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Introduction to ontologies in computer science.
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personpersonpersonperson
humanhumanhumanhuman
ontologies in computer science and on the web
fabien, gandon, inria
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book victor hugo
2
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balancewhat is the
3
balanceof the project ?
4
5
meaningsone word, two
6
meanings
do not read
7
do not readthe following sign
too late
8
too late
we interpret
9
we interpretmachines don't
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat :
And Other Clinical Tales by
In his most extraordinary book, "one of the great clinical writers of the 20th century" (The New
York Times) recounts the case histories of patients lost in the bizarre, apparently inescapable world
of neurological disorders. Oliver Sacks's The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat tells the stories
of individuals afflicted with fantastic perceptual and intellectual aberrations: patients who have
lost their memories and with them the greater part of their pasts; who are no longer able to
recognize people and common objects; who are stricken with violent tics and grimaces or who
shout involuntary obscenities; whose limbs have become alien; who have been dismissed as
retarded yet are gifted with uncanny artistic or mathematical talents.
W. SacksOliver
10
retarded yet are gifted with uncanny artistic or mathematical talents.
If inconceivably strange, these brilliant tales remain, in Dr. Sacks's splendid and sympathetic telling, deeply human. They
are studies of life struggling against incredible adversity, and they enable us to enter the world of the neurologically
impaired, to imagine with our hearts what it must be to live and feel as they do. A great healer, Sacks never loses sight of
medicine's ultimate responsibility: "the suffering, afflicted, fighting human subject."
Find other books in : Neurology Psychology
Search books by terms :
Our rating :
Oliver Sacks
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some knowledgesomething is missing
12
some knowledge
what is the last
documentdocumentthat you read ?
documentdocument
13
documentsdocuments
14
{ }
your answer is based on a
shared ontology
you can reason
15
I can understand
DocumentDocument
BookBook
kindof
16
NovelNovel Short storyShort story
kindof
#12#12
#21#21
"document""document"
"book""book"
"livre""livre"
17
#47#47 #48#48
"livre""livre"
"novel""novel"
"roman""roman"
"short story""short story"
"nouvelle""nouvelle"
#12#12
#21#21
#21⇒⇒⇒⇒ #12#21⇒⇒⇒⇒ #12
18
#47#47 #48#48
#48⇒⇒⇒⇒ #21#48⇒⇒⇒⇒ #21#47⇒⇒⇒⇒ #21#47⇒⇒⇒⇒ #21
knowledgeformalized ontological
ontologyis not a synonym of
19
is not a synonym of
taxonomy
taxonomicalknowledge is a kind of
20
knowledge is a kind of
ontologicalknowledge among others
partof
CHCH44
methanemethane ethaneethane
CC22HH66 CC22HH66--OHOH
methanolmethanol
CHCH33--OHOH
ethanolethanol
……
21
CCcarboncarbon
HH
hydrogenhydrogen
OO
oxygenoxygen
HH22OO
waterwater
HH22
dihydrogendihydrogen
--OHOH
phenolphenolcarbon dioxidecarbon dioxide
COCO22--CHCH33
methylmethyldioxygendioxygen
OO22 ozoneozone
OO33
combinedifferent kinds of ontological knowledge
LimbIndividual
Cat
Organic object
22
Hierarchical model of the shape of the human body. D. Marr and H.K. Nishihara, Representation and recognition
of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes, Proc. R. Soc. London B 200, 1978, 269-294).
Og
do
as
Sc
ho
las
tic
a"
(16
06
) c
on
tain
s t
he
fir
st
oc
cu
rre
nc
e o
f Raul Corazzonon form
alontology.it
ontos logosto be / beings discourse/science
23“J
ac
ob
Lo
rha
rd's
"Og
do
as
the
te
rm ‘
on
tolo
gia
’ ” Raul
-->>
OOntology ntology oontologyntology
-->>
24
ntologya logical theory which gives an explicit,
partial account of a conceptualization i.e. an
intensional semantic structure which
O
25
intensional semantic structure which
encodes the implicit rules constraining the
structure of a piece of reality ; the aim of
ontologies is to define which primitives,
provided with their associated semantics,
are necessary for knowledge representation
in a given context.[Gruber, 1993] [Guarino & Giaretta, 1995] [Bachimont, 2000]
coverage
extent to which the primitives mobilized by
the scenarios are covered by the ontology.
26
the scenarios are covered by the ontology.
27
specificity the extend to which
ontological primitives
are precisely identified.
granularitythe extend to which primitives are
28
the extend to which primitives are
precisely and formally defined.
the extend to which primitives are
described in a formal language.
formality
29
systemsystemknowledge-based
ontology
30
systemsystem
e.g.e.g. studentss have markssmarkss are floats ≤≤≤≤ 20 and ≥≥≥≥ 0
31
systemsystemknowledge-based
ontology
32
systemsystem
e.g.e.g. StephanStephan had a mark of 15.515.5
33
systemsystemknowledge-based
ontology
knowledge base
34
systemsystem
rules
e.g.e.g. if if a student has at least one mark below 8 thenthen he fails the year
35
systemsystemknowledge-based
ontology
knowledge base
36
systemsystem
rules verification
e.g.e.g. the total number of marks for a course must be equal to must be equal to the total number of
students attending the course
37
systemsystemknowledge-based
ontology
knowledge base
38
systemsystem
rules explanationverification
etc.etc.
languagesto formalize ontologies
39
(define-class human (?human)
:def (animal ?human))
40
examplesubsumption in frames
(defprimconcept MALE)
(defprimconcept FEMALE)
(disjoint MALE FEMALE)
41
exampledisjoint classes in description logics
[Concept: Director]->(Def)->
[LambdaExpression:
[Person: λλλλ] ->(Manage) -> [Group]]
42
example
[Person: λλλλ] ->(Manage) -> [Group]]
defined class in conceptual graphs
43
W3CW3C®®
RDF is a triple model i.e. every
piece of knowledge is broken down into
RDFpiece of knowledge is broken down into
( subject , predicate , object )
44
doc.html has for author Fabien
and has for theme Musicand has for theme Music
45
( doc.html , author , Fabien )
( doc.html , theme , Music )
( subject , predicate , object )
RDF triplesRDF triples46
Fabien
author
doc.html doc.html
theme
Music
47
RDF graphsRDF graphs
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-
rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:inria="http://inria.fr/schema#" >
<rdf:Description
rdf:about="http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html">
<inria:author rdf:resource=
"http://inria.fr/~fabien#me" />
<inria:theme>Music</inria:theme>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
48RDF XML syntaxRDF XML syntax
RDFSS provides primitives for
lightweight ontologies
RDFSSlightweight ontologies
49
<Class rdf:ID="Man">
<subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/>
<subClassOf rdf:resource="#Male"/>
<label xml:lang="en">man</label>
<comment xml:lang="en">an adult male
person</comment>
50
example
person</comment>
</Class>
a class declaration in RDFS
OWLOWL
51
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Man">
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Male"/>
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/>
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>
52
example
</owl:Class>
intersection of classes in OWL
specify meaning
< >…</ >
with unique identifiers
53
< >…</ >
54
linkto the world
you are hereyou are here
tens of billionsof triples already online, RDF is flying
55(e.g. http://sindice.com/ )
Design
cycleLife
56
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
needsmotivating scenarios, competencyquestions,
Design
57
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
knowledge acquisitiontechniques, natural language processing, formalisms formal concept analysis, methodologies & intermediary representations
design
Design
58
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution��
identify, publish,advertise, web, peer-to-peer and other networks, standards (e.g., OWL)
diffusion
Design��
59
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
��
in daily applications, in daily tasks (find, monitor, combine, analyze, reuse, suggest etc.), inferences, interfaces.
use
Design
60
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution ��
evaluate c.f. needs + trace and
usage analysis, metrics from methods,
collective dimension and consensus
Design
61
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
��
c.f. design + versioning, version alignment, coherence checking and all dependencies
evolution
Design
62
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
��
as any project,complete methodologies
manage
Design
63
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution��
the domaindomain trapthe application domain may be the application domain may be
different from the ontology domain
64
ontologyI never saw a universal
65
methodse.g. rigidity in Onto Clean [Guarino & Welty]
Rigid φ+R φ is a necessary property for all its instances
Anti-Rigid φ~R φ is an optional property for all its instances
Person is ψ+R, Student is φ~R
Constraint: φ~R can't subsume ψ+R
66
Person is ψ+R, Student is φ~R
holistic knowledge, but
finite ontologies
67
changing blockchanging block
building blockbuilding block
vs.vs.
68
changing blockchanging block
ontology-based doesn’t mean you need
an inference engine
69
SSRSSLSSSSSRSSLSSS
SSSSLLSSLSSSSSLSSS��
world-wideerrorsinspired by Gérard Berry
70
71
bottlenecksacquisition & evolution
tagging
72
taggingand other web 2.0 practices
73
a taga data attached to an object
74
origins of geometry
collaboratively creating and
managing tags to annotate and
social tagging
75
managing tags to annotate and
categorize content.
folksfolksonomyonomy
76
folksfolksthe mass of users to organize the mass of data
onomyonomy
olksonomyfolks~taxonomy, a subject indexing systems
created within internet communities. It is the
result of individual tagging of pages and
f
77
result of individual tagging of pages and
objects in a shared and social environment.
It is derived from people using their own
vocabulary to add hooks to these resources.
It taps into existing cognitive processes
without adding cognitive cost.[Vander Wal, 2005] [Vander Wal, 2007][Rashmi Sinha, 2005]
folksonomies
78
are not the opposite of
ontologies
folksonomiescan be seen as a new
79
can be seen as a new
way to build and maintain
ontologies
many tagsfor many uses
cool
80
origins of geometry
to compare with RR176
send to Ted
絕對虛假絕對虛假絕對虛假絕對虛假
;-)
for the SysDev team
many societies
81
my bookmarked page
socially shared bookmark
bookmark shared across
people an applications
ontologiesontologies
folksonomiesfolksonomies
82
folksonomiesfolksonomies
exampleexamplelearning applicationslearning applications
83
describe…users, learning objects,
curriculums,
84
e.g.e.g. LOM (Learning Object Metadata)has nine types of characteristics:
general, life-cycle, meta-metadata,
technical, educational, rights, relations,
annotation, classification
85
scenarioscenarioknowledge transfer/(re)use/analysis?
evaluation/test/marking?
profiling/customizing?
feedback/curriculum management?
SS ??
feedback/curriculum management?
86
Dublin coreDublin coreDublin coreDublin core
Creative CommonsCreative Commons
FOAF …FOAF …
87
take-hometake-homesummary and messages
88
“semantic web”and not
89
“semantic web”[C. Welty, ISWC 2007]
a lightweight ontology
allows us to do
lightweight reasoning
90
lightweight reasoning[J. Hendler, ISWC 2007]
you can’t
foreseeeach and every
use and reuse
91
black boxavoid building another
92
explicitmake conceptualizations
93
open your datato anyone who might use it
94
to anyone who might use it
just my…
95
96
fabien, gandon, inriahttp://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon
http://www.slideshare.net/fabien_gandon/