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15 Mark Question’s - Example Answer & Ending Paragraphs.
Lack of antiseptics was a problem in surgery in 1845 as nobody knew about germs and many patients died because of infection even if they survived the operation. In order to resolve this, in 1847 Ignaz Semmelweiss insisted that
doctors wash their hands in calcium carbonate before treating their patient to avoid cross contamination. This made people realise sanitation was good as it
cut the death rate in Semmelweiss’ maternity ward. Louis Pasteur’s ‘Germ Theory’ made people more aware of bacteria and germs in the air that caused
disease and infection. So in 1865, Joseph Lister decided to spray surgical instruments and bandages with carbolic acid in order to sterilise them after having observed the spray being used to kill germs in sewage works and operating theatres. His work meant that the death rate among his patients went from 46% to 15%. Robert Koch built on Lister’s ideas by developing a
steam steriliser, in 1878, which sterilised instruments, this was an example of aseptic techniques as it used steam and not chemicals. Antiseptics were a
massive change to surgery given that they prevented infection and as a result of this, more patients survived newer, more complex (like open heart & brain
surgery), allowing it to become a much safer procedure.
15 Mark Question’s - Example Answer & Ending Paragraphs.
So by this time surgeons could perform longer and more complex surgeries
like brain, open heart and even plastic surgery, the first one of which was
during the first world war. Also, patients could no longer feel pain which was
a big improvement as patients didn’t have to worry about experiencing
agonising pain. However, people were still dying as the hospitals weren’t clean
and patients got infected quickly as a result of this.
Key:Problems With Infection
Improvements With InfectionLinking To Other Events
OBVIOUS Showing Of Improvement
Example Question : In What Ways Did Surgery Change In The Years 1845-1900?
As a result of anaesthetics.
Examples of the results. Evidence/Proof.
Improvement.
Result.
Point leading onto the next paragraph.