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Fluorescent lighting, effect on color perception, lasers fundamentals, reflection, refraction, total internal reflection
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Today: Colors, Lasers, Reflection
Energy efficient “Compact Fluorescent” lighting
Quiz 4
Which color star would be the hottest?
A) RedB) YellowC) OrangeD) BlueE) White
Which color star would be the hottest?
A) RedB) YellowC) OrangeD) BlueE) White
To get glowing red light, peak radiation would be in infrared region
Visible range
Clicker Question—Lighting efficiency
Which of the following is the most energy efficient way of light the home (in terms of portion of energy converted to visible light)
A. Incandescent lightingB. Fluorescent lightingC. Combustion lighting (flame)
Clicker Question—Lighting efficiency
Which of the following is the most energy efficient way of light the home (in terms of portion of energy converted to visible light)
A. Incandescent lightingB. Fluorescent lightingC. Combustion lighting (flame)
Or using natural sunlight is even better!(though you could argue about “efficiency”)
We will have a homework question this week to lead you through an explanation of why this is
true
Homework problem introduction
1. Incandescent – Blackbody radiationColor is yellow (cooler than the sun)Most photons are infrared
2. Fluorescent – Electrons excite mercury, which emits UV photons.UV photons absorbed by phosphors, which fluoresce in visible
3. Incandescent “wastes” lots of photons in the IR.
Visible range
Images:wikipedia
Color perception is a very complicated mixture of physics and physiology
Blackbody spectrum color simulationhttp://www.shodor.org/refdesk/Resources/Models/BlackbodyRadiation
Incandescent (Blackbody) radiation has smooth spectrum, similar to sun (but yellower)
Fluorescent lighting must try to synthesize white light by adding together various fluorescence spectra
http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/learn_about_light/distribution_curves.htm
GE Interactive color boothhttp://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/learn_about_light/color_lamp.htm
Think of the acoustic parallel and a “synthesizer”
DEMOS
Brainstorming--Lasers
Let’s think of lasers we know of, and what kinds of unique properties they have
Lasers: Laser to shoot missiles down; Lasik lasers; optical tweezers; CD/DVD/Blue-ray players; laser pointers; laser printers /copiers; frickin’ shark lasers; laser hair removal lasers; dog laser pointers; bar code scanners; laser tag; surgical lasers (excimer, etc.); metal machining lasers; engraving lasers; wood burning lasers; tatoo removal lasers; laser sights; diamond cutting?
Properties: spectral color (monochromatic); straight lines (more focused “collimated”); accuracy (easy to direct); accuracy (easy to focus to small spot); (coherency)
Lasers…important qualities
Monochromatic – photons all have very close to the same frequency (color)Let’s check this out with diffraction gratings!
Collimated—low divergence angle (usually)
Coherent—all photons have the same phase(we won’t emphasize this for now)
Laser shares some properties with acoustical “pure tone”
How does a laser work? First:http://www.colorado.edu/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/lasers/lasers2.html
How does a laser work?
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
1. Requires some source of energyConservation of energy still applies!
2. Requires an atom with at least 3 energy states(Population inversion)
3. Requires a “resonant cavity”Very similar to the acoustic “flame tube” demo
Laser pointers
Red laser pointer – simple diode laser, fairly cheap
Green laser pointer – complicated and expensive!infrared diode laser “pumps” a second laser, which emits lower frequency infrared. TWO of these infrared photons combine to pump a green laser (frequency doubles).
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) and Laser Diodes
LEDs convert electric current directly into photons (opposite of photovoltaic)
Make a resonant cavity, crank up the power and you have a “diode laser!”
Diode Lasers and LEDs are becoming very useful in the real world. E.g., laser pointers, CD players, traffic lights, etc.
First: what are solar cells?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=napVP6jAZxM&feature=related
Next we’ll start talking about reflection and refraction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6LsXA_FJIE&feature=related
A really fun introduction to the subject! The archer fish
Clicker Question—Reflection
Which of the following diagrams most likely represents the reflection of a ray of visible light from a high quality silver mirror? (The mirror is convex)
A B C
Clicker Question—Reflection
Which of the following diagrams most likely represents the reflection of a ray of visible light from a high quality silver mirror? (The mirror is convex)
A B C
Reflection: Angle of reflection = angle of incidence
Clicker Question
Which of the following diagrams best represents what happens when a red light wave encounters an air / diamond interface?
A B C
Air
Diamond
Clicker Question -- Refraction
Which of the following diagrams best represents what happens when a red light wave encounters an air / diamond interface?
A B C
Air
Diamond
Reflection: Angle of reflection = angle of incidenceRefraction: Imagine the wave as a two wheeled
cart encountering a boundary
Total internal reflection
Imagine what happens when a ray of light is in a higher index of refraction material…
Air
glass
“Evanescent” Wave
Total internal reflection
Total internal reflection a key to fiber optics!-> demo
TIR enables a special surface microscopy technique
Air
glass
“Evanescent” WaveExcite fluorescence in cell with evanescent wave
www.olympusamerica.comRed = TIRFGreen = regular