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Nichol as II

02 Nicholas II

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Page 1: 02 Nicholas II

Nicholas II

Page 2: 02 Nicholas II

Nicholas II• Alexander III died suddenly

• Nicholas admitted he wasn’t prepared to rule.

• However, he believed it was his god given duty to uphold autocracy.

• In the early years of his rule he followed his father’s policies.

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A need for reform?• Nicholas II partially recognised

the need for economic reform.

• He was influenced by Witte.

• However, he was naturally a conservative.

• He made a speech in in January 1895 denouncing the ‘senseless dreams’ of people who wanted democracy.

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Speed up Russia’s

industrial and financial growth

Ensure a conservative

agrarian Russia dominated by

the nobility

Nicholas II’s aim:Economic reform without political

change

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Train of progress

Lack of structured

policy.

Disorganisation

Nicholas retained

officials from father’s reign.

Pobedonostsev exercised great influence up to

1905

Carriages weighing the train down

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Other problems with reform• Government ministers were

dependent on the tsar for their positions.

• There was intense rivalry between them

• Business was done through one to one meetings in which no records were kept

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• Russia is a vast country. • It was divided into

districts• The Tsar’s will was not

always followed in remote areas

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Other problems with reform• Provincial officials were

badly paid and educated.

• They supplemented their meagre earnings with corruption.

• They were prominent targets for opposition

• They saw intervention by any others as a threat

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Middle classes wanted

more power

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Other problems with reform• There were changes in the

structure of the ruling elite.

• The merchants, intelligentsia and officials now belonged to the elite.

• They made new demands on the regime to consider their needs.

Give me more power!

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Class Size in 1850

% in 1850

Size in 1900

% in 1900

% Up or down?

Nobility 1,000,000 71 1,800,000 55

Officials 114,000 8 500,000 15

Intelligentsia 50,000 4 400,000 12

Bourgeoisie e.g.

Merchants

246,000 17 600,000 18

Total c.1,410,000 100 c.3,300,000 100

Governing class – The posh people

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Russia’s problems

EconomicMilitary

Class structure

Law & Order

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Massive country – poor

transport

25 year service so

people feared it

Military problems

Military colonies –

lack of control

Strict punishment

45% of gov

spending

Lack of communication

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Conscription – unmotivated, badly trained

troops

5% of population tied up in

the military

Military problems –

col 5

Primitive equipment

and transport

Large borders

to defend

Ethnic divisions

Thinly spread forces

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Huge country to protect – difficult to station armies in remote, cold

areas

Limited transport

Military problems – col 7

Poorly trained,

unmotivated soldiers

Low population density and

therefore not that many

people

Other national loyalties

Poor communication

Backward – lack of

technology

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Climate Very little industry

Economic problems

Poverty, lack of ‘money’ economy

Inefficient farming – backward

serfs

Lack of free trade

Corruption Very poor transport

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45% of spending on

military

High tax on vodka –

ineffective tax system

Economic problems

col 5

Lack of investment in industry

Subsistence existence

Mostly agricultural

Small scale

industry

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Lack of industrialisation

Agriculture dominates

Economic problems

Col 7

No free market =

lack of trade

Geography – foreign

markets are inaccessible

Only 4% of money went into

education. Only 1 uni and it’s in

Moscow

Lack of a money

economy

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Lords were arbitrary in

their punishments

Vast, lack of enforcement

Law & Order problems

Lack of respect for

the law

Exile

Different ethnic groups

Small police force,

mainly in cities

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Judges lacked independence and support

Censorship

Law & Order problems

col 5

Local Lords would

commit arbitrary acts of

punishmentExile to

Siberia is ineffective –

widely flouted

Church – belief keeps

people in line

Secret police –

Okhrana

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Different ethic groups – not everyone had loyalty to the

Tsar

45% of money

goes into the army

Law & Order problems

Col 7

Tsar’s reach

doesn’t extend to

all of Russia

Lack of respect for the nobility

Undermined by village

‘mob’ justice

Judges lacked

respect – limited power

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Discrimination again ethnic minorities

Inefficient and corrupt

Class structure: Problems

Lack of education

Aristocracy holds power

– no meritocracy

1% of pop holding

25% land

Growth of middle class

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Serfdom – owe labour to the lord

85% population = peasants

Class structure: Problems

Col 5

Uneducated population

0.25% of population

= rich

Small merchant

class Autocracy

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Lack of social

progress and education

1% owned 25% of

land

Class structure: Problems

Col 7

Rural population

only 2% urbanAristocrats

were ignorant

and absent

Peasants are

ignored and

exploited

Rise of the

Middle-class

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Lack of reform- Task

• In essence, by 1905 very few reforms had occurred.

• Examine the maps and tables on the handouts

• In pairs list five reasons why Russian reform had not happened by 1905.

Give me more power!

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Why didn’t reform happen

before 1905?

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Nicholas II

Methods of

Control

I have all the power. Muhaha!

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Okhrana Cossacks

Army

‘Hard’ methods

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Church – preached

divine right

Censorship

Peasants believed Tsar was ‘father of

the nation’

‘Soft’ methods

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Methods of Control: Task

In groups come up with 5 methods you would use if you were the Tsar to control the people.

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Possible methods of control

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Methods of Control: Okhrana • The Okhrana were the Tsar’s

secret police.

• Their power had been strengthened after Alexander II was assassinated.

• The Okhrana often acted like revolutionaries themselves

• They used different identities and disguises.

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Methods of Control: Okhrana

• The Okhrana used information from captured revolutionaries to stop their attacks.

• They spread rumours that the most dangerous revolutionaries were spying for them

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Methods of Control: Okhrana

• When revolutionaries were arrested they were softened up with a spell of solitary confinement and total silence.

• Then the Okhrana asked them to act for the good of the country.

• All the best spies were recruited from revolutionary groups.

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Numbers

• At the end of the 19th century there were at most 200 permanent informants.

• Their number increased dramatically in 1902 and 1903 it probably stood at roughly 500.

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Money, money, money.

• These agents cost roughly 200,000 roubles.

• Valuable long-term informers could earn up to 200 roubles a month, four times the wage of skilled metal workers.

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Task• Look at the revolutionary

groups tables on the handout

• In a small group create a table of features for the ‘perfect’ revolutionary group.

• Use features from each group and ideas of your own to invent a formidable revolutionary group.

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1905 Revolution

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1904 – A tense situation

• A series of bad harvests brought famine to peasants and food shortages in cities.

• A slow-down in industrial growth caused unemployment.

• There were strikes and riots all over the country.

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Russo-Japanese War: 1904

How about a short victorious war? It will unite the

people and stop all these strikes.

What a splendid idea. Let’s attack

Japan!Advisor

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Russo – Japanese War 1904

• http://moodle.richuish.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1868

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Failure• The Russo-Japanese war was a

complete disaster for the Tsar.

• He had expected an easy victory but suffered a humiliating failure.

• The Tsar, whom the Russian people believe was infallible, had made a catastrophic mistake.

Ох ебать!

Page 45: 02 Nicholas II

The 1905 revolution• In January 1905 the war was

causing shortages of food.

• 5 men were sacked from a factory.

• Workers went on strike demanding they should have their jobs back.

• By 7th January 105,000 workers were on strike.

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Bloody Sunday• On the 9th January Father Gapon

led workers to present a petition to the Tsar.

• The protestors were carrying pictures of the Tsar.

• They wanted to appeal to him as the Father of the Nation.

• However, when they reached the Tsar’s palace they faced armed guards.

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‘Bloody Sunday’

• http://moodle.richuish.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1869

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TaskRead the workers’ petition and answer the questions on the sheet.

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Cunning plans and

clever tricks

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Espionage

• The 1905 Revolution also had other, more obscure causes.

• The Tsarist government did not only use oppression to stop revolutionaries.– It also funded some

groups.

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Political Ideas.

• A man called Zubatov was able to set-up several trade unions.

• His greatest triumph was the orderly march of over 50,000 workers in February 1902.

• They marched to the monument to Alexander II to celebrate the anniversary of the Emancipation of the Serfs

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• Zubatov’s activity proved to be very effective at stopping revolutionary activity.

• Iskra said:‘it was more terrible to us than is police

brutality.’

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Political Ideas.

• However, the Tsar had doubts about Zubatov.

• He felt he was politicising the workers.

• A strike organised by police unions in Odessa escalated into a general strike.

• It was suppressed by force and Zubatov was dismissed

Вы уволены

You’re fired

Page 54: 02 Nicholas II

Father Gapon

• Father Gapon is a significant figure.

• Zubatov liked Gapon and had funded his work.

• Gapon’s Assembly of Russian Factory workers was funded by the Okhrana.

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Father Gapon

• Father Gapon was seen by the authorities as being on their side.

• However, in January 1905 Gapon decided to petition the Tsar and march to the Winter Palace.

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Bloody Sunday

• The Palace guards feared the crowd and overreacted.

• They shot at the protestors.

Type of Estimate Number killed

Tsar’s officials 96

Anti-government sources 4,000+

Moderate historical analysis c.1,000

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In pairs complete this diagram, pp.17-18 in the booklet will help.

What caused the

1905 revolution?

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Board game

Russia

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The revolution continues

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• 3 million workers went on strike

• Liberals formed ‘Union of unions’ – They wanted a constituent

assembly

• The first nation-wide peasant organisation called ‘All-Russian Peasants Union’ was created.

• In August the Tsar promised to create an advisory Duma or parliament.

Second stage: January-August 1905

How about a

nice little Duma?

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• However, the Duma’s membership would be elected by rich people.

• It meant little to peasants.

• They continued to riot and seize land.

• The workers also had no right to vote. The concession seemed to please no one.

Second stage: January-August 1905

Hey, Nicholas, you suck!

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Third Stage September-October 1905

• Discontented workers went on general strike.

• They set-up ‘Soviets’ (workers councils) to organise strikes.

• The Soviets fell mostly under the Menshevik’s influence.

• The whole country was paralysed by strikes.

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Third Stage September-October 1905• The Tsar saw the situation

was hopeless.

• His minister Witte persuaded him to introduce the ‘October Manifesto.’

• This was a major reform which reduced the power of the Tsar.

• It is the biggest consequence of the unrest.

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Task

Using the 1905 revolution handouts and p.18 in the booklet summarise:

• The concessions the Tsar offered.

• In what ways the concessions turned out to be a ‘sham.’

• Why the revolution failed.

(Johnson, R. Lenin, Stalin & Communist Russia pp.34-35)