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Thoughts on the History, Principles and Practices of SRI
-- and Its Importance forthe Present Scenario
National SRI Symposium,Hyderabad, November 17, 2006
Norman Uphoff, CIIFADCornell University, USA
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a ‘work in progress’ – not yet finished
SRI methods usually enable rice farmers to: 1. Raise their production by 50% or more2. While reducing their requirements for:
– Seed -- by 80 to 90%– Irrigation water -- by 25 to 50%– Dependence on agrochemicals, and– Costs of production -- by 10 to 25%
This contributes to higher net income/ha, with favorable environmental impacts
Results depend on skill and SOIL BIOLOGY!
What Intensification is involved?
Usual meaning is to intensify EXTERNAL INPUTS – but these are reduced with SRI
SRI involves the intensification of MANAGEMENT, SKILL, KNOWLEDGE
Initially, SRI requires some intensification of LABOR – but within a season or two, SRI even becomes labor-saving – along with saving of water, seed and capital
The System of Rice Intensification is more about PRODUCTIVITY than YIELDIt raises simultaneously the productivity of:• Land – more output per unit of land• Labor – more output per day of work• Water – ‘more crop per drop’ -- and• Capital – higher returns from investmentThis is quite unprecedentedWhile YIELD is important, not most relevant
concern for farmers or for societyPRODUCTIVITY is key to reducing poverty
and to achieving rural development
SRI = Just Five Fundamental Ideas1. If you transplant, use young seedlings -- but
direct seeding is now being developed as alternative
2. Use wider spacing – single seeding per hill
3. Keep paddy soil moist but unflooded
4. Add organic matter to soil as much as possible
5. Actively aerate the soil -- as much as possible
These ideas transform our current rice practices
Recommend also other beneficial practices, e.g.
a. Seedbed solarization – for healthier seedlings
b. Seed selection/priming -- better germination
c. Determine best variety for local conditions
Review of SRI Results, 2003-05:
1. Bangladesh – IRRI-funded evaluation (N=1,073)
2. Cambodia – GTZ evaluation (N=500); CEDAC evaluation of long-term SRI users (N=120)
3. China – China Agricultural University (N=82)
4. India – ANGRAU (N=1,525), TNAU (N=100), IWMI-India (N=110)
5. Indonesia – Nippon Koei evaluation (N=1,849)
6. Nepal – DADO Morang record-keeping (N=412)
7. Sri Lanka – IWMI evaluation (N=120)
8. Vietnam – farmer field school reporting (N=60)
AVER-AGE
YieldIncrease
Water-Saving
Cost Reduction
Increase in Net Income
11 studies, 8 countries 52% 44% 25% 128%The largest study was in
INDO-NESIA
84% 40% 24% 412%
N = 1,849
Total Area = 1,363 ha
Two Different Paradigms of Production • GREEN REVOLUTION strategy:
(a) Change the genetic potential of plants, and
(b) Increase the use of external inputs -- more water, fertilizer, insecticides, etc.
• SRI (AGROECOLOGY) changes the way that plants, soil, water and nutrients are managed to
(a) Promote the growth of root systems and
(b) Increase the abundance and diversity of soil organisms to better enlist their benefits
These produce bigger/better PHENOTYPES
Ms. Im Sarim, Cambodia,with rice plant grownfrom a single seed,using SRI methods
and traditional variety-- yield of 6.72 t/ha
Mahto Oraon, Malai village, Gumla district, Jharkhand state, India --
Khandagiri (110-day variety) with 65 tillers, grown as ‘rainfed’ SRI rice
SRI
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
IH H FH MR WR YRStage
Org
an d
ry w
eigh
t(g/
hill)
CK
I H H FH MR WR YR
Yellowleaf andsheathPanicle
Leaf
Sheath
Stem
47.9% 34.7%
“Non-Flooding Rice Farming Technology in Irrigated Paddy Field”Dr. Tao Longxing, China National Rice Research Institute, 2004
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0 100 200
N uptake (kg/ha)
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha
)
Grain yield SRI
(kg/ha)
Grainyield Conv
(kg/ha)
Poly.:Grain yield
SRI (kg/ha)
Poly.: Grain yield
Conv. (kg/ha)
Rice grain yield response to N uptake
Linear regression relationship between N uptake and grain yield for SRI and conventional methods using QUESTS model (Barison, 2002)
COST OF CULTIVATION PER HA. (TNAU STUDY, N=100)
PracticesTractor hours @ Rs. 150 / hr
Bullock pair @
Rs. 200 / hr
Men’s Labour
@ Rs. 40 / man-day
Women’s Labour
@ Rs. 40 / man-day
Cost (Rs.)
Conv. SRI Con SRI Conv SRI Conv. SRI Conv. SRI
Nursery Preparation
1 - - - 6 3 0.5 5.5 2,110 681
Main Field Preparation
7.5 7.5 2 2 12 12 - - 2,005 2,005
Manures & Fertilizers
- - - - 7 7 10 10 7,254 7,254
Transplanting - - - - 5 5 55 75 2,400 3,200
Weeding - - - - - 38 80 - 3,200 1,520
Irrigation - - - - 7.5 6 - - 300 240
Plant Protection - - - - 2 2 2 2 660 660
Harvesting 1 1 - - 12.5 12.5 75 75 3,500 3,500
Total 9.5 8.5 2 2 52 85.5 222.5 167.5 21,429 19,060
COST SAVING in SRI system vs. conventional system = Rs. 2,369 ( 11 % )
Economic Evaluation (US$/ha) [Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ. study, N=100]
Conventional practices
SRI practices
Income from grain
(Rs. 5.00 / kg)$ 659 $ 870
Income from straw
(Rs. 0.25 / kg)$ 49 $ 63
Gross return $ 708 $ 933- Cost of cultivation $ 466 $ 414Net return $ 242 $ 519
SRI gets MORE from LESS by mobilizing biological processesSRI requirements include:• More labor while learning the method,
but SRI can become labor-saving• Water control needed for best results• Access to biomass for compost to
get best results -- can use fertilizer• Skill and motivation from farmers!• Crop protection in some cases
Additional Benefits of SRI
• Resistance to biotic/abiotic stresses– Drought tolerance, resistance to lodging– Resistance to pests and diseases
• Higher milling outturn from SRI paddy– Less unfilled grains, less shattering– About 15% more milled rice per bushel
• HYVs and hybrids give highest yield, but local varieties respond very well– With yields in Sri Lanka of 6-12 t/ha
Rice fields in Sri Lanka: same variety, same irrigation system, and same drought : conventional methods (left), SRI (right)
Effect of Weeding = Soil Aeration
412 farmers in Morang district, Nepal, using SRI in monsoon season, 2005
Ave. SRI yield = 6.3 t/ha, vs. control = 3.1 t/ha• Data showed how WEEDINGS can raise yield
No. of No. of Average Rangeweedings farmers yield of yields 1 32 5.16 (3.6-7.6) 2 366 5.87 (3.5-11.0) 3 14 7.87 (5.85-10.4)
Effect of Young Seedling
51 SRI farmers in Morang district, Nepal, who planted popular Bansdhan variety (usual maturity @ 145 days), monsoon season, 2005 – with doubled yield
Age of N of Days to Reductionseedling farmers harvest (in days)> 14 d 9 138.5 6.510 - 14 d 37 130.6 14.4 8 - 9 d 5 123.6 21.4
Farmer Innovation Is Important
• New and better implements – are reducing SRI labor requirements
• New and better methods of crop establishment -- also saving labor
• Extension of SRI concepts and practices to other crops
• Farmer-to-farmer dissemination – significant for the spread of SRI
Roller-marker devised by Lakshmana Reddy, East Godavari,AP, India, to save time in transplanting operations
Four-row weeder developedby Gopal Swaminathan,
Cauvery Delta, Tamil Nadu,India; Gopal also devised the
Kadiramangalam version for high-temperature conditions
Weeder designed by Nong Sovann, Kampong Spreu province,Cambodia; built for $3, getting a $20 increase in value of rice
S. Ariyaratna alsodeveloped a system
for sowing germinatedseed and then thinning
with weeder to savetransplanting time
Super-simple weeder made byGovinda Dhakal, Indrapura-6,
in Morang District, Nepal this cost him 10 Rs. to make,
and 4 person can weed 1 acre.vs. 10-12 persons weeding the field by hand = 60% reduction
SRI direct-seeder designed and built by Luis Romero in Cuba;his transplanted rice gave him 14 t/ha; 40x40 cm spacing was
too wide; his neighbor built 12-row seeder to be ox-drawn
Liu Zhibin, Meishan, Sichuan province, China, standing in his raised-bed, zero-till SRI field; measured yield was 13.4 t/ha;in 2001, his SRI yield of 16 t/ha set yield record for Sichuan
SRI RAGI (FINGER MILLET), Rabi 2004-0560 days after sowing – Varieties 762 and 708
VR 762
VR 708
10 15 21*
*Age at which seedlings weretransplanted from nursery
Results of trials beingbeing done by ANGRAU
System of Finger Millet Intensification on left; regular management of improvedvariety and of traditional variety on right,picture courtesy of PRADAN, Jharkand
SRI ISSUES• LABOR REQUIREMENTS – how to save labor?
• WATER REQUIREMENTS – reduce still more?
• WEED CONTROL – can be made more manageable
• MOST APPROPRIATE VARIETIES -- evaluate
• SOIL FERTILITY ENHANCEMENT – this is key
• INTENSIFICATION → DIVERSIFICATION??
• BIOLOGICALLY-BASED APPROACHES → POST-MODERN AGRICULTURE?
SRI IS NOT FINISHED -- STILL DEVELOPING
THANK YOU
• Web page: http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/
• Email: [email protected] or [email protected] or