2 and the left boundary is x = g(y) = y2 so L(y) = (y + 2) – y2 = y + 2 – y2.

y = x – 2 so x = y + 2

y = √xso x = y2

L(y) = y + 2 – y2

Therefore the area is

y + 2 – y2 dy∫y = 0

2

= + y2

2 2y

– y3

3 0

2

|

= 6 – 83 = 10

3

y = 2