22 Nutrition Questions

• Complex needs to function and be healthy.

• Large segment of clientele requires it.

• Necessary in many professional contexts.

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Why understand nutrition?

Chemical compounds that are present in foods.

• Fulfill different functions:• Supply energy for body

functions.

• Provide molecules to build and replace cells.

• Regulate body processes.

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What are nutrients?

• Carbohydrates

• Fats

• Proteins

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• Water4

Six nutrient categories:

A unit of measurement of energy.

• Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram water by 1°C.

• Used to measure how much energy certain foods supply.

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What is a calorie?

Only carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can be used by the body to supply energy.

• 1 gram carbohydrate supplies 4 calories.• 1 gram protein supplies 4 calories.

• 1 gram fat supplies 9 calories.6

Do all nutrients provide the same energy?

• Foods with empty calories provide few nutrients per calorie.• Refined sugars and starches.

• High nutrient density foods provide many nutrients per calorie.• Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

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Does all food bring equivalent nutrition?

Compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms bound together in chains of varying lengths.• Sugars are simple carbohydrates.• Starches are complex carbohydrates.

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What are carbohydrates?

The body’s most accessible source of food energy.• The body uses carbohydrates

as energy first.• One of the important

functions of carbohydrates is to help the body burn fat properly.

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Do we need carbohydrates?

A group of carbohydrates that can neither be absorbed nor used by the body.• Soluble fiber absorbs water and forms a kind of gel.• Insoluble fiber forms bulk in the intestines.

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What is fiber?

• Fats supply energy to the body in highly concentrated form.

• Some fatty acids are necessary for regulating certain body functions.

• Fats act as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins.• Vitamins A, D, E, and

K. 11

Do we need fats?

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Are all fats the same?

Saturated Fats are solid at room temperature.• Major sources:

• Animal Products

• Solid Shortenings

• Tropical oils

• Carbon chain is fully saturated with Hydrogen atoms

• Contribute significantly to heart disease and other health problems.

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What are saturated fats?

• Occur naturally in small amounts.• Most are manufactured (hydrogenation).• Give foods a longer shelf life, desirable taste and

texture.• Limit the body’s ability to rid

itself of cholesterol.

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What are trans fats?

• A fatty substance closely linked with heart disease, as it collects on artery walls and blocks blood flow to the heart and other vital organs.

• It is found only in animal products.

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What is cholesterol?

The average adult needs 50 to 60 grams protein a day.

• Essential for growth, building body tissues, basic body functions.

• Composed of amino acids

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Do we need protein?

• Regulating body function.• Supply no energy.

• Some vitamins must be present in order for energy to be utilized in the body.

• A lack of certain vitamins causes deficiency diseases.

• Some are soluble in water (eliminated), others in fats (stored).

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What are vitamins?

YES!!• Metabolism and other cell functions• Digestion• Delivery of nutrients• Removal of waste• Temperature regulation• Lubrication and cushioning of joints and tissues

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Do we need water?

What is microbiota?

The ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space.

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What is digestion?

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Can we get protein without meat?

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What is a balanced diet?

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Readings

• In your text book:Pages 59 to 96

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• We must consume a varied diet that contains all the essential nutrients.

• Additionally, we must limit our intake of foods that can be harmful in large quantities.

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The Balanced Diet

General recommendations for people who want to remain healthy:

• Get adequate nutrients within calorie needs.• Manage weight.• Engage in physical activity.• Select from the right food groups.• Manage consumption of fats.• Manage consumption of carbohydrates.• Manage consumption of sodium and potassium.• Manage consumption of alcoholic beverages.

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The Balanced Diet

Professional cooks are making their foods more healthful in several ways:

• Using less fat in cooking• Cooking methods that require no added fat can be considered the most

healthful.

• Using unsaturated fats• Try to substitute with monounsaturated fats.

• Emphasizing flavor• Rely more on the natural flavors of foods and less on salt and other

additives.

• Using the freshest, highest-quality foods possible• It is important to use high-quality natural ingredients at their peak of flavor.

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Cooking Healthful Meals

(… cont’d)• Storing foods properly

• loss of nutrients can be slowed by proper storage

• Modifying portion sizes• Smaller portions are likely to be more healthful

• Giving customers a healthful choice• Offer a menu with a variety of foods

• Training the dining room staff• Train dining room personnel to answer customers’

questions about the menu and to offer suggestions when asked

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Cooking Healthful Meals

(… cont’d)• Using nutritional information

• Study the nutritional content of foods in order to plan healthful menus

• Publications are available that list the nutritional content of common food items

• Basic awareness of nutrition helps every professional minimize the fat, cholesterol, and sodium in and maximize the nutritional content and balance of the foods they serve

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Cooking Healthful Meals

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