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Nicholas II
Nicholas II• Alexander III died suddenly
• Nicholas admitted he wasn’t prepared to rule.
• However, he believed it was his god given duty to uphold autocracy.
• In the early years of his rule he followed his father’s policies.
A need for reform?• Nicholas II partially recognised
the need for economic reform.
• He was influenced by Witte.
• However, he was naturally a conservative.
• He made a speech in in January 1895 denouncing the ‘senseless dreams’ of people who wanted democracy.
Speed up Russia’s
industrial and financial growth
Ensure a conservative
agrarian Russia dominated by
the nobility
Nicholas II’s aim:Economic reform without political
change
Train of progress
Lack of structured
policy.
Disorganisation
Nicholas retained
officials from father’s reign.
Pobedonostsev exercised great influence up to
1905
Carriages weighing the train down
Other problems with reform• Government ministers were
dependent on the tsar for their positions.
• There was intense rivalry between them
• Business was done through one to one meetings in which no records were kept
• Russia is a vast country. • It was divided into
districts• The Tsar’s will was not
always followed in remote areas
Other problems with reform• Provincial officials were
badly paid and educated.
• They supplemented their meagre earnings with corruption.
• They were prominent targets for opposition
• They saw intervention by any others as a threat
Middle classes wanted
more power
Other problems with reform• There were changes in the
structure of the ruling elite.
• The merchants, intelligentsia and officials now belonged to the elite.
• They made new demands on the regime to consider their needs.
Give me more power!
Class Size in 1850
% in 1850
Size in 1900
% in 1900
% Up or down?
Nobility 1,000,000 71 1,800,000 55
Officials 114,000 8 500,000 15
Intelligentsia 50,000 4 400,000 12
Bourgeoisie e.g.
Merchants
246,000 17 600,000 18
Total c.1,410,000 100 c.3,300,000 100
Governing class – The posh people
Russia’s problems
EconomicMilitary
Class structure
Law & Order
Massive country – poor
transport
25 year service so
people feared it
Military problems
Military colonies –
lack of control
Strict punishment
45% of gov
spending
Lack of communication
Conscription – unmotivated, badly trained
troops
5% of population tied up in
the military
Military problems –
col 5
Primitive equipment
and transport
Large borders
to defend
Ethnic divisions
Thinly spread forces
Huge country to protect – difficult to station armies in remote, cold
areas
Limited transport
Military problems – col 7
Poorly trained,
unmotivated soldiers
Low population density and
therefore not that many
people
Other national loyalties
Poor communication
Backward – lack of
technology
Climate Very little industry
Economic problems
Poverty, lack of ‘money’ economy
Inefficient farming – backward
serfs
Lack of free trade
Corruption Very poor transport
45% of spending on
military
High tax on vodka –
ineffective tax system
Economic problems
col 5
Lack of investment in industry
Subsistence existence
Mostly agricultural
Small scale
industry
Lack of industrialisation
Agriculture dominates
Economic problems
Col 7
No free market =
lack of trade
Geography – foreign
markets are inaccessible
Only 4% of money went into
education. Only 1 uni and it’s in
Moscow
Lack of a money
economy
Lords were arbitrary in
their punishments
Vast, lack of enforcement
Law & Order problems
Lack of respect for
the law
Exile
Different ethnic groups
Small police force,
mainly in cities
Judges lacked independence and support
Censorship
Law & Order problems
col 5
Local Lords would
commit arbitrary acts of
punishmentExile to
Siberia is ineffective –
widely flouted
Church – belief keeps
people in line
Secret police –
Okhrana
Different ethic groups – not everyone had loyalty to the
Tsar
45% of money
goes into the army
Law & Order problems
Col 7
Tsar’s reach
doesn’t extend to
all of Russia
Lack of respect for the nobility
Undermined by village
‘mob’ justice
Judges lacked
respect – limited power
Discrimination again ethnic minorities
Inefficient and corrupt
Class structure: Problems
Lack of education
Aristocracy holds power
– no meritocracy
1% of pop holding
25% land
Growth of middle class
Serfdom – owe labour to the lord
85% population = peasants
Class structure: Problems
Col 5
Uneducated population
0.25% of population
= rich
Small merchant
class Autocracy
Lack of social
progress and education
1% owned 25% of
land
Class structure: Problems
Col 7
Rural population
only 2% urbanAristocrats
were ignorant
and absent
Peasants are
ignored and
exploited
Rise of the
Middle-class
Lack of reform- Task
• In essence, by 1905 very few reforms had occurred.
• Examine the maps and tables on the handouts
• In pairs list five reasons why Russian reform had not happened by 1905.
Give me more power!
Why didn’t reform happen
before 1905?
Nicholas II
Methods of
Control
I have all the power. Muhaha!
Okhrana Cossacks
Army
‘Hard’ methods
Church – preached
divine right
Censorship
Peasants believed Tsar was ‘father of
the nation’
‘Soft’ methods
Methods of Control: Task
In groups come up with 5 methods you would use if you were the Tsar to control the people.
Possible methods of control
Methods of Control: Okhrana • The Okhrana were the Tsar’s
secret police.
• Their power had been strengthened after Alexander II was assassinated.
• The Okhrana often acted like revolutionaries themselves
• They used different identities and disguises.
Methods of Control: Okhrana
• The Okhrana used information from captured revolutionaries to stop their attacks.
• They spread rumours that the most dangerous revolutionaries were spying for them
Methods of Control: Okhrana
• When revolutionaries were arrested they were softened up with a spell of solitary confinement and total silence.
• Then the Okhrana asked them to act for the good of the country.
• All the best spies were recruited from revolutionary groups.
Numbers
• At the end of the 19th century there were at most 200 permanent informants.
• Their number increased dramatically in 1902 and 1903 it probably stood at roughly 500.
Money, money, money.
• These agents cost roughly 200,000 roubles.
• Valuable long-term informers could earn up to 200 roubles a month, four times the wage of skilled metal workers.
Task• Look at the revolutionary
groups tables on the handout
• In a small group create a table of features for the ‘perfect’ revolutionary group.
• Use features from each group and ideas of your own to invent a formidable revolutionary group.
1905 Revolution
1904 – A tense situation
• A series of bad harvests brought famine to peasants and food shortages in cities.
• A slow-down in industrial growth caused unemployment.
• There were strikes and riots all over the country.
Russo-Japanese War: 1904
How about a short victorious war? It will unite the
people and stop all these strikes.
What a splendid idea. Let’s attack
Japan!Advisor
Russo – Japanese War 1904
• http://moodle.richuish.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1868
Failure• The Russo-Japanese war was a
complete disaster for the Tsar.
• He had expected an easy victory but suffered a humiliating failure.
• The Tsar, whom the Russian people believe was infallible, had made a catastrophic mistake.
Ох ебать!
The 1905 revolution• In January 1905 the war was
causing shortages of food.
• 5 men were sacked from a factory.
• Workers went on strike demanding they should have their jobs back.
• By 7th January 105,000 workers were on strike.
Bloody Sunday• On the 9th January Father Gapon
led workers to present a petition to the Tsar.
• The protestors were carrying pictures of the Tsar.
• They wanted to appeal to him as the Father of the Nation.
• However, when they reached the Tsar’s palace they faced armed guards.
‘Bloody Sunday’
• http://moodle.richuish.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1869
TaskRead the workers’ petition and answer the questions on the sheet.
Cunning plans and
clever tricks
Espionage
• The 1905 Revolution also had other, more obscure causes.
• The Tsarist government did not only use oppression to stop revolutionaries.– It also funded some
groups.
Political Ideas.
• A man called Zubatov was able to set-up several trade unions.
• His greatest triumph was the orderly march of over 50,000 workers in February 1902.
• They marched to the monument to Alexander II to celebrate the anniversary of the Emancipation of the Serfs
• Zubatov’s activity proved to be very effective at stopping revolutionary activity.
• Iskra said:‘it was more terrible to us than is police
brutality.’
Political Ideas.
• However, the Tsar had doubts about Zubatov.
• He felt he was politicising the workers.
• A strike organised by police unions in Odessa escalated into a general strike.
• It was suppressed by force and Zubatov was dismissed
Вы уволены
You’re fired
Father Gapon
• Father Gapon is a significant figure.
• Zubatov liked Gapon and had funded his work.
• Gapon’s Assembly of Russian Factory workers was funded by the Okhrana.
Father Gapon
• Father Gapon was seen by the authorities as being on their side.
• However, in January 1905 Gapon decided to petition the Tsar and march to the Winter Palace.
Bloody Sunday
• The Palace guards feared the crowd and overreacted.
• They shot at the protestors.
Type of Estimate Number killed
Tsar’s officials 96
Anti-government sources 4,000+
Moderate historical analysis c.1,000
In pairs complete this diagram, pp.17-18 in the booklet will help.
What caused the
1905 revolution?
Board game
Russia
The revolution continues
• 3 million workers went on strike
• Liberals formed ‘Union of unions’ – They wanted a constituent
assembly
• The first nation-wide peasant organisation called ‘All-Russian Peasants Union’ was created.
• In August the Tsar promised to create an advisory Duma or parliament.
Second stage: January-August 1905
How about a
nice little Duma?
• However, the Duma’s membership would be elected by rich people.
• It meant little to peasants.
• They continued to riot and seize land.
• The workers also had no right to vote. The concession seemed to please no one.
Second stage: January-August 1905
Hey, Nicholas, you suck!
Third Stage September-October 1905
• Discontented workers went on general strike.
• They set-up ‘Soviets’ (workers councils) to organise strikes.
• The Soviets fell mostly under the Menshevik’s influence.
• The whole country was paralysed by strikes.
Third Stage September-October 1905• The Tsar saw the situation
was hopeless.
• His minister Witte persuaded him to introduce the ‘October Manifesto.’
• This was a major reform which reduced the power of the Tsar.
• It is the biggest consequence of the unrest.
Task
Using the 1905 revolution handouts and p.18 in the booklet summarise:
• The concessions the Tsar offered.
• In what ways the concessions turned out to be a ‘sham.’
• Why the revolution failed.
(Johnson, R. Lenin, Stalin & Communist Russia pp.34-35)