008 jgc2016 Schmitz impact of energy conversions on environment

12016 JGC SE Shanghai 1

2016 International Joint Graduate Course on

Impact of energy conversions on environmentJuly 18th – July 28th, 2016

Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Host)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Co-host) University of Maryland, College Park, U.S.A.Korea University, South KoreaTsinghua UniversityHamburg University of Technology, Germany


Impact of energy conversions on environment

Prof. Dr.-Ing.Gerhard Schmitz

Head of Institute

Technical Thermodynamics (M21)Hamburg University of Technology

32016 JGC SE Shanghai

Impact of energy conversions on environmentHamburg & TUHHGlobal emissionsRational use of energyLocal emissionsExample of own research work

Energy Transmission & StorageEnergy systemsEnergiewende (Transition of the energy system in Germany)Energy storagesEngergy system modelling

Outline


Hamburg

Hamburg University of Technology

TUHH


Hamburg – most beautiful city in Germany


Hamburg – location 1

Germany


Hamburg

BerlinWind


HamburgHamburgHamburgHamburgHamburg

BremenBremenBremenBremenBremen

KielKielKielKielKiel

SchwerinSchwerinSchwerinSchwerinSchwerin

OldenburgOldenburgOldenburgOldenburgOldenburg

LübeckLübeckLübeckLübeckLübeck

RostockRostockRostockRostockRostock

DelmenhorstDelmenhorstDelmenhorstDelmenhorstDelmenhorst

CuxhavenCuxhavenCuxhavenCuxhavenCuxhaven

NeumünsterNeumünsterNeumünsterNeumünsterNeumünster

WilhelmshavenWilhelmshavenWilhelmshavenWilhelmshavenWilhelmshaven

LüneburgLüneburgLüneburgLüneburgLüneburg

BremerhavenBremerhavenBremerhavenBremerhavenBremerhaven

WinsenWinsenWinsenWinsenWinsen

NorderstedtNorderstedtNorderstedtNorderstedtNorderstedt

UelzenUelzenUelzenUelzenUelzen

Bad OldesloeBad OldesloeBad OldesloeBad OldesloeBad Oldesloe

SalzwedelSalzwedelSalzwedelSalzwedelSalzwedel

ParchimParchimParchimParchimParchim

SoltauSoltauSoltauSoltauSoltau

PinnebergPinnebergPinnebergPinnebergPinneberg

StadeStadeStadeStadeStade

ItzehoeItzehoeItzehoeItzehoeItzehoe

VerdenVerdenVerdenVerdenVerden

RotenburgRotenburgRotenburgRotenburgRotenburg

WismarWismarWismarWismarWismar

HeideHeideHeideHeideHeide

RendsburgRendsburgRendsburgRendsburgRendsburg

GüstrowGüstrowGüstrowGüstrowGüstrow

WaWaWaWaWa

CloppenburgCloppenburgCloppenburgCloppenburgCloppenburg

Osterholz-Osterholz-Osterholz-Osterholz-Osterholz-ScharmbeckScharmbeckScharmbeckScharmbeckScharmbeck

richrichrichrichrich

WittmundWittmundWittmundWittmundWittmund

WesterstedeWesterstedeWesterstedeWesterstedeWesterstederr

Re inbe kRe inbe kRe inb e kRe inb e kRe inb e k

Ahre nsburgAhre nsburgAhrensb urgAhrensb urgAhre nsb urg

Quickb ornQuickb ornQuickb o rnQuickb o rnQuickb orn

Ge e stha chtGe e stha chtGe estha chtGe estha chtGe e sthacht

Buchho lzBuchho lzBuchho lzBuchho lzBuchho lzin d e rin d e rin de rin de rin d e rNo rd he id eNo rd he id eNo rd he ideNo rd he ideNo rdhe id e

ElmshornElmshornElmsho rnElmsho rnElmsho rn

Perle be rgPerle be rgPe rle b e rgPe rle b e rgPe rleb e rg

Witte nb erg eWitte nb erg eW itte nb e rg eW itte nb e rg eWittenbe rge

Gre ve smühle nGre ve smühle nGrevesmühlenGrevesmühlenGre ve smühle n

Lud wig s lustLud wig s lustLudwigs lus tLudwigs lus tLud wig s lust

Ba d Do b e ra nBa d Do b e ra nBa d Do be ranBa d Do be ranBa d Do b era n

Se eve ta lSe eve ta lSe e ve ta lSe e ve ta lSee ve ta l

He ns te d t-He ns te d t-Henste d t-Henste d t-He ns te d t-U lzburgUlzburgU lzb urgU lzb urgUlzb urg

Plö nPlö nPlö nPlö nPlö n

Ba d Schwarta uBa d Schwarta uBad Schwa rtauBad Schwa rtauBa d Schwa rta u

EutinEutinEutinEutinEutin

Ba d Se ge b ergBa d Se ge b ergBad Se g eb e rgBad Se g eb e rgBa d Seg e be rg

Ra tze b urgRa tze b urgRa tze b urgRa tze b urgRatzeb urg

Bra keBra keBra keBra keBrake

W ed e lW ed e lWe d e lWe d e lWe d e l

Schorte nsSchorte nsScho rtensScho rtensScho rte ns

SykeSykeSykeSykeSyke

AchimAchimAchimAchimAchimStuhrStuhrStuhrStuhrStuhr

o rme rla ndo rme rla ndo rme rlando rme rlandormerla nd

Wilde sha use nWilde sha use nW ild esha use nW ild esha use nWild e shause n

W eyheW eyheWe yheWe yheWe yhe

Bad ZwischenahnBad ZwischenahnBa d Zwische na hnBa d Zwische na hnBa d Zwische na hn

Neu Wulmsto rfNeu Wulmsto rfNe u W ulmsto rfNe u W ulmsto rfNe u Wulmsto rf

Vare lVare lVa re lVa re lVa re l

W a ls ro d eW als ro d eWa lsro deWa lsro deWa ls ro d e

Buxte hud eBuxte hud eBuxtehud eBuxtehud eBuxte hud e

Frie soy theFrie soy theFrie so ytheFrie so ytheFrie so ythe

nb urgnb urgnb urgnb urgnburg

A7/E45

A23

A23

A1/E22

A29

A28/E22

A1/E37

A27/E234

A20/E22

A24/E26

A1/E47

A20/E22

A20/E22

A19/E55

A24/E26/E55

A19/E55

A24/E55

A7/E45

A20

A215

A24/E26

40 km40 km40 km40 km 40 km40 km 40 km40 km40 km (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND

Hamburg - more precise


TUHH – Hamburg University of Technology


Facts and Figures TUHH

TUHH

Founded: 1978 (some institutes 1871)Students: 6000 (15 % international students)Faculty: 160 (95 professors & 65 researchers) 550 research assistantsInstitutes: 64Budget: 111.2 Mio. € (incl. 41.1 Mio. € external funding)

Focal areas

InterdisciplinarityInnovationPriority for Research Internationality


Study Programmes: Master of Science

‣ Logistics, Infrastructureand Mobility

‣ Medical Engineering ‣ Product Development,

Materials and Production‣ Aircraft Systems Engineering‣ Naval Architecture

and Ocean Engineering‣ Joint Master Ship and Offshore

Technology‣ Theoretical Mechanical

Engineering‣ Process Engineering‣ Water and Environmental

Engineering

‣ Civil Engineering‣ Bioprocess Engineering‣ Computational Informatics‣ Electrical Engineering‣ Energy Systems‣ Energy and Environmental

Engineering ‣ Renewable Energies‣ Joint Master Environmental

Studies, Cities and Sustainability

‣ Computer Science and Engineering

‣ Industrial Management and Engineering


Research Structure

Fields of Competences

FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP

Hamburg Research School of Engineering TUHH

Research Centers

Institutes and working groups of TUHH

Green Technologies

Competences of the Research Centers (FSP)and Schools (S.-Dekanate) at TUHH

RenewableEnergies

EnergySystems

andStorage

Waterand

EnvironmentalTechnologies

Life Science Technologies


MedicalEngineering

Chemicaland

BioprocessEngineering

MaterialSciences

Aviation &Maritime Systems


Aeronotics Logistikand

Mobility

MaritimeSystems

andStructures

FSP


Global Emissions


Glacier, Greenland, 2016, July, 9th

Gerhard Schmitz


-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4

400

380

360

280

340

300

320

Tem

pera

ture

anom

aly

CO

2in

ppm

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year

Yearly average world temperature & CO2 since 1860

°C

CO2

Temperature0.6

source: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs


World primary energy demand by scenario

source: World Energy Outlook 2012, www.iea.org


World primary energy demand per unit of GDP and per capita in the New Policies Scenario in selected regions and countries



World primary energy demand by fuel in the New Policies Scenario, 2010 and 2035 (Mtoe)



Share of renewables in electricity generation by regionin the New Policies Scenario



Electricity generation by fuel and region in the New Policies Scenario



Gas hydrates

Reserves worldwidetenfold higher thangas + oil + coal together

GWP equivalent of CH4: 25 (100 years, CO2 = 1),but may be even higher (35)


Location of gas‐hydrate resources



Unconventional gas production in leading countries in the New Policies Scenario, 2035



CO2‐Emission of fossile fuels

c + h + s + o + n + w + a = 1ash

water

carbonhydrogen

sulphoroxygen

nitrogen

12 kg C + 32 kg O2 44 kg CO2 : 12

1 kg C + 2.66 kg O2 3.66 kg CO2

fuel

COCO kg

kgc 2

2664.3

Elementary analysis of fuels:


CO2‐Emission of electrical energy conversion processes

uncertaintydemolitionproductionoperationfuel

source: BMWi Energiedaten 2012


Global energy‐related CO2 emissions by scenario



Cumulative energy‐related CO2 emissions in selected countries and regions, 1900‐2035



NuclearLow CO2‐emissionsMain problem storing the nuclear wasteHigh security efforts necessary for plants and waste deposal

CoalWorldwide big resources, well distributedHigh specific CO2‐emissions: black coal about 340 g/kWhthEnvironmental impact of carbon capture and storage not clear

Gaslow C:H ratio, low spec. CO2‐emissions: about 240 g/kWhth, but GWP CH4 100y = 25Worldwide not well distributedEnvironmental impact of fracking not clear

Non renewable fuels


Primary Energy Supply in Germany

Energy 1995 2013

Oil 39.9 % 33.5 %

Natural Gas 19.6 % 22.3 %

Black Coal 14.4 % 13.3 %

Lignite 12.2 % 11.8 %

Nuclear Energy 11.8 % 6.8 %

Renewable Energies 1.9 % 10.8 %

Others 0.2 % 1.5 %

Total 14 269 PJ(= 1015) 13 182 PJ (= 1015)

Source:Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen 2015


Installed electrical power in Germany

Source:BMWi 2015

HydropowerBiomassNuclearLignite

Black coalOilGasWind onshore

Wind offshoresolar

194 GW


Energy 1995 2013PJ % PJ %

Black coal 14 0,5 6 0,3Lignite 66 2,5 14 0,6Renewable energies 92 3,5 269 12,2Oil 899 33,9 520 23,5Gas 925 34,8 786 35,5Electricity 458 17,2 467 21,1District heating 171 6,4 151 6,8Total 2 654 100 2212 100

End energies in Germany



Energy sector 1995 2013 PJ % PJ %

Industry 2 473 26,5 2 508 29,0Traffic 2 613 28,0 2 629 30,4Domestic 2 655 28,5 2 212 25,6

Commercial 1 579 17,0 1 298 15,0End energy 9 323 100,0 8 648 100,0

Conversion losses 3 983 3 503

Non energetic consumption 963 1030

Primary energy 14 269 13 182

End energy by sectors in Germany



Energy Demand of Households in Germany in PJ ( = 1015 J)

Oil Gas Elect.Distr.Heat.

Coal Other Total %

Heating 712 935 88 147 47 188 2 116 75,8

Warm Water 59 149 82 15 3 9 317 11,3

Process Heating 0 18 94 0 0 6 117 4,2

Total Heating 771 1 102 264 161 50 202 2 550 91,4

Mech. Energy 0 0 149 0 0 0 149 5,4

Inform.& Com. 0 0 50 0 0 0 50 1,8

Light 0 0 41 0 0 0 41 1,5

Total 771 1 102 504 161 50 202 2 793 100Source:

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen 2015


Energy productivity in GermanyReduction of energy intensity by more energy efficient processes and shifting of added value

source: BMWi Energiedaten 2012

Primary energy consumption of oil per thousand GDP

Primary energy consumption per capita

Primary energy consumption total per thousand GDP

Electricity consumptionper thousand GDP

GDP: Gross Domestic Product


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

12511153

1124 11381076

1040 1035 1020 1001 975944 931

CO2-emissions CO2-equivalent emissionsMio t/a

1990: 1251 Mio t/aKoyoto:-21 %2012: 988 Mio t/a

CO2‐emissions in Germany


CO2 ‐ emission reduction in Hamburg

Goals:

• ‐40 % until 2020 compared to 1990 (consumer balance)• ‐> reduction of ‐29,4 % from 2010 until 2020 compared with 2010

2007: Hamburg is defining CO2 - reduction goals2012: 16 Mio t

2020: 12 Mio t

2050: 4 Mio t

CO2 in Mio t

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050


Wellfare and CO2‐emissions

United States

Africa

Singapore

Bahrain

Iceland

Qatar

WorldIndiaChina

Japan GermanyRussia

Europe Hamburg

United Arab Emirates

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000

Bruttoinlandsprodukt in $US per capita (2009)

CO2 E

mission

en in

t pe

r cap

ita (2

009)

source: IWF, EIAgross domestic product


Wind2013: 1.4 % (31.0 TWh) of the whole primary energy and of ca. 21 % of the installed power producing electricity (about 41 GW)In 2015 several situations where too much wind occursWind is fluctuating ⇒ reserve power from fossile fuels or from storages is necessary New regulations because too much wind in some situations

PhotovoltaicIn Germany difficult but not impossible, 0.85 % of primary energy in 2013 Photovoltaic is fluctuating, too. Very high subsidies

Renewable energies in Germany (1)


BiomassSignificant in Germany, 8.0 % of primary energyStorable energyCompetition between food and fuel

Geothermalin Germany very bad conditionElectricity efficiency very low

WaterIs alread used, no significant additional ressourcesTidal energy possibel but research necessary

Other Options, but not relevant for GermanyWave EnergyEnergy Harvesting

Renewable energies in Germany (2)


Wind Energy in Germany


Solar Energy in Germany


The Desertec Project


Impact of renewable Energies on environment

Use of space (wind, solar, biomass)

Noise (wind)

Landscape sight (wind, solar)

Periodic shadow (wind)

Emissions (biomass)

Use of rare materials for production (solar)

Rational use of energy necessary in any case


Local Emissions


after start



Kind Reaction mechanism Place & influencing parameters

"thermal““(Zeldovic)

a) O2-surplusO + N2 = NO + N (1)N + O2 = NO + O (2)

b) Fuel surplusN + OH = NO + H (3)

Flame, post combustion zone- O-atom-concentration

(O2-Dissociation)- time- temperature > 1300°C

"prompt"(Fenimore)

CN + H2 = HCN + H (4)CN + H2O = HCN + OH (5)CH + N2 = HCN + N (6)

Flame (O- und N-Radicals) - (O2-Dissociation)- temperature

Nitrogen connections Reaction (4), (5), (6),(and other reactions)

Flame- O2-concentration,- time


Plenary speaker Drusila Hufford, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA at Purdue University, 2016‐7‐13


Refr. FormulaStand.boilingtemp.[°C]

Crit.temp.[°C]

Crit.pressure[bar]

Spec.Evap.Enthalpy[kJ/kg](St.Cond.)

SafetyGroup RODP RGWP

R11 CFCl3 23.6 198.1 44.1 182 1 1 4000

R12 CF2Cl2 - 29.8 112.0 41.2 166 1 1 8500

R22 CHF2Cl - 40.8 96.0 49.8 243 1 0.055 1700

R718 H2O 100.0 374.2 224.1 2258 1 0 0

R245fa C3H3F5 15.3 154.0 36.4 198 1 0 1030

R600a C4H10 - 10.2 133.7 37.7 367 3 0 3

R134a C2H2FCF3 - 26.5 101.1 40.6 216 1 0 1430

R1234yf C3H2F4 - 29.0 94.7 33,8 180 2 0 4

R717 NH3 - 33.3 132.3 113.4 1369 2 0 0

R290 C3H8 - 42.6 96.8 43.4 430 3 0 3

R404A R143A/125/134A -47.0 73.0 38.0 202 1 0 3260

R170 C2H6 - 89.0 32.7 50,0 (210) 3 0 3

R744 CO2 - 31.0 73.8 (260) 1 0 1

Schmitz, TUHH, M21


Rational use of energy


Zero Energy House

Zero-energy-house

Energy +house

Passiv-house

KfW 55 haus

KfW 70 haus

EnEV2009

EnEV2007

WSchV1995

Existingpartialrenewed Ø

ExistingNot renewed Ø

0

400

300

200

100

350

250

150

50

Auxiliary energy electricityWarmwater distribution lossesWarmwaterVentilationTransmission

kWh/m²a

70% of the new building demand

55% of the new building demand

Primary energy demand


Anual efficiency of gas boilers

0,8

0,82

0,84

0,86

0,88

0,9

0,92

0,94

0,96

0,98

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Gas boiler efficiency improvement


Energy demand of small consumers in Germany

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Domestic end energy consumption in GermanyDomestic end energy consumption in GermanyPJ


User demand increases

Development of used space per capita in Germany

Boundary: to assess an energy system draw a boundaryaround the whole system and the whole period!

User have to taken into consideration!


Energy saving in domestic area

Renewable EnergyUse of solar energy (photovoltaic, solar collectors)Use of biomassUse of natural heat sinks for cooling

Heat insulationNew insulation materialsImproved windows and doorsAvoid heat bridges

Plant optimisationIntegral design of building and plantEnergy and mass recoveryCondensing boiler if fossile fuels are usedEnergetic and exergetic improved appiancesUser friendly controlEfficient pumps and fansOptimal place of appliancesHeat pumpsPower – Heat – Cold - coupling



Solarenergy with returntemperatur increase

Heating system(floor heating)

Solar collectorWarm tip water

Hydraulicblock

Conden-singboiler

Combi storage

Solar system

in

return


Example of own research work


Dehumidification demand Hamburg

time: 01.06.2010 - 31.08.2010 ( 6:00 a.m. – 6 p.m)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

t=0°Ct=0°C

t=5°C

t=10°C

t=15°C

t=20°C

t=25°C

t=30°C

t=35°C

17,5 h

54 h151 h

283,5 h446,5 h

Enth

alpy

in k

J/kg

dry

air

Water content in g/kg dry air


New buildings are well insulated (low-energy buildings)

Increased demand for air conditioning

High sensible loads

How to use heat for air conditioning ?

Conventional air conditioning:

supply air

Heater Cooler

outside air

High electricity demand


Outside Air(moist)

Supply Air (dry)

Regeneration Air(hot)

Reject AirRoom Air

Desiccant Wheel

Heater

Supporting Structure

Desiccant wheel technology


Outside Air(moist)

Supply Air (dry)

Regeneration Air(hot)

Reject AirRoom Air

Desiccant Wheel

Heater

Supporting Structure

Desiccant wheel technology

Desiccant wheel (Klingenburg)


Heater (Winter)

Cooler

Heater

DesiccantWheel

Heat RecoveryUnit

Supply Air

Room AirReject Air

Outside Air

DEHUMIDIFYING COOLING(without water condensation)

Desiccant assisted air conditioning process

HEAT INPUT (e.g. GAS), 50-70°C

COLD WATER, 16-18°C



Desiccant Assisted System

Supply Air

RoomAir

Reject Air

Outside Air

1 2 3 4

8 7 6 5

4020 30 50 6010 70

10

8

6

4

12

16

14

18

20 100 204080 60 10

5CONVENTIONALh*

DESICCANTh

20

30

40

50

60

70

temperature °C

rel. humidity %

1

234

5 6 7

8

Psychrometric chart

wat

er c

onte

nt g

/kg

2*


Old laboratory test facility at the TUHH 1994


GSGK (GDAC) – Plant today

67


Open & closed adsorption cycle

68


Reference room in the upper floor

69


Solar collector


Bore holeHEX



Energy savings


Base area ca. 650 m²Office area: ca. 1900 m²Air conditioning area: ca. 1300 m²Air volume flow: 2500 m³/h

Heating power: 82,5 KWCondensing boiler 70 kWCHP 4,7 kWel/12,5 kWCooling power: 30 kW, 8 bore hole HEX each 98 m

Office building Fa. Hoppe Bordmesstechnik, Hamburg


Emissions have to be reduced, global and locallyGas Hydrates could make the situation worseRenewable energies have impact on environment, tooMain Effect by rational use of energyUse as much as possible local energy sources

Summary (1)


[email protected]

Education

008 jgc2016 Schmitz impact of energy conversions on environment