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01 mrspzfPAoh (01 Chapter)
fu;a;d ixl,amh : YnzodrA: jsNd.h yd Ndr;Sh ft;sydisl miqnsu ( Metta Concept : Semantics & Indian historic background )
YnzofldaI ;`< fu;a;d hk mohg oS we;s jsjsO wrA:hka
ms<snZoj wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu m<uqfldgu jeo.;a fjz' Metta hk jpkh
iZoyd ixCIsma; md,s – bx.@Sis YnzofldaIfhys oelafjk wF:!h jkqfha
ia;@S ,sx.drA:!h wZ.jk ( f. amity;benevolence ) amity yd benevolence hk jpk
folhs'1 –kammatthana, nt. –bha-vana, f. cultivation of benevolence.-yana, f. friendly
feeling. –vihari, a. abiding in kindliness.tfiau fu;a;d hk wF:!h fok fuu Amity hk
jpkh iZoyd ixCIsma; Tlaia\rAvz YnzofldaIfhys oelafjk f;areu jkqfha
Friendship;Friendly relations hk us;@Fjh uQrA;su;a lsrSuhs'2 Amity hk jpkh
wF:! olajkafka o us;@Fjh yd us;@Ndjh wZ.jk Friendship yd Friendly hk
f;areuz folhs'3
Tlaia\rAvz YsIHhkaf.a mdrsNdIsl YnzofldaIfhys Metta yd
Amity hk jpk folu wka;rA.; fkdfjz' ta fjkqjg tys tu wF:!h f.k oSu msKsi
olajd we;af;a Friend – Ship yd Friendly hk jpk folhs'4 fuu jpk foflka tlla jQ
Friend – Ship hk jpkfhys wF:!h f,i olajd we;af;a ( an instance,Period,of ) the
feeling or realation ship that exists between friends hkakhs' tfiau fuys wfkla
jpkh jQ Friendly hk jpkfhys wF:!h f,i olajd we;af;a acting or ready to act as a
friend; be friendly to / towards hk wrA:hhs'
tfukau bx.@Sis – md,s YnzofldaIfhys fuu Amity hk jpkfhys
wF:!h f,i oelafjkqfha Metta yd Metti hk f;areuz folhs'5 tfiau Amity hk
jpkfhys wF:!h f,i bx.@Sis – isxy, YnzofldaIfhys oelafjkafka us;@lu"
us;@Ndjh" iuZ.slu" idu.@sh" iud.@s;dj hk wF:!hka iuQyhhs'6 tfukau fuu
Amity hk jpkfhys wF:!h ;j;a bx.@Sis iy bx.@Sis – isxy, YnzofldaIhl
oelafjkafka ( am'i-ti ) n. Friendship ; agreement ; good-will f,ighs'7
1
;j;a bx.@Sis - isxy, YnzofldaIhl Amity hk jpkhg fok wF:!h jkafka
us;@Fjh" idud.@sh hkakhs'8 tfukau ;j;a bx.@Sis - isxy, YnzofldaIhl fuu
Amity hk jpkfhys wF:!h us;@Fjh" hdZMlu jYfhka fmkajd oS ;sfnz'9
ksrela;s iys; isxy, Ynzo fldaIfhys us;@" ffu;@sh yd fu;a;d
hkqfjka Ynzo ;`ku tlu wF:!fhys olajd ;sfnz' fuhska us;@ ( ix' us;@ ) hk
jpkh uZ.ska hyZM yd ys;j;a hk f;areuz f.k fok nj fmkajd oS ;sfnz' tfukau
tu Ynzohu ysre fyj;a iQrAhhd weZ.jSu iZoyd mrAhdh kduhla f,i o Ndjs;hg
f.k we;s nj o fmkajd oS ;sfnz' fuhg wu;rj fu;a;d ( md' fu;a;d ) hk moh
ffu;@sh" ish,q i;aFjhka flfrys lreKdj oelajSu msKsi Ndjs;d jS ;sfnz'
tfukau .il kduhla oelajSu msKsi;a fuu fu;a;d kduh jHjydrhg f.k we;s nj tu
YnzofldaIfhys fmkajd oS ;sfnz' ta hgf;a jsfYaIfhkau iZ|=ka .i yeZoskajSu
msKsi fuu jok Ndjs;hg f.k we;s nj olajhs' tfiau tys fuu wF:!hkau f.k oSu
msKsi fu;" ffu;@sh" fu;a ( ix' ffu;@sh ) yd ffu;@sh hk jpk Ndjs;hg f.k
we;s nj o olajd ;sfnz'10 iZ|=ka .i iqjZoj;a jDCIhls' fnfyjska wd.usl lghq;`
iZoyd Ndjs;dlrk iqjZo |@jHhka ;ekSu msKsi Wmfhda.S lr.kakd Ydlhls'
fuysoS fu;a;d hk Ynzofhkao hul .`K iqjZo uQrA;su;a lsrSu msKsi fyj;a
biau;` lsrSu;a" uD|=nj" T#IOSh nj" uqyqK meyem;a lr,k iajNdjh jeks
fudf<dla .`K jsfYaIhka ksrEmKh lsrSu msKsi fu;a;d Ynzoh iZ|=ka jDCIh
wrNhd o jHjydr jS ;sfnk nj fuhska Ozjks;drA:j;a flfrA'
fu;a;d hk jpkfhys wF:!h md,s - isxy, YnzofldaIhl olajd we;af;a
'ffu;@sh' f,ihs' tys ia;@S ,sx.sl kdu moh 'fu;a;d' f,i;a mqreI ,sx.sl kdu
moh 'fu;a;' f,i;a olajd we;'11 tfiau 'fu;a;d' jpkh 'fu;a' kue;s kdu m@lD;sh
uq,a lrf.k we;s jQ nj [email protected] isxy, YnzofldaIfhys olajhs'12 tys wF:!h f,i
ffu;@S lrkjd yd 'fu;' olajd ;sfnz' 'fu;a;d' jpkh o kdu m@lD;shla f,ig tysu
oela fjz' jsfYaIKh kuz 'fu;' hkakhs' wF:!h 'ffu;@S' hkakhs' 'fu;a;d' hk jpkh
jsydrs hk jpkh iuZ. fhoS we;' tys'fu;a;d jsydrs' hkafkys wF:!h
ffu;@sfhka hqla;j hkak f,i olajd ;sfnz' tfukau 'fu;a Ouz' hk kdu
m@lD;sfhka ffu;@S Ou!h yd ffu;@sh wF:!j;a flfrA' 'fu;a' hk kdu m@lD;sh
jHjydrfha oS 'fu;a mereuz' ( kd' m@' ) hkafkka ffu;@S mdrus;dj o"
'fu;a msrs;a ' ( kd' m@' ) hkafkka lrKSh fu;a; iQ;@h o 'fu;a ndjkd'
( kd' ) hkafkka ffu;@S Ndjkdj o" 'fu;a fndai;a ' ( kd' m@' ) hkafkka
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ffu;@s fndaOsiFjfhda" wkd.;fhys fuf;a nq|=ka kuska nq|= jSug mereuz
mqrkakdo" 'fu;a uqks' ( kd' m@' ) fuf;a nq|=yqo" 'fu;a is;a ' ( kd' m@'
) hkafkka ffu;@s iy.; is;"ffu;@sfhka hqla; ps;a;h o" 'fu;a iq;^ fu;a iq;`r'
( kd' ) lrKSh fu;a; iQ;@ho woyiajk nj olajd ;sfnz'
ixialD; NdIdfjys fuu jpkh ffu;@ f,i uQ,sl iajrEmfhka we;' thska
ia;@S ,sx.sl mohla jQ ffu;@S hk jpkh ksIamkak fjz' YsIHhkaf.a ixialD; -
bx.@Sis YnzofldaIfhys fuu ffu;@ rEmh ( Ajective ) yd ffu;@S ( Feminine ) hk
jpk fol olajd we;'13 fuys ffu;@S hk jpkhg wF:! ;`kla olajd ;sfnz' bka m<uq
wF:!h jkqfha Belonging to a Friend hs' fojeks wF:!h jkqfha Given by a friend
f;jk wF:!h jkqfha Friendly, Well - disposed, Amicable, Kind hkakhs' tfiau fuu
jpkh us;@ fojshdg kEluz olajk njo fuys jsia;r flfrA'
fuh ;yjqre lsrSu msKsi ixialD;-bx.@Sis YnzofldaIfha
( us;@ ) hk jofka wF:!h mrSCId lr n,f;d;a ta iZoyd Friend ( iy<" iypr"
ineZos" ydo" ysff;Is" ys;j;a" hdZM" hyZM" lreKdjka;" us;@" l`ZMm."
wkql~," us;@j;a ), Amicable ( iuZ.s iuzmkak" ys;j;a" iqyZo" us;@" us;@j;a
), Affectionate ( yqr;,a" ohdnr" fma@ujka;" ysff;IS" wdorKSh )" Kind
( <f;;a" ujzyia" ohdjka;" ohdnr" fidar;" f;;" f;;a" ldreKsl" lreKdjka;"
l`,qKq" jrA.h" fidar;sh" fudaia;rh" wdldrh" cd;sh ), A Brahman Who has
arrived at the higest state of human perfection. hk woyia iuQyhla oS ;sfnk
wdldrh oel.; yel'14
Y@S iqxu., YnzofldaIfhys ( isxy, - isxy,dF:! ) fuu jpkh 'fu;a'
jYfhka olajd ;sfnz' tys wF:!h jkqfha ffu;@shhs'15 fuysu fu;a l`ZMKq hk
moh tlajr Ndjs;d jS ;sfnz' tys woyi ffu;@sh yd lreKdj hkakhs'16 .`Kfiak
isxy, uyd wldrdosfhys 'fu;a;' yd 'fu;a;d' hk jpk folu ffu;@sh yeZoskajSu
msKsi jHjydr lr ;sfnz'17 fuhska fu;a; hk jpkh iZoyd ffu;@S iy.; hk wF:!hg
wu;rj fldgzgh yd .`osrsh hk wF:! follao oS ;sfnz' 'fu;a;d' hk jpkh iZoyd
ffu;@sh yd iq|= iZ|=ka .i hk wF:! fol oS ;sfnz'18
ls@ia;shdks wd.usl Ynzo fldaIhla jq lf;da,sl m,a,sfhys Tlaia\
rAvz YnzofldaIfhys fu;a;d Ynzoh Mithraism f,i olajd we;' thska woyia
3
jS ;sfnkqfha o us;@Fjh hkakhs'19 tfukau nhsn,fhys m@Odk fukau flaJ|
@Sh b.ekajSula jk fm@auh hk wF:!ho ksIamkak jSug mokuz
jS ;sfnkqfha fuu us;@ ixl,amh nj meyeos,s fjz' tfukau us;@ Ynzoh (
us;@hsiuz Mithraism ) fyj;a us;@ keue;s wd.usl u;jdoh olajd jsldYh jQ nj
fmfka' tuZ.ska lf;da,sl Y`oaO wd.usl .@ka:hla jk nhsn,hg fuys wdNdIh
oevsj n,md we;s nj meyeos,sh'
kj n@s;dkH jsYajfldaIh hk fldaI .@J:fhys us;@ ( Mithra ) Ynzoh
ms<snZoj olajd we;af;a th ixialD; us;@ Ynzoh wkqj us;@dia f,i
WpzpdrKh jk jpkhla f,ihs' tfiau ixialD; NdIdfjys us;@ jYfhka olajkqfha
bka|= - BrdKSh mqrdjD;a;hkag wkqj wdf,dalfhys fojshd nj ie,fla' fuu
wf,dalfhys fojshd ms<snZo weoys,a, bkaoshdfjz isg jHdma; jQjla nj
ms<s.efka' kefZ.kysr isg b;du;a wE;ska msysgs ngysr m@foaY olajdu
fuu weoys,a, jHdma; jQ nj;a thg miqnsuz jQfha bkaoshdfjz fuh fnfyjska
m@p,s;j mej;s mej;s ksid nj;a ;yjqre jS ;sfnz' fuu weoys,a, jHdma; jS .sh
ngysr m@foaYfha jQ rgj,a w;rska m@xYh" uy n@s;dkHh yd crAuksh hk
rgj,a jsfYaIfhka iZoyka l< yelsh'
m<uqfjkau ffjosl us;@ ms<snZoj ,shejS we;af;a l@s' mQ 1
400 g fmr isgh' fuu us;@ jkaokh mrAishdfjys b;du;a oevsj uq,a nei f.k
jHdma;j mej;sks' bka miqj f,dal m@lg fy,ksla hqoaOfhysoS mrAishkajre
jsiska wef,laiekav@shdj w;am;a lr.ekSfuka wk;`rej uqZM uy;a
wef,laiekav@shdj mqrdu fuu weoys,a, jHdma; jS .sfhah' 3 jk yd 4 jk Y;
jrAI j,oS us;@ weoys,a, iuzmQrAKfhkau mdfya fuu m@foaYj, jHdma;j
mej;s nj i,lkq ,efnz' tfiau Tjqka jsiska /f.k hk ,o fuu fu;a;d weoys,a,
l@sia;shdks wd.fuys kj;u ixjrAOkh jSuz olajd m@Odk .Kfha m@;sjdosfhl`
f,i frdau wOsrdchdf.a finZMka jsiska Ndjs;hg .kakd ,oS' frdau
wOscrdchka jQ flduvqia ( Commodus ) yd cq,shka ( Julian ) hk fofokd
us;@jdofhys ( Mithraism ) iudruzNlhka f,i oelafjz' ;`kaish y;la
osfhdlsiShdkqjre vekshqnz weoys,af,a isg ( vekshqnz weoys,a, mQj!fhys
frdaufhys ;snQ tla;rd wd.usl weoys,a,la f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tu wd.usl
weoys,a, jHdma; mej;s ixialD;sh vekshqnz ixialD;sh f,io tu wd.usl
ksldhlhska vekshqnz .`re l`,h f,io yZ|=kajd ;sfnz' ) us;@ olajd ta fjkqfjka
4
jsydria:dkhla mdrsY`oaOshg m;a lr .;ay' fuu vekshqnz weoys,a, fukau
us;@ weoys,a,o wOsrdcHfhys wdrCIl Wml@uhla f,i Ndjs;hg f.k ;sfnz'
mqrdjD;a;j,g wkqj us;@f.a Wm; ms<snZoj olajd we;af;a
wdf,dalfha meje;au we;s lrkakd jQ foh f,ihs' tfiau Yia;@hlska ikakoaOj
tla milska .,d niskd Y`oaO jQ .x.djlska o" Y`oaO jQ .ila hg isgskakd jQ
fmd<fjys orejd f,i th ta jsiskau wF:!l:kh lr ;sfnz' Tyq w;lska hIagshla /f.k
isgsk mqoa.,hd f,i yd miqj ta uZ.ska urKh lrd iuzm@dma; lrkakd jYfhka
o ( udrhd)" tfiau cSjs;h ,nd fokakd jYfhka o ( W;amdolhd ) " f,dal jsIh
ms<snZoj jDINhd jYfhkao ish,q jDCI,;djkaf.a ftYaprAhu;a M,orkakd
jYfhkao yZ|=kajkq ,nhs' us;@f.a jDINhd urd oeuSu ( l:dfjys mriamr
jsfrdaOS jdlHh jekiSu) hk ixl,amh fy,ksla l,dfjys ckm@shu wF:!l:kh jS
mej;sks' us;@ weoys,a, ;`< mQcd jsOSkaf.a idM,H;djh f,i ie,flk jDINhd
urdoeuSu ( l:dfjys mriamr jsfrdaOS jdlHh jekiSu ) us;@ weoys,af,ys
uQ,dlD;sh njg m;ajsh'20
wdf,dalfhys fojshd f,i ie,flk us;@ iyhlfhl` jkqfha .@Sl iQrAhhd
fojsfhl` f,i ie,flk fy,shia ( Helios iQrAhhd ) iuZ.hs' tfiau th frdaudkq
w,x>kSh miajk iajrhhs' Tyq ksrka;rfhka c,hg wOsm;sj c,h idrj;a lrkaksh
jYfhka oelafjk wkys;d ( Anahita ) fojZ.k iuZ. hq., jYfhka fhfoa'21
fu;a;d hk mofhys jHdlrK jsNd.h msKsi wjOdkh fhduqlsrSu
uZ.ska jd.a jsoHd;aul mCIfhka tys mrsKduh wjfndaO lr.ekSu msKsi
msgssjy,la ,efnz' fuz uZ.ska fu;a;d hk moh ms<snZoj jvd;a wx.
iuzmQrAK js.@yhlg fhduq jsh yelsh' md,s NdIdfjz ‘fu;a;d (Metta)’hkqfjka
yeZoskafjk jpkfha isxy, woyi ‘us;`renj’ hkakhs'22 fuh md,sfha bF:s ,sx.
kdu mohla jk w;r wldrdka; m@:ud jsNla;s tal jpkfha ‘fu;a;d’ hkqfjka
fhfoa'23 uz +t = fu hkqfjka oelafjkafka ug" uf.a hk woyihs' ( wuzy – Ynzo
p – P tl ) fuys kdu Od;`j jkqfha 'fu;a;dh;s' hkakhs' fuhska wF:!j;a jkqfha
ffu;@S lrhs yd fu;a is; m;`rejhs hk f;areuzh' tfukau bF:s ,sx.drA:fhka
'fu;a;dhkd' hk jpkh ffu;@S lsrSu hk wF:!fhka jHjydrfha fhfoa' tfukau ;j;a
jsfgl 'fu;a;d' hk bF:s ,sx. joko ffu;@sh hk wF:!fhkau jHydr fjz' md,s NdIdj
;`< ‘fu;a;d’hkqfjka fhfok fuu jpkh ixialD; NdIdj ;`< ‘ffu;@S’hkqfjka tu
5
wrA:fhkau Ndjs;d fjz'24 we;euzjsg isxy, jHjydrfhyso tys ixialD;‘ffu;@S’hk
rEmho fhfok nj oel .; yelsh'25 bx.@Sis NdIdfjz ‘Metta’ hk jpkfhka woyia lrk
foh ‘Amity’ f,i olajd ;sfnz'26 tys woyi o us;@Fjh hkakhs' ta wkqj md,sfha
Bg oS we;s wrA:h jk ‘ffu;@S iy.;’ hkak fuz jpkh iZoyd Ndjs;d l< yels
fydZou wF:!h nejz fmfka'27
fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj wF:! olajk jsg lreKdj fyj;a ldreKslFjh
ms,snZoj o iZoyka l, hq;`uh' ula ksid o h;a ffu;@shlska f;dr ldreKslFjh;a"
ldreKslFjfhka f;dr ffu;@sh;a idrOrAu mCIfhka .;a l< mrudrA: jYfhka wrA:
Y~kH jk nejsks' ta wkqj kshu jYfhka ffu;@sfhys wF:! oelajSu
ldreKslFjfhys miqnsu u; isg l< hq;` jkafka ffu;@sh yd lreKdjo" tfukau
ffu;@sh yd uqos;dj o" ffu;@sh yd WfmaCIdj o wfkHdakH jYfhka
iyfhda.fhka Wmhqla;h' tfukau Wmfhda.s;duh jYfhka .;a l<
wfkHdakHdOdr o jkafkah' fuz ksid fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj wjOdkh
olajk jsg th kshudldrfhka ksrEmKh flfrkqfha lreKdj uqos;dj yd WfmaCIdj
hk fiiq idrOrAu ixl,amj, o .enzjSu fu;a;d ixl,amfhys jsoHudk jkafka kuz
muKs' fjk;a f,ilska olajf;d;a wmg idrOrAu ixl,amhla jYfhka fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys w.h udkj prAhdjkaf.ka jshqla;j .; fkdyels w;r tfia l<fyd;a th
yqfola is;sjs,s ud;@ jQjla jkq we;' kuq;a fu;a;d ixl,amh lsis jsfgl;a tfia
jkafka fkdfjz' huzlsis ixl,amhla idrOu!hla f,i ie,lSug wjYHjk uQ,sl iq|=iqlu
jkqfha tu ixl,amh ldhsl" jdpisl yd udkisl jYfhka uqZM uy;a ffcj m@cdj
jsIfhysu Okd;aul mCIfhka olajkakd jQ Wmfhda.S;djhhs' tfukau tu ixl,amh
fiiq iudka;r ixl,am iuZ. taldnoaO;djh msKsi olajkakd jQ keushdjhs'
huzlsis ixl,amhla idrOrAuhla jSug olajk ,o iq|=iqluz ish,a, fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys iuzmQrAKh' fu;a;d ixl,amh thg iudka;r wfkla ixl,am jQ lreKdj"
uqos;dj yd WfmaCIdj iuZ. wfkHdakH jYfhka iuznJO;djhla fmkajhs' fu;a;d
ixl,amh yg .kqfha o isf;a wkHhka ms<snZoj ldreKsl yeZ.Sula fyj;a
lreKdjla" wkHhkaf.a iqL jsyrKh ms<snZo fiduzkila fyj;a uqos;djla"
wkHhka ms<snZoj jspdr mQrAjlj is;Sug m@udKj;a uOHia:;djhla fyj;a
WfmaCIdjla" isf;ys we;s jsgl muKs'
fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Ndr;Sh miqnsu ms<snZoj wOHhkhl ksr;
jkafkl` yg us;@ fojsfhl` f,i ksrEmKh jkq oel.; yelsh' fu;a;d ( us;a;" us;@ )
6
hkq Ndr;fha merKsu jHjydrhls' bka|+-BrdKSh hq.fha oS fuz jpkh
Ndjs;dl< njg idOl yuqfjz'28 bka|+-BrdKSh f.da;@sl ckhd jsiska ;u f.da;@sl
mqomQcd lghq;`j, oS fuu jok Ndjs;d fldg ;sfnz' Tjqkaf.a f.da;s@l psyakh
f,i i,lk,o wd.usl ixfla;h jYfhka iQrAhhd Ndjs;d fldg ;sfnz'29 iQrAhhd
yeZoskajSu iZoyd jHjydr lrkq ,enQfjz ‘us;@’hk jpkhhs'30 fuu lreKg
meyeos,s yd m@n, idOl wfjia;dfjys yd mrAishdkq wd.usl ixl,amj,oS;a
oel.; yelsh'31 tys oS us;@ uZ.ska ksrEmKh jkafka wksjdrAhfhkau iQrAh
foaj;djdh' iQrAhhdf.a wdf,dalu;a nj us;@ hkafkka woyia lr ;sfnz' wdf,alh
wZ|=r |=re lr th wE;g m,jd yrshs' tfukau ukqIHhd ;`< olakg ,efnk ish,qu
wZ|=re is;sjs,s |=re fldg m,jd yer Tjqka ;`< iudc taldnoaO;djh we;s lrjSu
ixfla;j;a lsrSu msKsi us;@ hkak Ndjs;d lr ;sfnz'32
kuq;a ksrela;drA:h wkqj wfjia;dfjys us;@ hkakg ,nd|=ka woyi
wod, jpkh js.@y fldg ,nd .; fkdyels nj fmfkkakg ;sfnz' iD.a fjzofhys fuz
jpkh us;`re nj f.k oSu msKsi jHjydr jS ;sfnz' ta wkqj wfjia;dfjys fuu jpkh
iydhl fyda us;@Fjh hkak f.k oSu msKsi jHjydr l,d jsh yelshs'33
wdfjzia;sl .@J:hkays us;@ jsYajdifhys wdrCIlhd f,i yeZoskajS we;' fuu
fojshdf.a ldreKsl iajrEmh o fjzofhys ksrka;rfhka u iZoyka jS we;' taaaa
ksid uq,a wjia:dfjys us;@ hk jpkfhka woyia lrkakg we;af;a iajNdj Ou!h yd
iajNdj Ou!h wdrCId lsrSu msKsi ksrka;rfhkau fidhd n,d lghq;` lrkakd jQ
iQrAh foj;djd ;`< .enzjQ w;sYh uD|= fudf<dla ldreKsl iajNdjh nj
meyeos,sh'34 fuys iajNdj Ou!h hkakg iuia; ffcj m@cdj o wka;rA.; cSjS"
wcSjS mrsirh nejz ie,ls,a,g .ekSu jeo.;ah' fuhska weZ.fjkqfha uq,a ld,fha
oS mgkau udkjhd ish ffcj m@cdj yd iuia; mrsirh ms<snZo olajk ,o
ldreKsl us;@YS,S wdl,amfhys h:d iajNdjhhs'
" us;@ fojsfhda l;d lruska usksiqka l@shdYS,S lr;s' us;@ fojsfhda
mD:sjsh wyi ord isgs;a' us;@ fojsfhda msh fkdfy<k weiska ck;dj
ksrSCIKh lr;s' us;@ fojshdg .sf;,a nyq, hd.h mqojq' " 35
we;euzjsg oS us;@ uZ.ska mD:sjsh yd wyi ord isgsk iajrEmhla
olajd we;af;a iajNdj Ou!fhys pu;aldr ckl iajrEmh ksrEmKh fldg oelajSu
Wfoid fukau th lsishuz j.lSuz iy.; wdl,amhlska iuia; ffcj [email protected] hym;
7
Wfoid lghq;` lrk nejz fmkajSug jsh yelsh' ;ukaf.a hym; Wfoid lghq;` lrk
iajNdjOu!h keue;s us;@g ;uka jsiska o m@;Hqmldr l< hq;` nejz fmkajd
oS we;af;a us;@g hd. l< hq;` wdldrh oelajSfuks' idudkHfhka .sf;,a tod
ffjosl iudcfhys by< fmf,a m@KS; wdydrhla f,i ie,lsks' tnZ|= wdydrhlska
us;@ hd.fhka mqokakg kshu fldg ;snSu uZ.ska wF:!j;a jkqfha us;@
ixl,amh flfrys ffjosl ckhd oelajQ iuzNdjkdjhs'
"wdos;H ( us;@ ) fojshks" hfula Tng ( Tfnz ) kshuhg wkqj
m@Kduh lr;a o" us;@ fojshks" ta kefik iq,q hd. mQcdj ms<s.kq uekjs'
Tn jsiska Wmldr lrkq ,enqfha fkd kefikafkah' mrojkq fkd ,nkafkah' Tyq fj;
uE;ska lror fkdths' wE;ska o fkdths'" 36
fuys us;@g ;j;a mrAhdh kduhla oelafjhs ta wdos;H hkakhs'
fuh o us;@ jHjydrh fukau m@p,s; jQjls' us;@ keue;s iajNdj Ou!hd fj; huz
lsisfjl` l<.`K i,ld o ta mqoa.,hd o iajNdj Ou!fhys .enzjkakd jQ wmQrAj
uysuh fya;`fjka wdrCId lrfokq ,nk nj fuhska meyeos,s lr oS ;sfnz' nq|
=iufhys iZoyka jk " Ouzfud yfjz rlaL;s Ouzupdrs " ( Ou!fhys
yeisfrkakd ta Ou!h jsiskau iqrCIs; lrkq ,nhs' ) hk jelsfhka lshfjkqfha o
fuhg uZola iudk uq;a Bg jvd mqZM,a wF:!hls' fuz wkqj iajNdj Ou!hg
( uq,a ld,fhys Ou!h jYfhka ms<s.kakd ,oafoa iajNdjslFjh yd uqiq jqkq
cSjs;hla .; lsrSuhs' ) wkql~,j ;u osjs fmfj; ilia lr.kakd ,o ;eke;a;dj iajNdj
Ou!h uZ.skau iqrCIs; lr,k njg fuhska lshfjz'
"f,v frda. j,ska us|=Kq" ( Tn fj; ) ms|=Kq wdydrfhka i;`gg m;a jk"
jHdma; jQ mD:sjsh mqrd ia:djr jQ" wdos;Hf.a ( us;@ fojshkaf.a )
kshufhys neZoS isgsk wms us;@ fojshkaf.a fydZo ysf;ys /fZouq' " 37
iajNdjslFjh wdrCId lruska thg wk`l~, fjuska .; lrkakd jQ osjs
fmfjf;ys iajNdjh fuhska fy,s fjz' tkuz uqZM uy;a cSj wcSj f,dalh flfrys
us;@Fjh m;`rejd jsiSu fuys oS iajNdjslFjh f,i f.k we;s njhs' us;@
fojshkaf.a fydZo ys; ;ukag ,efnkafka tjsg nj ffjoslhska l,amkd fldg we;'
fuh tla;rd wdldrhlska iajNdjslju ffcj iqrCIs;;djh we;s lr,Su msKsi yd iudc
idrOu! ( Social Values ) j, m@Njh iksgqyka lrk jeo.;a iJOs ia:dkhls' us;@
8
fyda us;@Fjh we;s lr.ekSu uZ.ska fuf,dj ishZM fokdgu iuZ.s iuzmkakj
jdih l< yels ;ekla njg mrsjrA;kh lr.ekSu iZoyd Tjqka jsiska orK ,o idOdrK
m@h;akfhys iajNdjh fuz ;`,ska wmQrejg fy,s fmfy,s fjz'
fuys meyeos,sju hd.h jsia;r fldg we;af;a i;`ka urd lrk ysxidjdoS
ns,s mQcdjla jYfhka fkdj wdydr mdk muKla mqod is|= lrkq ,nk mQcdjla
jYfhks' mQrAj ld,Sk jYfhka wdruzNl hq. j,oS hd. hkafkys kshu iajrEmh o
fuhska uQrA;su;a lr fmkajhs' wdruzNl hq.j, oS hd. hkqfjka woyia
lrk ,oafoa ;uka fukau wka who wdydr mdk j,ska i;mjd Tjqkaf.a us;@Fjh
ms<s.ksuska i;`gska hq;`j osjs f.jSu nj fuhska fmfka' ienjskau us;@
foaj;djd msoSfuz kshu l@uh jYfhka Tjqka jsiska ms<s.kq ,enqfha o fuu
l@uhhs'
ffjoslhka m@Odk jYfhka wdydrhg .kq ,enqfjz lsrs" .sf;,a"
OdkH" t<j,q iy m<;`re muKs' uia udxY wdydrh iZoyd Ndjs;d l< njg
iZoyka fkdfjz' we;euz jsgl oS mYapd;a ld,Skj hd.hka iZoyd i;`ka urd ns,s
mQcd lrk isrs; wdruzN jQ miqj kuz tu hd. lrk ,o i;`kaf.a uia wdydrh iZoyd
.kakg we;ehs Wml,amkh l< yelsh'38 tfia uia jrA. Ndjs;d lrk ,o kuz nyq,
jYfhka ta iZoyd Ndjs;d lrkakg we;af;a yrla uia nj lsj yelafla hd. iZoyd
Ndjs;d lrkq ,o m@Odku i;ajhd .jhd jSu ksihs' us;@ foaj;djd msoSu iZoyd
hd.hka meje;ajSfuz oS m@Odk jYfhkau Ndjs;hg .kq ,enQ uOHidr jrA.hka
jQ fidau mdkh ms<sfh< lrkq ,enQfjz fidau me,Egsh wUrd bka
Wlyd .kq ,nk hqI jrA.hlsks' idudkH wjia:djkays mdkh lsrSu iZoyd fjk;a
OdkH jrA.hlska ms,sfh< lrk ,o fjk;a uoHidr jrA.hla Ndjs;d lrk ,oS'
" mQcdrAN" w;Hka; lreKdkajs;" fuz us;@ kuz" ukd md,khla
mj;ajk jsOdhl rfcla bmso isgS' b;ska wms ta Y`oaOjka;hdf.a fydZo ysf;ys
l,HdK jQ ohdfjys /fouq' " 39
ishZM .`Khka w;r us;@ .`Khu m@Odk jk nj fmkajd oSu msKsi
fuys jsOdhl rfcla hk jHjydrh Ndjs;hg f.k ;sfnz' tfukau fuys ;j;a jsfYaIhla o
olakg ,efnz' tkuz us;@ ixl,amh jvd;a mqZM,a iajrEmhlska hq;`j Ndjs;hg
f.k we;s wdldrh fuysoS olakg ,efnkafka w;Hka; lreKdkajs;" l,HdK jQ ohdj"
9
fydZo ys;" Y`oaO nj" mQcdrAN hk wF:!hka us;@ ixl,amhg wdfoaY lr
olajd we;s fyhsks' mqZM,a jYfhka .;al< us;@ ixl,amfhys l@udkQl~,
jHdma;sh fuhska oela fjz'
nq|= iuh ;`< n@yau jsyrKhkays lreKd yd fu;a;d ixl,am folla
jYfhka f.k js.@y l< o fuys oS us;@ ixl,amhgu tu ixl,am foflysu .`Khka
wdfrdamKh lr we;s wdldrh wkqj lsh yelafla uq,a ld,Sk ukqIHhd iuia;
mrsirh yd ffcj f,dalh w;r ish meje;au ;yjqre lr,Su wrUhd us;@
ixl,amhkaf.ka Tyq wfmaCId lrk ,o .`K jsfYaIhka uQrA;su;a lr oelajSfuz
wNs,dIh fmroers lrf.k Tyq jsiskau us;@ ixl,amh ksmehqKq njhs' tfiau fiiq
.`K jsfYaIhka we;s lr,Sug fuz m@Odk .`Kh jk us;@ ixl,amh msysg jQ
fyhska thg m@OdkFjh ,nd fokakg we;s njhs' tfiau hful` ;`< us;@Fjh
yg .kqfha wkHhka jsIfhys Tyq ;`< we;s lreKdj fya;` fldg f.kh' tfukau
lreKdj yg .efkkqfha ish,q ffcj m@cdj jsIfhys mqoa.,fhl` ;`< we;s us;`re nj
ke;fyd;a ys;j;a nj flaJ|@ fldg f.kh' fuz ksid ffu;@sh yd lreKdj .`Kdx. folla
f,i jsia;r lrkq ,enqj;a ta folu wF:!j;a jkafka ienjskau huzlsis mqoa.,fhl`f.a
isf;ys ta .`Kdx. folu frdamKh jS we;s jsglh'
;jo m@cdj md,kh lrkakg iq|=iq rdcH md,lfhl`f.a jsjsO .`Kdx.
w;r m@Odku .`Kh f,i fuz us;@ .`Kh ;snsh hq;` nj o fuz uZ.ska fmkajd
fohs' rgjeishd flfrys ohdfjka hqla;" tfiau ish,a,ka flfrys tlf,i fydZo ys;
me;srjsh yels" rgjeishka ish orejka f,i i,ld Tjqka jsIfhys w;Hka; ldreKslFjh
me;srjsh yels" [email protected] mdrsY`oaO wej;`uz mej;`fuka iukajs;" il,jsO
ck;djgu mQcdrAN f,i wNHka;r.; .`K iuqodhlska iukajs; jQ md,lfhla
ms<snZoj bZ.shla fuz ;`<ska imhhs' th i;HjYfhkau md,lfhl` i;` jsh
hq;` .`K iuqodh fmkajd fok w;r jHx.drA:fhka ixfla;hla f,i o Ndjs;d fjz'
fuhska ixfla;j;a jkqfha OdrAusl njhs' hqla;s .rel rdcH md,k m@;smodjla
jQ oirdc OrAuh njg miql,l l@uslj jrAOkhjQfha funZ|= wdl,am nj
meyeos,sfjz' ixfla;hla f,i .ekSfuz oS mYapd;a ld,Sk pl@jrA;s ixl,amfhys
uQ, nSchka fuz ;`<ska ksrEmKh jkq oel.; yelsh'
10
"ck;dj Wkka|= lruska w;Hka; lreKdjka; .dhl ( us;@ )" fY@aIaG
wdos;Hg ( us;@g ) m@Kdufhka <Z.d jsh hq;` fuz m@KS; hd. msfoaksh
ta w;Hka; m@YxidrAN us;@g w.aksfhys mqojq' "
fuys oS us;@ ixl,amh w;Hka; lreKdjka; .dhl f,i ;j;a jsfYaIK
mohlska hqla;j yeZoskajS ;sfnz' fuys .dhl hkq .dhkd lrkakd hk wF:!hhs'
fuhska fmfkkafka us;@f.a lreKdjka; Ndjh .S;j;a iajrEmhlska hqla;j oelajSu
msKsi W;aiy l< njhs' us;@ ixl,amfhys wdfjzzok mCIh .enzjkakd jQ
iaks.aO iajrEmh .dhl hkafkka wF:!j;a lrkakg fm<Uqkq nj is;sh yelshs'
us;@ ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv jvd;a ishquzj ksrEmKh lr fmkajSug .;a
W;aidyhla fuz uZ.ska oela fjz' .dhk hkafkys l@udkQl~, Ndjhla fukau
rs;auhdkQl~, Ndjhla o .enzfjz' ;d,hla o ;snsh hq;`h' ta ish,af,ys wka;rA.;h
jkqfha isf;ys wdfjzokd;aul mCIfhka huzlsis uD|= iajNdjhla yg .ekajSuhs'
ienjskau .S;fhka flfrkqfha o tu uD|= nju ps;a; ika;dkfhys w;s lrjSu jk
fyhsks'
us;@g msosh hq;` hd. msfoaksh m@KS; iajNdjfhka hqla; jsh
hq;` nj fuhska mejiS we;' us;@ f.a iajrEmh w;sYhskau ishquz
Ndjuh ;;ajhls' tu Ndjuh ;;ajh rEmuh jYfhka oelajSfuz oS ta msKsi Ndjs;d
lrk ,o jpkhkays .enzjk pu;aldr ckl iajrEmh fuz ;`<ska meyeos,sju u;` jS
fmfka' m@KS; hd. msfoaksh mjd us;@ fj;g <Z.d jsh hq;af;a m@Kdufhka
fyj;a iEufokdf.au Nla;su;a iajrEmfhka nj fmkajd oSu ;`< us;@ fyj;a
us;@Fjh ck uki .@yKh lr.;a wdldrh jsps;@j;a whqrska fmkajhs' tfukau
uq,a jrg hd.h iZoyd w.aksh fyj;a .skaor Ndjs;d lr .;a whqre;a tu .skafkka
wdydr us;@ fj;g muqKqjk whqre;a fuhska meyeos,s fjz'
by; us;@ ixl,amh jrAKs; iajrEmh wkqj meyeos,sju fmfkkafka
mYapd;a ld,Sk n@yau ixl,amhg iudk lula fuys .enzjk njhs' hd. msfoksh
uZ.ska us;@ ixl,amh i;`gg m;alrjSu;a" ta iZoyd .skak udOHhla
fldg .ekSu;a hk lreKq fol m@Odk jYfhka tlS iudkFjhg fya;` idOl fjz' tfiau
n@yau ixl,amh cSjudk [email protected] iajrEmfhka fmd|= ck uki weZo
neZo ;nd .kakd whqrska jrAKkd l,dla fukau" us;@ ixl,amh o us;@ keue;s
l,ams; foajshl`f.a fjzIfhka fmd|= ck uki weZo neZo ;nd .ekSu msKsi
11
fujeks jD;a;dka; rpkh b;du;au idrA:l wdldrfhka Wmfhda.S lr.;a whqre
fmfka'
"hoskakkag msysg jk us;@ fojshkaf.a m@idoh hym; f.k ths'
( hym; ) w;Hka; oSma;su;a Okh f.k ths' " 40
us;@ ixl,amh l@ufhka wdOHd;ausl ;,h w;sl@uKh lruska
f,#lsl ;,h lrd <Z.d jkakd jQ ijrEmhla oSma;su;a Okh hk fh|=u uZ.ska .uH
fjz' fmr oS us;@ ixl,amfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;` jQfha wdOHd;ausl m@idoh
muKs' kuq;a jrA;udkfhys wdOHd;ausl m@idoh muKlau fkdj f,#lsl
oshqKqj o fuz uZ.ska Wod lr.; yelsh hk ;ekg ffjoslhkaf.a us;@ ixl,amh
mrsKduh jSu iduQyslFjh ;`<ska tlS YsIagdpdrh Wod lr.kq ,enQ tla;rd
ch.@yKhla f,i o wF:! oelajsh yelsh' iduQyslFjh jeo.;a jkqfha tl, fnfyjska
jHdma; meje;s cSjk rgdj wkqj ;ksj cSj;a jSu w.h fkdlrk ,o w;r Tjqka
iduQysl f,i ish cSjk rgdj f.dv kZ.d .kq ,enQ nejsks' lDIslrAuh" iFjmd,kh"
fj<odu" rgj,a wdl@uKh jeks l`uk fyda lghq;a;l oS jqj;a tod mej;s wrA:
l@uhg wkqj uq,a nei f.k ;snqfka iduQysl cSjk rgdjhs'
tnejska fuu wF:!l@uh wkqj Tjqkag jeo.;a jQfha udkj [email protected]
fyj;a usksia Y@uhhs' usksia Y@uh yiqrjd,Sug fukau h:d mrsos th
l<ukdlrKh uZ.ska fhdojd .ekSu msKsi wdl,amuh jYfhka udkjhd ;`<
iduQyslFjh f.dvkeZ.su wjYH jS ;snqKs' fuz iZoyd ffjoslhka Ndjs;d lrk ,o
ixl,amh f,i us;@ ixl,amh yZ|=kajd osh yelsh' us;@ ixl,amfhys fuu jsldYh
uZ.ska fmkajd fokqfha tu ;;ajhhs' fmr wdOHd;ausl jYfhka yqfola m@idoh
ckkh lsrSu iZoyd muKlau Ndjs;d lrk ,o us;@ ixl,amh fN#;sl w.hla jQ Okh
keue;s f,#lsl jgskdlu ckkh lsrSu iZoyd o Ndjs;hg f.k ;snSu uZ.ska
fuh ;yjqre fjz'
us;@ ixl,amh uZ.ska ,nd fokq ,nk Okh wksjdrAhfhkau hym;a
fydZo Okhla jSfuz wksjdrAhh ,CIKh o tys .enzjk nj ffjoslhka m@ldY fldg
we;af;a tu Okh fydZo" OdrAusl Okhla fyj;a oSma;suka Okhla f,i fmkajSu
uZ.sks' iduQyslFjh fukau idOdrK nj o us;@ ixl,amh ;`<u wka;rA.; ;j;a
udkj idrOu!hla f,i fuz wdldrhg ffjoslhska jsiska m@lg lr ;sfnz'
12
" lSrA;su;a ta us;@ foajsfhda uysufhka fojz f,djg W;a;rS;rh'" f;aciska
uy fmdf<djg W;a;rS;rh'"
us;@f.a wdOHd;ausl ;,h uysuh f,i;a" f,#lsl ;,h f;aci f,i;a fmkajd
oS ;sfnz' fuys uysuh lsishuz W;a;rS;r udkqqIsl .`KOu! /ila ksfhdackh
lsrSu msKsi Ndjs;d lr ;sfnz' ohdj" wkHhka jsIfhys iudkd;au;djfhka hqla;j
lghq;` lsrSu jeks .`Kdx. us;@g wh;a fia olajd we;' fuzjd idudkH
ukqIHFjfhka Tnzng jsyso hk nejska idudkH ukqIHhdf.ka fjkia jk lreKla f,i
f.k W;a;rS;r ;;ajh m@odkh lr we;' fmd|= nj iudkd;au;djh jeks lreKq ffcj
jsoHd;aulj o udkj taldnoaO;djh iqrCIs; lsrSu msKsi bjy,a jsh yels lreKqh'
iduqysl cSjk meje;aulska hqla; ukqIHhdg fujeks foa b;du;a w.kd iudc
fuj,ula jQjdg iel ke;' ta Tiafia fujeks lreKq W;a;rS;r ;;ajfhka by,g
Tijd ;nkakg we;'
fuys f;aci hkq (Social Organizational Behaviour) udkj iudch l@uj;aj
md,kh (Control) lsrSuhs' funZ|= l<ukdlrK l@shdoduhloS ( Management
process ) l<ukdlrK uQ<OrAu ( Management Principles ) Ndjs;hg .kS' fuysoS
udkj [email protected] yeisrjSfuz wjYH;djh yg.kS' udkj [email protected] ;ukag wjYH
wdldrhg l<ukdlrKh lsrSfuys,d us;@ ixl,amh olajkakd jQ odhlFjh i,ld thg
f;aci hehs jHjydr lr ;sfnz' us;@ ixl,amfhys f,#lsl mCIh wjOdrKh jkqfha fuz
wdldrfhks'
" us;@ fojshkag hg;a j hosk ishZMu ck;djg Wojq lrkakg iu;a fy;u
il, foaj iuQyh ord isgS'" 41
us;@ ixl,amh fuys oS BYajr ;;ajhg Tijd ;sfnz' tkuz il, oeh ord
isgsh iEu fohlu wOsm;shd jYfhks' ffjoslhka talfoajjdoSka fukau
nyqfoajjdoska f,i;a lghq;` l< njg idOl uska imhhs' tla tla oehg
wOsm;SFjh Wiq,kq ,nk tla tla foaj;djre jev isgsk w;r ta ish,a,kagu by,ska
us;@ jev isgsk nj yd lghq;` lrk nj mjikafka tfyhsks' fuys foaj hkak jHjydr
lrkq ,nkqfha idudkH ukqIHFjhg jH;sfrAl jYfhka .; yels tla tla
udkj .`Kdx.hkays wfmaCIs; mrsidOk ugzgu weZ.jSu msKsi nejz
jgyd .ekSu fuys oS jeo.;ah'
13
" us;@ f;fuz wdZ{djg wkqj" fojz usksiqka w;r hd. ;DKh we;`rE
ckhdg wdydrh imhd we;' " 42
Ndr;Sh ixialD;sl b;sydih ;`< foajjdoS wdl,am talfoaj jdofhka
nyqfoaj jdohg ixl@uKhjSu wd.usl wxYh iuznJOfhka b;du;a jeo.;a
iJOsia:dkhla lksgqyka lrkakls' us;@ ixl,amh jsldYh jSu;a iuZ.u us;@
ixl,amhg muKla wh;a f,i i,lk ,o fndfyda .`K jreK keue;s ;j;a ixl,amhlg
wdfoaY lr tu ixl,am oajsFjh uZ.skau us;@f.a iajrEmh olajk ,oS' fuu
oajsFjh i;` jsfYaI .;s.`K iy ldrAh isoaOs [email protected] jYfhka iudkh' fuu
oajsFjh ms<sisZo f.k we;af;a ;dreKHhjh' orAYk lD;H lrkakd jQ wei ysre
fjz' ysre /ia m;s; jkafka l@udkql~, f,i .ufkys ks;r jS isgshoSuh' wZosk
m<Zok jia;@ b;du oSma;su;ah' wyfiys rsh uZ.ska .ufkys ksr; fjz' fojz f,dj
msysgs rkauqjd ksjil jdih flfrA' th l`,qKq oyilskao" fodr oyilskao" iukajs;
fnfyjska Wia jQ ia:djr iqjsi,a ksjils' fuys rcjre f,i l@shd lrk b;du;a
nqoaOsu;a ryia T;a;` lrefjda fj;a' Tjqyq pl@jrA;s rcjreh' fuu ixl,am
oajsFjh udhd kuska yeZoskafjk .`ma; n,hlska l@shd lrk tfukau
ishZM ;kays ish wdOsm;H m;`rjd yer lghq;` lrk wiqr kuska
yeZoskafjkafkda fj;a' Tjqkaf.a lD;H jQfha wreK bj; m,jd yerSu;a" wjldYh
yryd ysre fufyh jSu;a" th jeiafika yd j<dl`,ska jid oeuSu;ah' fuu ixl,am
oajsFjh iuia; f,dalhu md,kh lrkafkda fj;a' Tjqyq wyi" fmd<j iy iq<Z. ord
isgsk w;r wdrCIlhka f,i o l@shd lr;s'
.x.d iuQyfhys iajdusm@;@hka kuz fuu ixl,am oajsFjhuh' jrAIdj
usksiqka fj; m@odkh lrkafkda fudjqyqh' tksid fndfyda usksiqkaf.a
ksr;`re m@olaIKdjkag fudjqyq ,la fj;a' Tjqkayg ukqIHhka hd. msKsi
okafok lEu nSu yd uOqmdkhkays m@udKh fld;ruz o h;a tajd osiajkqfha
osh myrj,a fuks' ishZM c,hg iy jrAIdjg wOsm;s nj ork Tjqyq ta ish,a,
md,kh lrkq ,nkafkdah' Tjqyq ;Knsuz .sf;,a keue;s jrAIdfjka yd wNHdjldYh
uOq mdkfhka o f;ud yrs;s' Tjqyq wyiska uqod yrskafka jeiai yd
jsY@dka;shhs' jeiafika ,efnk c,h jQ l,S osjHuh jQjls' fuz whqrska
iuzmQrAK iQla;hlau fudjqka fjkqfjka fjka jS we;'
14
us;@ ixl,amfhys fuu oajsFjfhys n,h fl;ruzo h;a" fuys jHjia:dj
ia:sr fkd fi,afjk tlls' th wurKSh fojsjreka mjd W,a,x>kh fkdlg yelalls'
ksrka;rfhka u wdZ{dj ord isgskafkda kuz us;@ ixl,amfhys fuu oajsFjh
iajrEmhhs' tfiau tu wdZ{dj lv fkdfldg th wdorfhka /l n,d .kafkdah' ;uka
jsiska wkHhkaf.a jro oel th ms<sl`,a lrk thg oKavkh mKjk th m,jd yrsk
iajNdjh we;af;ah' tfiau lsisfjl` th lrf;d;a" thg tfrysj keZ.S isgskafkda fj;a'
tfiau ;ukag kshus; hd. fydau iy mqo mQcd fkdlrkakjqka yg ksis oZvqjuz
oSugo Tjqyq wu;l fkdlr;s' tjka whg f,v frda.dndO iEojSfuka ysxid mSvd
is|= lr;s'
us;@ ixl,amfhys fuu oajsFj .`Khkayg lrkq ,nk jkaokdj bka|= -
brdK hq. jljdkqfjys b;du;a |=rd;S;h olajd wE;g osj hhs' thg fya;` jkqfha
wfjia;dfjys fuz wdldrfhkau wyqr yd us;@ ixl,amhkays oajsFj .`Khkayg
lrkq ,nk fuz wdldru jQ mqo mQcd weoySuz yd wd.usl ixialdr jsOSka
wka;rA.; nejsks' mYapd;a ld,Skj hqfojz pska;khg mjd fuhska huzlsis
n,mEula jQ nj is;sh yelshs' BY@dh,a cd;slhka ;`< we;s mdruzmrsl
wd.usl weoys,s yd jsYajdi cks; jSu iZoyd fuhska huzlsis
msgsjy,la ,efnkakg we;ehso iel flfrA' jsfYaI jYfhka lf;da,sl oyu ;`<
wka;rA.; m@Odk udkj fm@arKh jQ fm@au ixl,amh yd fuu us;@ ixl,amh
w;r huzlsis iuznJOhla we;aoehs jsuiSu jgS' ohdj yd fm@auh hk jHjydrhka
lf;da,sl oyu ;`< fkdfhla f,iska jHjydr jS ;sfnz' us;@ ixl,amfhys
iudf,dapkhla fyda ixfCIamhla fuz ;`< .enz fkdfj;;a" iduQyslFjh yd fmd|=
nj ms<snZoj huzlsis b;du;a iqZM wdl,amuh idudkFjhla osia fjz'
fuu hq.fhys tla;rd iJOsia:dkhl oS us;@ ixl,amh oajsFj
iajrEmhlg mrsjrA;kh fjz' ta us;@ yd jreK hkqfjks' fuys oS us;@ ixl,amh
jreK iuZ. iuznJO lsrSfuz wrA:h jsuiSu jeo.;ah' us;@ jreKf.a iydhlhd f,i
olajd ;sfnz' msysg yd wdYsrAjdo me;Sfuz oS idudkHfhka us;@
hoskq ,nkqfha fuu jreK yd tlguh' us;@ ixl,amh uZ.ska br yd br t<sh
ksrEmKh lrhs' Tyq fuf,djg m@Ndj f.k tkafka hehs ie,fla' us;@ ;`<
wka;rA.; .`K iuyrla us;@ ;`<u wka;rA.; fldg oelajSu fjkqjg jreK keue;s
ixl,amhla ksrAudKh fldg tuZ.ska us;@g wdfjzKsl .`K iuyrla ksrEmKh lr
olajk ,oafoa bka iduQysl nj ms<snZoj mKsjqvhla ,nd oSug jsh hq;`h'
15
flfia fj;;a" us;@ ish,a, olakd iqZM jQ o" ish,a, wjfndaO l<d
jQo" ish,a, flfrys wOsm;SFjh mj;ajkakd jQo" i;H .rel" i;HlduS idrOu!
iqrCIs; lsrSu msKsi lemjS ls@hd lrkq ,nk iduh .re lrk fi#uH iy.; fojsfhl` f,i
wF:! ksrEmKh lr ;sfnz' wkql@ufhka us;@ ixl,amh jreK yd iuzznJO lsrSfuz
oS fuf;la tlu wdf,dalh f.k fokakd jQ uQ,h f,i ie,l`Kq us;@f.a n,Yla;sh fldgia
follg f.k us;@ m@Nd;df,dalh iuZ. o jreK rd;@S wjldYh iuZ. o iuznJO lr
olajk ,oS' tfiau fuz ksid us;@ yd jreK wdhH!uka yd N. iuZ. wdos;Hfhdah'
( ysre ) ke;fyd;a wos;sf.a mq;@fhda hehs olajkq ,efnz' wdos;Hhg ysre
ke;fyd;a iQhH! hehs lshkq ,efnz'
us;@ yd jreK fhoSfuka woyia lrk ,oafoa fuz iQhH!df.a n,h
fldgia follska hq;`j ksrEmKh lsrSuhs' Woh ld,fhys iQhH! wdf,dalh
us;@f.ka o rd;@S iQhH! wdf,dalh wia;hg hEu jreK f.ka o olajk ,oS'
us;@f.ka ksrEmKh lrk ,o ysre jkaokdj f,dal YsIagdpdrfhys iEu [email protected]
ft;sydisl wd.usl wNspdr jsOs ish,a, ;`<u jsjsO iajrEm j,ska jsjsO kuz j,ska
oel .ekSug ,efnz'
" jreK ( iy us;@ ) fojshks" fofojz Tnf.a mshlre wei jQ ysre ( /ia )
m;`rjuska by< kZ.S' hfula il, f,dal i;a;ajhka jsuid n,hs o" fyf;u
uefrkakjqka w;r mrudrA: ksrSCIKh lrhs' "
fuys oS jreK yd us;@ hk fojsjrekaf.a weia f,i ysre olajd ;sfnz'
weiska is|= lrkqfha oY!k lD;Hhhs' fuys oS wei ysre f,i ksrEmKh jSu
uZ.ska wdf,dalh yd wZ|=re iajNdjfhys .enzjk odrAYksl ldrAhNdrh u;`lr
fmkajhs' odrAYksl ixorANh ;`< wdf,dalhg fukau wZ|=rg o jgskdula we;'
idudkHfhka fjk;a jsIh oekquz moaO;Ska ;`< nska|=jg jgskdkula
fkdue;sjqj o fmros. orAYkfhys nska|=fjys b;du;a jsYd, jgskdlula .enzjk nj
fmkajd oS ;sfnz' orAYksl ixorANh ;`< nska|=j yeZoskafjkafka Y~kHh
kusks' fuys Y~kHh hkq ixLHd;aul jYfhka lsisjla fkdue;s nj fkdj fuz f,dj
we;s ;dla ish,af,ys u .`Kd;aul jYfhka lsis|= yrhla fkdue;s njhs' odrAYksl
mCIfhka Y~kHfhys .enzjk jgskdlu fjk;a Bg jvd jsYd, ixLHd;aul w.hl .enz
fkdfjz' tfukau wdf,dalfhys jgskdlu f,djg fmfkafka wZ|=r ksid fyhska
16
wdf,dalhg fukau w.hla wZ|=rg o ,efnk nj fmkajd fohs' fjk;aa f,ilska
lsjfyd;a wdf,dalh yd wZ|=r Tjqfkdjqkag idfmaCIlh' fuu Yaf,dlfhys wrA:h
mrudrA: .fjzIkh lsrSuhs' ukqIH iajNdjhla jYfhka urKh Wreu jqjo urKfhys
jsoHudk fmd|= nj" mrudrA:uh i;a;dj .@yKh lsrSu iZoyd idudkH weiska
ksrSCIKh lr ,nd .kakd f;dr;`re j,g jvd by< ksrSCIKhla fukau odrAYksl
pska;khla o wjYH nj fuz ;`<ska u;` lrfohs' jreK yd us;@ ixl,amhkaf.ka
fmkajk us;@Fjh ( yeufoku ush hkafka kuz ush hEu Wreu fldg we;s ish,q
iFjhka jsIfhys oelajsh hq;` wkqluzmdj uqiq us;@YS,S iajNdjh ) urKh
keue;s fmd|= mrudrA:uh i;a;dj .fjzIKh lsrSu uZ.ska ,nd .;hq;` by,u
nqoaOsM,h nj fuhska fmkajd fokq ,nhs'
" us;@ iy jreK fofokdKks" ta ieoeyej;a mQclhd ( uu ) Tn
fofokdg |=rska wefik iaf;da;@ .S;sld tjhs' nqoaOsu;`ka fofokdfKks" ta
Tyqf.a hd;sld wi;ajd! huz nqoaOshlska fuka Tjqkaf.a cSjs;fha wjika iuh
mqrjkq uekjs' "
wksjdrAfhkau fuu iaf;da;@ .dhkd lrkq ,nkafka wd.usl
mQcljrfhls' ke;fyd;a lskuz fyda mqoa.,fhla fuz iaf;daia;@ .dhkd lsrSfuka
fy;u taldka; jYfhka ta fya;`fldg f.ku mQcljrh ,nhs' fuys iaf;daia;@ mGkh
hkq fu;a;d ixl,amfhys .`K .dhkd lsrSuhs' fu;a;d kuz us;`renjhs' us;@Fjh
m;`rejk ,nkakd fyj;a us;@Fjfhys .`K .dhkd lrkq ,nkakd taldka;fhkau
mQcljrfhls' ke;fyd;a ta fya;`j ksidu mQcljrh ,enQfjls' fuys mQcljr ,enSfuz
fya;`j f,i oelajkqfha us;`renj me;srjSuh' ish,q iFjhka fj; us;`re nj
m;`rejkakd is|=rkqfha ish,q iFjhkag cSjs; odkh ,nd oSuh' ta fy;`fjka fy;u
urKhg m@;sjsreoaO Yla;sfhys n,fjz.h fjz' us;`renj m;`rejk mQcljrhd urKh
Wreu fldg isgskakd jQ f,dj jeis iFjhkayg wNh fokafkla fjz' cSjh fokafkla
fjz' Tyqg us;`re nfjys wOsm;s jQ jreK yd us;@ hk fojsjreka i;` osjHuh n,h
wdrdamKh fldg we; tfukau jreK yd us;@ fojsjrekaf.a ksrka;r msysgg yd
ie,ls,a,g nZ|=ka jkakd jQ w;sYhska ldreKsl mqoa.,fhla o jkafkah'
" us;@ iy jreK fofojshks" ;Hd.YS,SkS" ( Tn ) jHdma; jQ mD:sjsfhka
uy;a Wi jQ" Wodr jQ wyiska" msh fkd fyZME weiska ( n,d ) wdrCId lrk
17
Ydlhkays;a" ( usksia ) ksjykys;a fjk fjk u ryia T;a;`lrejka uekjska
fhdokafkdah' "
us;@ yd jreK hk ixfla; folska wdf,dalfhys me;srSu yd wia;h hk
fol ksrEmKh fjz' tfukau us;@Fjfhys WKqiquz nj fukau iqug nj o fmkajhs'
us;@f.a fojshdf.a iajrEmfhka us;@Fjfhys WKqiqu oyj, ysre f,i o" jreK
foajshdf.a iajrEmfhka us;@Fjfhys iqug nj rd;@sfhys ysre wia;hg hdu
fya;`fjka yg .efkk isis,a nj f,i o ksrEms;h' fuh iuia; ffcj f,dalfhys
werUquhs' usksid we;`ZM iuia; cSjSkau wdYajdi m@dYajdi lrk jdhqfhys
wka;rA.; wuz,lr ( Tlaiscka ) iajNdjh yg .efkkqfha osjd l, us;@f.a fijfkys
we;s Ydl uZ.sks' tfukau rd;@sfhys oS jreKf.a wkqn,fhka tu Ydlu m@;s –
wuz,lr ( ldnkavfhdlaihsvz ) ksmojkq ,nhs' fuu iQrAhdf,dalh flaJ|@ lrf.k
Ydl m;@ ;`< wka;rA.; yrs;m@o Wmfhda.Sfldg m@Ndixiaf,aIK l@shdj<sh
ksid yg .efkk funZ|= wuz,lr yd m@;s – wuz,lr iajNdjh us;@ yd jreK oajs
l@shdldrSFjh ksid we;sjk tla ffcj ridhk ixisoaOshla muKs' idudkHfhka
funZ|= ffcj ridhk ixisoaOSka b;d jsYd, m@udKhla wdf,dalfhys yd
wkaOldrfhys moku jQ iQrAhhd fya;`fldg f.k yg.kS' jsoHd;aul pska;kh
jrAOs; jrA;udkfhys fuka ta iEu ixisoaOshlau ijsia;r f,i fN#;sl jsoHd yd
Y`oaO jsoHd kHdkqidrSj mejiSug yels fkdjQ |=rd;S;fhys oS tnZ|=
jsoHd;aul ixisoaOSka ryia yd fkdjsiZosh yels .egZM f,i ie,lsKs' |
=rd;S;fhys mej;s oekqu wkqj tnZ|= oekquz moaO;Ska wkdjrKh lr .ekSu
uy;a jsYd, fohla f,i fmksks' ryia f;dr;`re .fjzIKh iZoyd m@OdkSka
fhdojk ,o ta ioZyd mqre|= mqyqKq l, jsfYaIs; mqoa.,hka ryia T;a;`lrejka
yd pr mqreIhka f,i yeZoskajsKs' jreK yd us;@hk fojsjre m@OdkSka f,i
ie,l`Kq fyhska Tjqka iajNdj Ou!hdf.a ryia iajNdjh wkdjrKh fldg tuZ.ska
ck;djg Wojz Wmldr lsrSu WmudrEml yd w,xldrj;a f,i idys;Huh
iajrEmhlska hqla;j mejiSug h;ak ord we;s wdldrh fuz Yaf,dalh uZ.ska b;d
losug ksrEmKh fjz'
" ( uu ) us;@f.a;a" jreKf.a;a wKil jrAKkd lrus' ( Tjqkaf.a ) n,h"
uyd jsl@ufhka fodf,dj ( wyi iy fmdf<dj ) fjka lrhs' hd. fkd lrkakjqkaf.a udi
( ld,h ) mq;`kaf.ka f;dr j .; jS fhajd! hd.h flfrys ;u is; ia:djr l< ;eke;af;a
( ish ) mrmqr jrAOkh flfrAjd! " 43
18
fuys uu hkqfjka jrAKs;j we;af;a funZ|= hd. ldrAhhka iZoyd ks,
jYfhkau kuz flrS isgskakd jQ mQclhska jsh hq;`h' us;@@ yd jreK
fojshkaf.a wKil jrAKkd lrkafka tu wKil os.ska os.gu mj;ajd f.k hEfuz
ldrAhNdrh tu mQcl fmf<ka;sh w;ska bgq jQ hq;`lula jQ fyhsks' tu hq;`lu
bgq lsrSu hkq iudcfhys wdlD;sluh iajrEmh ta jQ wdldrfhkau ixjsOs;j
mj;ajd .ekSug W;aiy .ekSuhs' fuys wka;rA.; wKil hk jofkys wK hkq
jsOdkd;aul iajrEmhhs' tfia fyhska wKil hkak mqZM,a jYfhka wF:!l:kh l<
jsg tys ffk;sl isoaOdka; ish,a,u .enzjS we;' tfukau fuys wka;rA.; n,h
ms<snZo ioyk kQ;k orAYkfhys yd iudc jsoHdfjys n,h ( Power ) ms<snZo
b.ekajSuz iuZ. tla;rd wdldrhl iudk njla Wiq,kq ,nhs' kQ;k jsIhhka j,oS n,h
ms<snZo fokq ,enQ wrA:l:kj,ska n,h hym;a f,i fhdojkafka flfiao hk
meyeos,s lsrSuz iuZ. fuzjd jvd;a jevs iudkFjhla olajhs' ta wkqj us;@ yd
jreK ixl,am uZ.ska fmkajkq ,nk us;@Fjh ms,snZo wdl,amh n,h flfia
l@shdfjz fhosh hq;` oehs hk m@Yakhg ms<s;`rla f,i bosrsm;a jS ;sfnz'
fuys hd.h hkqfjka jsia;r jS ;sfnkqfha ffu;@sh oelajSuhs' ta wkqj il,jsO ffc
m@cdj flfrysu ffu;@sfhka hqla;j jdih lsrSu jsYd,u hd.hhs' tfia jdih
fkdlrkakd jQ mqoa.,hdf.a mrmqr mj;ajd f.k hEfuys Yla;sh wju jk nj fuys
fmkajd fokq ,nhs' mq;`ka jsrys;j l,ayerSug is|=jk nj fmkajd oS ;sfnkqfha
fuz ksidh' tf,i iuia; ffcj m@cdj jsIfhysu ffu;@sh me;srjSug yels mqoa.,hka
flfrys ish mrmqr mj;ajd f.k hEfuys Yla;sh fkduZoj msysgk nj fuhska
fmkajd fokq ,nhs' fuhska jHx.fhka lsh fjkafka ffu;@S n,fhka iuia; ffcj
m@cdj tlai;a jk nj;a tfia fkdjQ l, yeu jsg hqouh yd W;am;a;suh jYfhka
Tjqka jskdYhg meusfKk njhs'
" nqoaOsu;a n,j;`ka fofoKdKks" huz ;ekl wreuhla fkd fmfkk"
wnsryila fkd jk ( fkd fmfkk ) fuz ish,a, ( m@Yxid ) Tn fofokdghs' ( Tnf.a )
ryia T;a;`lrejda usksiqkaf.a us:Hdjka ,qyq neZo fh;a' Tn fofokd fkd oek
is|= jk ryia oek .kakg ke;' "
jsYajh i;` usksia nqoaOshlska oek .ekSug wiSre tfy;a il,jsO
f,dal iajNdjh wkdjrKh lsrSug tlu udrA.h jkqfha us;@ yd jreK ixl,am folska
fmkajk mrsos ffu;@sh jevSuhs' iuia; ffcj m@cdfjys iuzNjh meje;au yd
19
jrAOkh ms<snZoj tlu ryi jkafka o thhs' usksiqka jsIfhys ta ryi wkdjrKh
lr .ekSu msKsi Tn foofkdf.a ryia T;a;` lrejka jQ us;@ yd jreK fojsjreka i;`
wiydh ffcj wdnJOkSh ,CIKh tkuz fu;a;d ixl,amh jsjsO iajrEm j,ska fmkS
isgS' tu ixl,amh usksiqka w;r me;sr we;s jsjsO jQ uk%l,ams;
ms<s.ekSuz w;rg tkafka tu ms<s.ekSuzj, ksrEmKh jkakd jQ jsjsO
iajrEmj,ska hqla;jh' ohdj" fm@auh" ifydorFjh" lreKdj" fifkyi" ud;DFjh yd
us;`renj tjka ijrEmhkaf.ka iuyrls' usksiqkaf.a ms,s.ekSuzj,g wkqj Tjqkaf.a
jsjsO is;sjs,sj,g wkqrEmj us;@Fjh fl;ruz jsYd, yeZ.Suz m@udKhlg
mrsjrA;kYS,S jqjo ta yeu yeZ.Sulu moku us;@Fjhhs' fuz ksid us;@Fjh ta
ms<snZoj fkdoek l`uk yeZ.Sulaj;a fyda is;sjs,a,laj;a cSjS is;lg we;s
fkdfjz' us;@Fjfhys ryia wkdjrKh lr.ekSfuz yelshdj t;ruzu wisrsu;ah' ffcj
f,dj ;`< yg .kakd iEu is;sjs,a,lau oek .kakd iqZM iajNdjhla
us;@Fjfhys .enzjk nejska us;@ yd jreK uZ.ska ksrEmKh jk fu;a;d ixl,amh
i;` fkdjkakd jQ ryia wkdjrKh fkdjkakd jQ l@ufjzohla we;af;a ke;' o; hq;`
jQ ryiH jQ ish,af,au wkdjrKlhd kuz us;@ yd jreK hk fofokdh' fuhska
lshfjkafka fu;a;d ixl,amh ;`< .enz fkdjkakd jQ fohla fkdue;s nj yd iEu
fohlau fu;a;d ixl,amh uZ.ska ksrEmKh jk njh'
" ( uu ) oeka kuialdr iys; j hd.h Tn fofokdg lem lrus' ( uu ) us;@
yd jreK jQ Tn fofokdg Woafhda.fhka yZv kZ.d lshus' ( fuz ) kj ixl,amkd
Tn fofokdg m@Yxikh msKsi hs' fuz msrskuk ,o hd;sldfjda Tn fofokd i;`gq
lr;ajd' "
fu;a;d ixl,amh isf;ys jrAOkh lr .ekSu msKsi jer jvkakd jQ
mqoa.,fhl` jsiska fuz wdldrfhka l,amkd l< hq;` nj by; Yaf,dalfhys fmkajd
oS ;sfnz' fndfydfia f.#rjfhka hqla;j us;@Fjh jrAOkh lsrSug leu;s jkafkus'
th tfiau nj us;@ yd jreK foaj ixl,amfhka uqrA;su;a jkakd jQ us;@Fjh
kuska oevs wdya,dofhka hqla;j ta us;@Fjh fjkqfjkau lemfjus' th yZv kZ.d
wduka;@Kh lsrSu hkqfjka wF:!j;a jkqfha thhs' kshudrA:hka iZ.jd
lshk ,oafoys ienE wF:!hka fy,s lrjSu Tn fofokdg wkq.@y msKsihs' wik
fndfyda fokdo fu;a;d ixl,amfhys .`K yeZosk ta uZ.g fhduq jk nejska fuz
ms<snZo oek .ekSu ish,q fokdf.au i;`gg fya;`jla o fjz' tu .`K
kshudldrfhka oek yeZoska myka is;ska hqla;j iqprs;fhys yeisr fu;a;d
20
ixl,amkdj fmrgq fldg f.k ia;~;s m@Yxid msrskuk is;ska hqla;j l,a yerSu
us;@ yd jreK ixfla;fhka uQrA;su;a flfrk fu;a;d ixl,amfhys ienE .`K iqjZo
iamrAY lsrSula o fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh ksrka;r isf;ys i;`g ckkh lrkq ,nkakla f,i
o fuz ;`<ska fmkakquz flfrA'
" us;@ iy jreK fofojshks" hd.hkays oS fuz mQcl fiajdj Tng bgq
lerefKah' wm ish,q |=la lror Tiafia ( bka Tnzng ) f.k uekjs' Tn wm iZoyg
u fi;a Ydka;sfhka hqla; j wdrCId lr;ajd' " 44
wjidkfhys fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Wmfhda.S;djh ms<snZoj wkHhka
oekqj;a lrkq ,nk mQcljrhd ms<snZoj wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nhs' us;@ yd
jreK hk fojsjreka ukqIHhka w;rg f.k hkq ,nk md,u f,i l@shdlrkafka fulS
mQclhka nejska fuu fu;a;d ixl,amh m@cdj ;`< jrAOkh lrjSu ms<snZoj
m@udKSlD; ldrAhNdrhla Tjqka w;ska bgq fjz' fojshkag iDcqju usksiqka
w;rg hd fkdyels nejska usksiqka w;rg f.dia fojsshkaf.ka ,;a odhdoh jk
us;@Fjh usksiqka w;r jHdma; lr yrskakd jQ mQcljreka fojsjre jsiska o
iuzudks; nejz fuz uZ.ska fmkajd fokq ,nhs' usksiqkaf.a ish,qu |=la lror |
=re lrkakd jQ tu |=la lror j,ska Tnzng Tjqka leZojd f.k hkq ,nkakd jQ
mqoa.,hd kuz mQcljrhdh' ta iZoyd mQcljrhdg us;@ ixl,amfhys;a fkduZo
iyh ,efnz' us;@ ixl,amfhka ,efnk fkduZo iyh msgsjy,a fldgf.k ish,a,kaf.au
ish,qu |=la luzlfgdZM bj;g m<jd yrskq ,nhs' fu;a;d ixla,mh isf;ys jrAOkh
lrjSu fya;`fldg f.k is;g we;sjk mgs> is;sjs,s yd .efgk iajNdjh bj;a lr is;
m@uqos;j i;`gska ;efnhs' by; ish,q |=la luzlfgdZM m<jd yrsk nejz
iZoyka jSu uZ.ska fmkakquz lrkqfha fuhhs' is;g wjYH m@udKhg ffu;@sh
jrAOkh lr.;a ;eke;a;dg wjYH ;ruz ld,hla wjYH ;ruz m@udKhlska is;g
m@S;sh we;`,;a fldg f.k iqrCIs;j jdih l< yelsh' nsh" wkdrCIs; yeZ.Su"
ielh" BrAIHdj" |=la uqiq is;sjs,s fu;a;d ixl,amh fkdue;s nfjys ,CIK jk w;r
fuu yeZ.Suz is;ska bj;a jSug kuz fu;a;d ixl,amh wjYH m@udKhg isf;ys
jrAOkh l< hq;`h'
mYapd;a ld,Skj ffjosl ckhd jsiska iQrAh fojshka yeZoskajSu
iZoyd m@Odk kuz ;`kla Ndjs;d lr we;' tajdkuz ‘us;@’jsIaKq yd mQIka hk
kuz ;`khs' thska ‘us;@’ hk kduh bka|=-BrdKSh hq.fha mgka jsldYh
21
fjuska mej; wd jpkhhs. uq,oS ffjoslfhda us;@ jsIaKq yd mQIka hk kuz ;`k
iQrAhhdg jsfYaIK kdu f,i jHjydr l<y.miqj th ta ta f.da;@hg wh;a iQrAhh
foaj;d iuQyhlg jHjydr jkakdjQ kdu f,i jsldYhg m;ajsh' 45
iEu [email protected] ft;sydisl wd.usl YsIapdpdrhlu wNspdr jsOs ;`<
jsoHudk ysre msoSfuz isrs; usksia udkisl l@shdldrSFjh wkqj b;d iajNdjsl
ixisoaOshls' fuh .@Sl wd.usl wNspdr jsOs ;`< wksjdrAh wx.hla f,i oela
fjz' maf,afgda jsiska rps; Republic ( iuQydKavqj )46 kuz .@J:fhys iQhH!hdg
lrkq ,nk fuu mQcdjka mrudorAY njg m;alrkq ,ensks' Tyqg wkqj iQhH!hd
hkq idOqFjfhys ixfla;hls' mrAishdfjz o fuu iQhH! mqcdj oel .ekSug ,efnz'
f,dalfha ish,q wdf,dalfha yd cSjfha l;D jQ iQhH!hdg mjrd fok ,o W;a;rs
udkqIsl n,hka we;' ia:djr yd cx.u ish,af,ys u cSjh jkafka o Tyqh' ish,a,
olakd jQ ish,a, fufyhjkq ,nkakd jQ f,dalfhys wOsm;shd Tyqh' Tyq
usksiqka Tjqkaf.a ldhH!hka bgq lsrSug mqnq|=jhs' wZ|=r |=r ,hs' t,sh
fohs' ia:djr cx.u ish,af,a u wdrCIlhd jQ iQhH!d usksiqka foi my; n,uska
usksiqka w;r yrs jeros wjf,dalkh lruska WNh f,dalhka ;rKh lrkq iZoyd
Wodfjhs' fuz wkqj iQhH!hd f,dalfhys uejquzlre yd tys woajS;Sh md,lhd
njg ksrdhdifhka u m;a fjhs' us;@ ixl,amh uZ.ska ksrEmKh lr
olajkq ,nkafka fuu iQhH!hd i;` n,hhs' fuz wkqj us;@ ixl,amh uZ.ska
uqZM uy;a udkj YsIaGdpdrfhys u .enzjk w;sYhska [email protected] ft;sydisl wd.usl
jsYajdihla ksrEmKh fldg olajhs' 47
us;@ weoys,a,g ;j;a ksoiqkla kuz mqrdK mrAishdkqjka yd
bkaoshdkqjkaf.a ysre fojshdhs' fuz ysre fojshd ms<snZo weoys,a, l@s'
mQ' 67 jk Y; jrAIfha oS frdauh wdl@uKh l< fY@aIaG wef,laiekavrA
wOsrdchdf.a wOsrdcHfhka Tnzng mjd jHdma; jQ wd.usl ixialdr jsOshls'
th mqZM,aj(180 – 92) jHdma;j mej;sfha rdclShhka w;r mej;s ufyaYdlH
weoys,a,la f,ihs'48
jd.a jsoHdZ{hska jsiska jd.a jsoHd;aul mrAfhaIKhka wkqj fmkS
hk lreKla kuz bka|= wdhH!hka kuska yZ|=kajkq ,nk ckfldgzGdYfhao"
BrdKShjrekaf.ao" hjkhkaf.ao" ia,djz ,s;afjzkshka iy crAuka cd;slhkaf.ao"
b;d,s cd;slhkaf.ao" hkdoS wdldrfhka wdishd;sl yd ngysr f,i jrA;udkfhys
m@p,s;j we;a;djQ cklKavdhuzj, wdoSu uq;`ka us;a;ka w;r fu;a;d ixl,amh
22
ms<snZoj jHdma;j mej;s tlu iajrEmfha wd.usl weoys,s yd jsYajdi
wdosfhys mej;s mq|=u M<jk iq,q iudkjh ksid Tjqka |=rd;S;fha NdIdj yd
isrs;a jsrs;a w;ska wfkHdakH iuznJOluz olajuska tlu jsYd, m@foaYhl iuQy
jYfhka cSj;a jQ msrsila njhs' ;jo |=rd;S;fhys lsishuz osfkl tlu msrsila f,i
jsiQ ngysr foaYjdiS ck iuQyhkaf.ka fjkaj wd Ndr;foaYSh jeisfhdao"
BrdKSh cd;slfhdao" tfia fjkaj wd kuq;a tlg fjfiuska bka|=- BrdKSh ck
iuQyh kuska jsfYaIfhka yZ|=kajkq ,enQy' fuz ld,fhaoS fudjqka w;r mej;s
fu;a;d ixl,amh jv jvd;a ixjrAOkh jkakg jsh' miqj BrdKShjrekaf.ka o fjkajQ
m@dpSk wdhH!hka tkuz Ndr; foaYjdiS wdhH!hka ta ngysr m@foaYj,ska
bkaoshdjg ( Ndr; foaYhg ) bka|=l`Ia lZ|=jegsh yryd m@fjzYjkakg we;ehs
ie,fla' fudjqka uZ.ska iuia; Ndr;h mqrdu fu;a;d ixl,amh jHdma; jkakg
we;'49
us;@ ixl,amh ia;@SFjh yd ud;DFjh uQrA;su;a lsrSu msKsi
Ndjs;d jS we;s wdldrh ffjosl idys;Hh wOHhkh lrkafkl`g oel .; yelsh'
iQrAhhdf.a jsjsO ,CIK ms<snZoj wjOdkhg ,lal< ffjoslfhda tajd W;amdol
Yla;sh m@dKj;a lsrSfuz n,h os,sfik iajNdjh jYfhka jrA.SlrKhg ,lafldg tu
jsjsO ,CIK iZoyd jsjsOdlr mhH!dh kduhka wdfoaYl<y.Bg wkq.;j
iQrAhhdf.a <ysre /iaj,ska kefZ.k m@Nd;h fldau< iajrEmhla .kakdnj ie,l~
ffjoslfhda tys wka;rA.; ,d,s;Hh ksid we,au we;s lrjk .`Kh hk wrA:fhka
thg‘us;@’hk kduh jHjydr l<y.fuz wkqj ffjoslhka ‘us;@’Ynsofhka uq|=njo
ia;@SFjfha iyc .;s iajNdjhka jQ ,d,s;Hh o fldau, iqkaor ugis,sgs pu;aldr
ckl iajNdjho ta ksid is;a i;kays ,d W;alrAIj;a jk we,auo ksrAjpkh
fldg ;sfnz.fuz woyia jrAOkh jSfuka miq l,l ‘us;@’Ynzoh fj; iuia; ia;@S
iajNdjh yd ia;@SFjh wdfrdamKh fldg ;sfnz.ia;@SFjh ksrEmKh lrjkakdjQ
fohla f,i ‘us;@’Ynzoh Ndjs;d lsrSu ksid iduQyslFjh neZoSu j.lSu udkj
ys;jdoSnj jeks .`K wka;rA.; ia;@SFjfhys iyc ,CIKhla jQ ud;DFjfha iuzmrAlh
fuhg ,efnkakg jsh.50
jsfYaIfhka iqrAhhd i;` jQ W;amdol Yla;sh flrys ffjosl ckhdf.a
wjOdkh fhduq jS mej;sks' uqZM uy;a jsYajfhau W;amdolhd iQrAhh
Yla;sh uZ.ska m@Njh jkakd jQ fohla hk yeZ.Su fujlg ffjoslhka ;`< uq,a
nei.kakd ,o yeZ.Suls' b;sydiZ{hka yd udkj jsoHdZ{hka fmkajd fokafka
23
fuh ffjoslhka muKla i;` wdl,amhla fkdj [email protected] udkj ish,qq YsIagdpdrj,
meje;s m@druzNl wNspdruh ixl,amhla njhs' udkj [email protected] iuzNjh is|
=jkqfha ia;@Sh i;` cSj W;amdol iY@SlFjh ksid nj ms<s.efka'tfyhska
iQrAhhd i;` jQ uSg iudk jQ W;amdol Yla;sh ia;@shf.a tlS ksirA. Yla;shg
iudk lr oelafjz' tksid iuia; ffcj [email protected] wdruzNl Yla;s m@Njh f,io ish,q
pu;aldr ckl oE tlaj neZo ;nkakla f,io us;@ ffjoslhka w;r ms<s.ekSug
md;@jsks'uska us;@ ixl,amh pu;aldr ckl iajrEmhla .kakd,oS'tu iajrEmh
ia;@shlf.a Ndjuh ,S,dj yd iudk hehs ie,lSug ffjoslhka fm<USug fya;`j
us;@ i;`jQ nJOkSh iajrEmhhs'tksid il,jsO ffcj m@cdj w;r ifydaorFjh fyda
us;@Fjh jeks Tjqka tluq;` lrkakd jQ lsishuz neZoSula yg .ks;ehs Tjqka
jsYajdi l< nj meyeos,s fjz'51
fmroS ud;DFjh jeks iyc ia;@S,laIK wdfrdamKh lr ;snqfka iajNdj
OrAuh fj;h' t;l`|= jqj;a wdl,am mrsjrA;kh;a iuZ.u iajNdj OrAuh fj;
wdfrdamKhlr ;snQ foajFjh miqld,Skj udkj iajrEmfhka oelajSfuz wjYH;djh
u;` jsh'foaj;ajh udkj yevfhka uQrA;su;a lsrSfuz wjYH;djh u;` jSu;a iuZ.u
mdfya ndysr |@jHh uZ.ska Tjqkaf.a wNka;r ps;a; ixl,am bosrsm;a
lsrSfuz l,d;aul pska;khg uQ,sl moku fuhska jegsks' mYapd;a ld,Sk hq.j,
oS nsys jQ jsjsO l,d ksrAudKhka iZoyd wjYH lrk ksrAudKYS,S wdl,am o
fuz wd.usl woyia Tiafia jsldYhg m;ajsh'52
us;@ ixl,amfha b;sydih .fjzIKhlrk mrAfhaIlfhl`g fuz ixl,amh
uZZ.ska ffjosl ixialD;sh fmdaIKhjQ whqre oel.; yel' fuz jsIh fCIa;@h
ms<snZoj mrAfhaIKh l< tuz' jskagksgzia ( M.Winternitz ) kue;s mZvsjrhd
Tyqf.a ‘bkaoshdkq idys;H b;sydih’ ( Histoty of Indian Literature ) kuz lD;sh
uZ.ska by; olajk ,o us;@ ixl,amfha mrsKduhg iuznJO jeo.;a lreKq /ila
fmkajd oS ;sfnz' tys‘us;@’ fojshd yqol,d fojsfhl` fkdj foaj iuQyhlg wh;a
jkafkl` nj olajd we;' uska meyeos,s jkqfha flaj,;ajhg jvd iduQyslnj
jeo.;aluhs' fuu foajiuQyhg wh;a fiiq fojsjre jkafka bka|@"jreK"us;@
wos;s" jsIaKq" mQIka" ure;a" re|@" mc!kH" wYajska hk fojsjrehs' uq,oS
fuu fojsjreka fhdod .;akd ,oafoa iajNdjsl jia;~kag foajFjhla wdfrdamKh
fldg jK!kd lsrSfuz oS fhdod .kakd ,o jsfYaIK mo f,ih' miqj fuu kduhka ta
iajNdjsl jia;~kays Wm,CIKdrA: jsfYaIKfhka tajd yZ|=kajdoSu msKi jHjydr
24
jsks. wk;`rej ta kduhka tu iajNdjsl jia;~ka yeZoskajSu msKsi
Ndjs;dlrkakd jQ mrAhdh kdu njg fmr<S wjidkfha oS iajNdjsl jia;~kaf.ka
fjkia jQ iajdOSk fojsjreka f,i jHjydr jkakg jsh.53
‘us;@’fojshd ms<snZo woyio uq<oS ‘us;@’kue;s ixl,amh
weiqrefldg by; olajk ,o wdldrfhka jsldYhjQ tlls' fuz ksid ‘us;@’fojshd
ksremkh lsrSfuzoS tys uq,a ‘us;@’ ixl,amfha oelafjk wdldrhg uD|=nj
yd ,d,s;Hh fmkajk whqrska ksrEms; jsh' fuz ‘us;@’ ixl,amh fnfyjska
uq,anei m@p,s;j meje;sfha bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh ;`<h' us;@ ixl,amfha
weiqr ,enSu ksid bka|+ksuzk jdiSka idulduS yd b;doshqKq iNHFjhlg
ysusluz lS msrsilajQy' fudjqyq lDIs lrAudka;h iFjmd,kh yd fjk;a Ys,am
lrAudka; wxYj,ska oshqKqjg m;aj iuDoaOsu;a cSjs; .; l<y.54
wdrAhhka kuska ;ukaj yZ|=kajd .;a ffjoslckhd ;u ixialD;sl
wdOsm;Hh wfkl`;a ixialD;Ska flfrys me;srjSu;a iuZZ. bka|=ksuzk ckhd
ffjosl ixialD;sfhys .@yKhg k;`jsh'ta iuZ.u bka|= ksuzk iuh ixl,am hgm;a
lrf.k ffjosl iuh ixl,am wOsm;SFjh orkakg jsh'bka|=ksuzk jdiSka w;r
m@p,s;j mej;s‘us;@’ixl,amfhys wdNdih ffjosl ixialD;shg ,enqks'kuq|=
ffjosl ixialD;sh ;`< ‘us;@’ixl,amh bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfha ;ruz jHdma;j
fkdmej;sfhah' thg jsjsO ldrKd fya;`jsh' tajd my; oelafjk mrsos oelajSug
yel.
1. ‘us;@’ixl,amh ffjosl ixialD;shg wd.ka;`l ixialD;shlska meusKs
fohls'tksid tu wd.ka;`l ixialD;sh flfrys we;s |=rjfndaOh" fkdie,ls,a, yd
fkdms<s.kakd iqZMnj jeks iDKd;aul wdl,amj, n,mEu.
2. fuzjk jsg ffjosl ixialD;sh uq,a;ekf.k ;snsKs'tfiau Tjqka jsiska bka|
=ksuzk jdiSkaj hgm;a lrf.k ;snsKs'tksid ish ixialD;sh bka|=kuzk
ixialD;shg jvd Wiiah hk udkisl wdl,amhl ffjoslhka miqjSu.
3. ;ukag jvd my< ixialD;shl fjfikakkaf.a iuh ixl,am nqoaOs f.dapr
fkdfj;ehs ffjoslhka ;`< ;snQ miq.duS m@;s ffjosl wdl,amh.
4. ;uka jsiska hgm;a lr.kakd,o ixialD;shl jQ ixialD;sl ,CIK yd
wkHkH;d ,CIK ke;slr .ekSug fm<USu TzkEu wdl@uKsl
ck;djlf.a ,CIKhlajSu.
25
5. ta hgm;a lrk,o ixialD;sfhys jQ iuh ixl,amhka flfrys iDcqju jsreoaO jSu
fjkqjg Wmydid;aul f,i yd wjZ{d iy.; f,i ta foi ne,Sug ckhd fhduqlrjSu
ksid ksrdhdifhkau iuh ixl,amhka hgm;ajSu.
6. bka|=ksuzk jeishkaf.a ‘us;@’ixl,amh ;ukaf.a iuh ixl,amhkg
wEZod.kq ,enqfjz mQrAK wjfndaOhlska fyda ioaNdjhlska fkdjSu.
7. bka|=ksuzk jeishkaf.a iuh ixl,amhka ;uka jsiskao
ms<s.kq ,enSu ;`,ska ffjoslhka Wml@uYS,S f,i ;u iuh fj; wdlrAYKh
lr.ekSfuz Wml@usl fpz;kdj u; l@shd lsrSu.
8. bka|= ksuzk YsIagdpdrh ffjoslhka jsiska w;am;a lr.kq ,enQfjz hqouh
jYfhka Tjqka ,nd;snQ w;aoelSuz ksidh'tayer bka|= ksuzkjdiSkag muK
YsIag ixialD;shla fyda oshqKq iNHFjhla ffjoslhkag fkd;snsK'
9. fj<odu yd wdl@uKYS,SFjh uZ.ska w;am;a lr.;a oshqKq YsIaGdpdrhl
iNH;ajh wjfndaO lr.ekSug ;ruz jsfjzl nqoaOshla fyda Wjukdjla
ffjoslhkag fkd;snSu'iEu jsgloSu ffjoslhskaf.a uQ,sl wfmalaIdj jQfha
jdKsc wruqKls'fuz ksid wdOHd;ausl foa ms<snZo Tjqkaf.a Wkka|=j
wju ugzgul mej;sK'
10. bka|= ksuzk YsIagdpdrh i;` ixialD;sl wkkH;dj ms<snZoj ffjoslhka i;`
w,amud;@ oekqu ksid ta oshqKq YsIaGdpdrh i;` Wiia iNH;ajh yd
uqiq jSug ffjoslhkag fkdyels jSu'
11. bka|= ksuzk jdiSka ;ukag jvd fkdoshqKq ixialD;sl ,CIK we;s ffjosl
YsIagdpdrh iuZ. ksr;`re u;jdoSj yd odrAYkslj .efguska ffjoslhkag ish
Wiia ixialD;sl ,CIK yd wkkH;dj ms<snZoj lreKq wjfndaO lrjSfuz
m@cd;ka;@jdoS W;aiyhkaj, ksr;jSu ksid Ndr;h mqrdu odrAYksl
jsma,j werUSu'
12. fu;a;d ixl,amh flaJ|@ lr .kakd ,o Ndr;Sh odrAYksl jsma,jfhys uQ,sl
moku jQfha wjsysxidjdoS yd ysxidjdoS b.ekajSuzh' tksid tu odrAYksl
jsma,jh m@lg jQfha jsjsO Ydia;Djre yd jsjsO wd.usl b.ekajSuz w;r
mej;s idrOrAu jsma,jhla f,ihs'
by; olajk lreKq ;`,ska fmfkkafka ‘us;@’ ixl,amh ffjosl ckhd ;`<
t;ruz jHdma;j os.`l,la fkdmej;`kq njhs. miql,l oS n@dyauK iuzm@odh
nsysjkafka ffjosl ixialD;sh miqnsuzfldg f.kh.55 b;d os.` l,la ffjosl
ixialD;sfhka negluska hgm;aj tfy;a iuzmQrAKfhkau fkdkeiS mejf;uska
26
wd bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh miqnsuz fldg f.k miql,l oS Y@uK iuzm@odh
nsys fjz'56 Y@uK iuzm@odh nsys jSu iZoyd uQ,slju mokuz jkqfha bkaoSh
YsIaGdpdrfhys wdrAhd.ukh ksid hgm;aj .sh wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrh i;`
[email protected] ft;sydisl ixialD;sl ,CIK nejska Y@uK iuzm@odfhys uQ,sl
b.ekajSuz ilia jkqfha wdrAhh YsIaGdpdrh mokuz fldg nsys jQ n@dyauK
b.ekajSuzys idrOu! jsfrdaOS iudch fj; n,y;aldrfhka mgjk ,o oroZvq
wdlD;sluh ,CIKhkag jsreoaOj hk wdldrfhks'57
fuz fya;`j ksid n@dyauK b.ekajSuzys wka;rA.; whqla;s iy.;
ysxidjdoS yd idrOu! jsfrdaOS ,CIKhka foi jspdr mQjlj l,amkd lr ne,Sug
tod idudkH ck;djg wjia:djla ie,isks' ysxidj" ffjrh yd rgj,a wdl@uKh uZ.ska
tod wdrAhhka n@dyauK b.ekajSuz uqZM uy;a Ndr;h mqrdu jHdma;
lsrSug W;aiql jQ w;r tjeks l@shd uZ.ska oevs f,i mSvdjg m;a jQ idudkH
ck;djg o tjeks foa j,g jsreoaOj l@shd lsrSfuz uy;a wjYH;djhla o
ygf.k ;snsKs' ulaksid o h;a wdrAhhka fuka ysxidjdoS l@shdj, ksr; jSfuka
fkdj wkHhka w;r us;@Fjh iyfhda.S;djh yd ifydaorFjh jrAOkh lsrSu
uZ.ska ;Dma;su;a jkakg iajNdjfhka u bka|= ksuzk jdiSka yqre mqre|=luz
,enQ YsIaGdpdrhla jQ fyhsks'58
us;@ ixl,amfhys iuzmrAlh Igz Ydia;Djrekaf.a jsjsO b.ekajSuz
jsIfhys Wmhqla; jQ wdldrh ms<snZoj lreKq wOHhkh lsrSu uZ.ska nq|
=iuh my< jSug wdikak ld, jljdkqj ;`< tu ixl,amfhys jsldih .ek ukd
wjfndaOhla ,ensh yels fjz' by; olajk ,o jsia;r wkqj us;@ ixl,amh
nsysjQfha;a th mqZM,aj yeoS jevS fmdaIK jQfha;a Y@uK iuzm@odh
nsysjSug miqnsuzjQ bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh ;`< nejz ;yjqre jsKs.fuz wkqj
us;@ ixl,amh Y@uK iuzm@odh i;` wkkH;dj m@lg lsrSfuz ,CIKhla f,io yZ|
=kd.; yelsh.miq ld,hloS n@dyauK iuzm@odh wnsnjd .shdjQ mQrK liaim"
ulaL,S f.daid," wcs; flailuzn," ml`Olpzpdhk" ixch fn,a,gzGsmq;a; yd
ks.KaGkd:mq;a; hk Igz Ydia;Djre wh;ajQfhao Y@uK [email protected]
Ydia;Djreka my<jSu tod ld,Sk iudc wjYH;djhla jQfhao n@dyauK
iuzm@odh i;` wd.usl ixl,am ;`< nyd md,l mx;sh fj; ms<s.kajk ,o" uqZM
uy;a iudch mSvkhg m;a lrjk" oroZvq iudc md,k Wml@u wka;rA.;
b.ekajSuz j,ska Ndr;Sh iudch fyuzn;aj mej;s nejsks'59
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Igz Ydia;Djrekaf.au wd.usl b.ekajSuz taldka; jYfhka n@dyauK
iuzm@odfha uqZM uy;a iudch mSvkhg m;a lrjk" oroZvq iudc md,k
Wml@u wka;rA.; b.ekajSuzj,g jsreoaOj bosrsm;a jQfha iudch oevs
jevjiuz mx;s.; ffjrfhka yd ysxikfhka uqojd .ekSu ta Ydia;Djre ish,q
fokdf.au wNsm@dh jQ ksidhs' iudch Wia my;a l`, mx;s jYfhka fnod
mSvs; fldgia ;j|=rg;a mSvhg ,lalsrSug wkq.@y olajk b.ekajSuz j,g iDcq
f,i tfrysjhEu ;u iuh ixl,am f,i yZ|=kajd fokakg Y@uK iuzm@odh ks;ru
Wkka|= jsh' fuz ksid Y@uK iuzm@odfha we;euz b.ekajSuz jspdr mQrAjl
f,i fyda tlaflda uqZMukskau wodk.@dyS f,i fyda iudcfha mej;s nuqKq
iuzm@odhg tfrysj nsysjsh' tys uQ,sl woyi iudc ysxikhg tfrysjSu muKls'
kuq|= fuys wdpdr jsoHd;aul fkd.e,mSuz jsoHudkh' funZ|= b.ekajSuzj,
wNsm@dh nuqKkaf.a m@dK>d;l hd.h m@;slafIam lsrSuhs'nuqKka
l`i,.duS m@;smodjla f,i yZ|=kajd fokq ,enQ m@dK>d;l hd.h idjoH jQjla
nj ck;djg fmkajdfokq ,ensK' fuhg fya;`jQfha Y@uK iuzm@odh jsiska hd.h
m@;slafIamlsrSu msKsi bosrsm;al< odrAYksl wdl,amhs'fun|= lreKq ksid
hym;a fpz;kdjla Tiafia Y@uK iuzm@odh ;u wd.usl b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a
l<nejz ms<s.ekSug is|= fjz' fuz hgf;a iDcqju fu;a;d hkqfjka jHjydr
fkdjQjo iuzmQrAK jYfhka idrA:l fyda ffck iufhys fuka wrAO jYfhka idrA:l
jHdhduhla fkdjQjo" fu;a;d hkafkys woyi .enzjk b.ekajSuz Y@uK
iuzm@odh ;`< b;d nyq, jYfhka bosrsm;a lsrSug huzlsis wjxl mrsY@uhla
ord we;snj fmfka. fu;a;d ixl,amfhka flfrkafkao ish,q wdldrfha ysxikhkag
jsreoaO jSu nejsks' kuq;a wjdikdjlg ffck iuh yer fiiq Y@uK iuzm@odhhka
uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrk ,o b.ekajSuz ksid iuia; Ndr;Sh iudch wdpdr
jsoHd;aul mCIfhka oevs f,i mrsydksh lrd .uka l< nj;a tlS wvqmdvqj ksidu
tu wvqmdvqluz |=re lsrSu msKsi nq|=iuh my< jQ nj;a fmfkkag ;sfnz'
Igz Ydia;Djreka w;rska wka; fN#;sljdoS u;hla ork wcs; flailuzn,f.a
b.ekajSuz wkqj fmfkkafka ish,qu wdldrfha [email protected] m@;sM, fudyq
jsiska m@;sfCIam lrk ,o njhs'60 tfukau ish oyfuz uQ,sl ixl,amh f,i
wlsrshjdoh bosrsm;a lrk mQrK liaim ta b.ekajSuz uZ.ska fydZo krl jYfhka
l@shdjka jsksYaph lsrSu m@;sfCIam lrk ,o nj fmfka'61 ;u uQ,sl b.ekajSu
f,i ima;ldh jdoh bosrsm;a lrk ,o ml`O lpzpdhk ish b.ekajSuz uZ.ska
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fmkajd fokqfha Tyq lu!h yd lu! M,h fkdms<s.;a njhs'62 oevs ixYhjdoS
odrAYksl ia:djrhla weiqre lsrSu ;u uQ,sl oyu f,i olajk ,o ixch fn,a,gzGs
mq;a; ish b.ekajSuz uZ.ska ksYaps; l`i, m@;smodjla yZ|=kajd fkd|=ka
nj fmfka'63 ksh; ix.;sjdoh ish uQ,sl oyu f,i fmkajd fokq ,enQ ulaL,S f.daid,
jsiska wlsrshjdoh" wfya;`ljdoh yd ixidr Y`oaOsjdoh jeks wfya;`l
wm@;Hjdohka ;yjqre l<d jskd fya;`M, jdoS wd.usl b.ekajSula bosrsm;a
fkdl< nj Tyqf.a b.ekajSuz wkqj fmfka'64
fuu b.ekajSuz foi ne,sh hq;` jkafka yqfola wdpdr jsoHd;aul
oDIags fldaKhg jvd ;;a hq.fhys m@p,s;j mej;s iduzm@odhsl wOsldrSjdoS
wd.usl b.ekajSuz wrNhd fuu b.ekajSuz ljr wdldrhl n,mEula t,a, lf<ao hk
lreK wkqjh' fuu b.ekajSuz wcs; flai luzn," mQrK liaim" ml`O lpzpdhk"
ixch fn,a,gzGs mq;a; yd ulaL,S f.daid, hk Ydia;Djreka miafokd jsiska
bosrsm;a lrkq ,enSfuz wruqK jQfha nuqKq wdOsm;Hfhka iudch
uqojd .ekSuhs' ful, n@dyauK b.ekajsuz b;du;a ;on, f,i iudch fj,d me;sr
mej;s hq.hla jS ;snsKs' b;d oevs wka;jdoS wd.usl ia:djrhla mej;s
hq.hls'nuqqKka jsiska wd.usl b.ekajSuz f,i iudchg bosrsm;a lrk ,oafoa
iudch mSvdjg m;a lrk ffjrh jmqrjk" ysxidj Wodlrjk" l`,fNaoh ;yjqre lrk"
mx;sfNaoh we;s lrk" iudch oevs oroZvq wdlD;s.; ;;ajhlg yd wdjD;
iajNdjhlg /f.k hkakd jQ lreKqh' Tjqka jsiska tfia ish wd.usl b.ekajSuzj,
yevfhka bosrsm;a lrk ,oafoa udkj jsuqla;shg bjy<ajk pska;khla fkdfjz'
iudc iuznkaO;d ms<snZoj jspdrmQrAjl jSug usksiqka yqre fjuska mej;s
tu ld,jljdkqfjz ke;sjS hk ish wdOsm;Hh kej;;a iudch ;`< ;yjqre lr.ekSug
wjYHjk u;jdo jHdma;sh msKsi nuqKka uy;a fjfyila .kq ,ensK'65
tu ksid tjka iudc wdrA:sl wd.usl foaYmd,k jd;djrKhla yuqfjz
ld,Sk iudc wjYH;djhla jS ;snqfKao yels Wmrsu whqrska tu wka;jdoS
ysxidjdoS n@dyauK b.ekajSuzj,g tfrysj l@shdlrkakd jQ b.ekajSula
bosrsm;a lsrSu usi tuZ.ska iudcfhys wdpdr jsoHd;aul moku nsZo jefgk nj
is; is;d l,auruska isgSu fkdfjz' fuz ksid iFj >d;kh wdoS fkdfhl`;a ysxil
l@shd wkq.ukfhka mj;ajkq ,enQ hd.fhys yd hZ{fhys udrA.fhka jsuqla;sh
Wodfj;ehs i,lkakg lshd|=ka nuqKq oyu ijoH jQjla nj;a" tys fydZo krl l`i,
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wl`i, mska mjz f,i fmkajd oS ;snQ lrKq idjoH nj ;rAldkqidrSj fmkajd oSu;a
hq.fhys ld,Sk iudc wjYH;djh fia ie,lsks'66
ta uZ.ska wysxil ck;dj fj;" n@dyauK b.ekajSuz uZ.ska we;s
lrkq ,enqjd jQ" nuqKq wdOsm;Hfhka ksoyia lr .ekSfuz hym;a fpz;kdj
fmrgq lrf.k ;;a hq.fhys ish,qu Y@uK iuzm@odhhkays b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a
jsKs' fuz wkqj fN#;sljdoh" wlsrshjdoh" ixYhjdoh jeks b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a
jQfha o fulS wdl,amh fmroers lrf.kh' we;euz fofkl` fuu b.ekajSuzj,
wka;rA.; wdpdr jsoHd;aul wufkdaZZ{nj fmkajd fokq ,nkafka tajd
bosrsm;a lsrSfuz uQ,sl wruqK yd ;;a hq.fhys iuh miqnsu ksis f,i
jgydfkdf.kh' t;ruz oekW.;aluz fkdue;s idudkH ck;dj fujeks b.ekajSuz
idjoH wdldrhg .@yKh lr.ekSu ksid iudcfha we;s jshyels wdpdr jsoHd;aul
nsZo jegSu flfrys muKlau wjOdkh fhduq lsrSu jspdrmQrAjlnjg
fkd.e,fma'67 fuz w;r nq|=iuh yqfola n@dyauK b.ekajSuz j,g jsreoaO
jSfuka muKla fkdkej;S wkq.ukh lsrSu iZoyd iq|=iq irAj iuzmQrAK
jsuqla;sh Wod lr.ekSfuz wdpdr jsoHd;aul yd Z{dk uSudxil l@ufjzohla yZ|
=kajd fokq ,enSh' fiiq Igz Ydia;Djreka w;rska wcs; flai luzn," ml`O
lpzpdhk" mQrK liaim" ulaL,S f.daid," ixch fn,a,gzGs mq;a; hk
Ydia;Djreka mia fokdf.a b.ekajSuz yqfola n@dyauK b.ekajSuz j,g
jsreoaO jSu muKlau ish b.ekajSuzj, wruqK lr.ekSu ksid tajdfha
wdpdrjsoHd;aul |=rAj,;d jsoHduk nj meyeos,sj fmfkkakg ;sfnz' 68
fu;a;d ixl,amh ffck Ou!h jsIfhys we;sl< n,mEu ms<snZoj
wOHhkh lsrSu tys mYapd;a ld,Sk jsldih l`uk mokula u; ilia jsKs oehs
f;areuz .ekSug jsYd, msgsjy,la fjz' Igz Ydia;Djre w;rska ks.KaGkd: mq;a;
jsiska bosrsm;a lrk ,o b.ekajSuz ffck oyu nsys jSug WmldrS jsh'69 ffck
oyfuz moku f,i ie,lsh yels mru wjsysxidjdoh uZ.ska o us;@
ixl,amhg ,efnkafka ukd msgsjy,ls' fuu wjsysxidj jkdyS cSjh iys; iEu
fohlska u wE;a jsh hq;` hehs mjik YsCIK udrA.hhs' kuq;a nq|=iuhdkql~,j
fuu YsCIK l@uh ksrjoH hehs mejish fkd yelafla b;du;a wka;.duS f,i
w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.hg .shd jQ l@ufjzohla fudjqka jsiska wkq.ukh l< nejsks'
lsishuz cSjSka fldgilg ydks is|=fj;ehs hk nsfhka iuyr
ffckfhda .uka lrk uZ. msioeuSu o" wdYajdi lrk jsg im@dKsl laIq|@ cSjSka
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weoS t;ehs hk nsh ksid .uka lrk jsg ysi yd uqyqKq wdjrKh fldg .ekSu o"
c,h fmrd mdkh lsrSu o" uS meKs mjd m@;sfCIam lsrSu o lr;s' fudjqka
jsiska wkq.ukh l< wjsysxidj wka;hgu .sh fohla nejska idudkHfhka
wkq.ukh lsrSu b;du;a |=Ialrh'70 fuz |=IalrFjh uydNdr;fhys fufia
olajd ;sfnz' weiska olskq ,ensh fkdyels jQ;a" ;rAlfhka wkqudk lrkq ,ensh
fkdyels jQ;a" [email protected] f,dj msrS we;' wm weia msydgq fid,jk jsg
Wkaf.a w;a md levS jefgz' hkqhs'71 Nd.j; mqrdKh olajkafka o fujeks
woyils' tkuz m@dKh m@dKfhys m@dKh hehs olajhs'72 fuz iqZM i;Hh wu;l
lr oeuQ jsg cSj;a jSu wmyiq jk ;ruzh' fld;kl fyda fjfik lsishuzu
m@dKsfhl`yg ;uka w;ska b;du;a iqZM ysxidjla fyda is|=fj;ehs hk
nsfhka ;ukaf.a wOHd;auhg mKjd .kakd ,o wd;au jOfhka yd wd;au
ysxikfhka hqla;j l,ayerSug fujsg is|= fjz' wd;au ysxikh yd wd;au
jOh .enzjk b.ekajSuz i,ld ne,Q l, ffck iuh mQrAK wjsxidjdoS b.ekajSulehs
mejish fkdyelsh' ffck iuh;`< jsia;rjk fulS wd;au jO yd wd;au ysxik
l@ufjzohka w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.S m@;smodjka f,i nq|=iufhys fmkajd oS
we;' ta w;r wkHhka jsIfhys wysxidjdoS jqj;a ;uka jsIfhys
w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.h f,i wd;au jOh yd ysxikh wkq.ukh l, hq;` jQ wd.usl
m@;smodj f,i fmkajd oS we;s nejska ffck iuh ;`< we;af;a wfkla wdpdr
jsoHd;aul wd.usl b.ekajSuzz ish,af,ysu wka;rA.; jkakdla fuka wrAO
wysxidjdohla nj iuh iudc jsoHdj wkqj o fmkajd osh yelsh'
fu;a;d ixl,amfhys iudc yd fm#oa.,sl Ndjs;dfjz Wmrsuh
ms<sUsnq jkafka mQrAK wjsysxidjdoS mokul nejska tnZZ|= mokul isg
ish wd.usl b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a lrkakd jQ ;@smsgld.; b.ekajSuz ;`<
muKla tu ixl,amfhys WmrSu Wmfhda.s;d ,CIK jsoHudk jk nj fmkajd osh
yelsh' fuz wkqj iuhdka;r miqnsu;`< nq+|=iufhys oelafjk b.ekajSuz;`<
fu;a;d ixl,amfhys WmrSu ixjrAOkd;aul wjia:djka lrd <Z.d jsh yels ffcj
idrOrAu ugzguz l@shd;aul jk nj meyeos,s fjz' idrOrAuhkays WmrSu ;,h
yeujsgu fmd|= uy;a jsYajhgu fmd|= tald;ausl njla yd ffcj iqrCIs;;djhla
mokuz lrf.k we;sjQjla jk fyhska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdOHd;ausl yd iudc
Wmfhda.S;dj jvd;a m@n, f,i nq|=iuh jsiska fuysoS jvd;a oevs f,i wjOdrKh
lrkq ,nhs' fuz wkqj ;@smsgld.; iEu b.ekajSulskau mdfya iuia; ffcj m@cdj
fj; f.k tk mKsjqvh jkqfha o fu;a;d ixl,amfhka m@uqos; ffcj ys;jdoS njuhs'
31
isjzjkla msrsi w;rska .sys mejsos fomsrsigu fu;a;d ixl,amfhys .enzjk ffcj
ys;jdoS ,CIK nq|=iufhka fmkajd oS we;s w;r mejsos Ndjfhys uQ,sl moku
ilia jS we;af;ao fu;a;d ixl,amh fmroers lrf.k nejska nq|=iuh fiiq iuhjdohka
blaujd .sh irAj iuzmQrAK wjsysxidjdoS b.ekajSula bosrsm;a lrkakd jQ
oyula jQ nj fmkajd osh yelsh'
32
