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INTERNET AND ITS IMPACT ON
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
by:
Arshad Ahmed Saeed
Submitted to:
Mr. Shafiullah Qureshi
Course:
Research Method For Business
(ECO-515)
Class:
MSc Economics
(2nd Semester)
(Morning)
Department of Economics
National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad
**********
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ACKNOWLEDGE
First of all we thanks to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, who able us to avail this opportunity to
conduct a survey and conclude a minor report which might help our country’s betterment in
respect of society. We also appreciate the contribution of students, colleagues and general
public as well to be a part of our research. Last but not the least and the most important as
well, our parents who grew up to that level where we can stand and deliver the best.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Acknowledge…………………………………………………………………… 2
Table of Contents…................................................................................................3
List of Appendices..........................................................................................…....5
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...6
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………….....9
CHAPTER THREE
DEFINITION OF PROBLEM …………………………………………………...13
CHAPTER FOUR
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………………………………………………...14
4.1 Schematic Diagram……………………………………………………………15
CHAPTER FIVE
HYPOTHESES………………………………………………………………….....17
CHAPTER SIX
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………..18
6.1 Description of Data…………………………………………………………….18
6.2 Description of Variables……………………………………………………….18
6.3 Estimation Technique………………………………………………………….18
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6.3.1 Model……………………………………………………………………19
6.3.2 Explanation……………………………………………………………...19
CHAPTER SEVEN
RESULT INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION……………………………..20
7.1 Interpretation…………………………………………………………………..20
7.1.1 Coefficients……………………………………………………………...21
7.1.2 ANOVA ………………………………………………………………....23
7.1.3 Model Summary ………………………………………………………...24
CHAPTER EIGHT
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….....25
7.0 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………..26
8.0 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………..…28
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A ………...............................................................................................................26
Appendix B …………………………………………………………………………………33
Appendix C …………………………………………………………………………………34
Appendix D ……….………………………………………………………………………...35
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ABSTRACT
we collected data on several variables of interest using questionnaire. The subjects are the
comparative analysis of internet and its impact on student performance. A regression model is
developed to measure the impact of independent variables (education, social status,
cooperation of teachers and trainer, risk and uncertainty, validity and reliability) on
dependent variable (internet usage). This model is estimated by using ordinary least squares
(OLS) approach.
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CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
Internet has become need of every one. When we want to connect two
computers we need internet. Internet is a mean of connecting two computers
from all over the world through rooters and servers. When we connect two
computers with internet it can send and receive all kind of data or information
like text, videos, pictures, and other computer programs.
Internet is hold by any organization but there are so many organizations which
can collaborate with each other for the functioning and development of the
internet. Through the fast speed fiber optic cable which is also known as
backbone of internet data travels from the cable is owned by telephone
companies of their respective countries. The internet was introduced from the
advance research project agency wide area network (which is called
ARPANET) which is established by the US department of defense in 1960.
Later on other universities and US institution are connected with it. This result
in ARPANET has grown and gets the name internet.
There are so many advantages of internet. Whatever is the subject we can
get all type of information through special web site. Medical gaudiness on
different diseases is get from specialist and online Consultants are also available
on internet. Information about job Opportunities are also taken from internet.
Communication is also very important advantage
of using internet. People living all over the world can easily communicate with
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each other through internet. With the development in the modern technology we
can also see each other through web camera. Through this facility people live all
over the world will become closer to each other. On line training from several
web sites of different colleges and schools are offered on internet in your
Personal computer. This is a great benefit for the students and
especially for those people who don’t have time to go outside and join an
institution.
Encyclopedia is also very important facility of internet for everyone. We take
all kind of information on any topic. Online railway and airplanes schedules are
also taking from the internet Advertisement and entertainment are very major
advantage of Internet. We can watch our favorite programs any time on the
internet. Internet is very helpful especially for the students in their studies. They
can get knowledge about their different research products especially on those
topics on which data is not available easily on books.
Everything has its advantages and disadvantages. Internet also has so many
disadvantages for example theft of information our personal information like
credit card numbers, address, etc are misused by the people through unsecured
connection or by different software for their personal benefit that lend you in
big trouble. Social disconnect is also very big disadvantage of using internet.
People will spend their most of time on internet, due to this people can
waste their lots of time and they cannot spend their time on any good activity.
Internet addiction is not good for health because of using late night internet
people cannot take their proper sleep and that causes so many health problems.
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CHAPTER
LITERATURE REVIEW
Internet is now a day’s becoming more accessible to all social economic
people and across Populations. Internet is a source of information and
entertainment but vast majority of people belongs to different regions are madly
addicted to this technology, in which young generation, men and women are
also involved. About 9-15million People are growing to use internet per day
(cooper, Mclonghlin and compell, 2000). Access of Internet has becoming more
wide spread; it is becoming more affordable, and also more comfortable.
Internet is spreading all over the world, its user increasing day by day, and that
mostly the user are using internet for positive purpose, that is a good sign for the
technology usage.
All the developed countries have made huge advancement in this industry with
a motive of huge profit (madan, 1987). Because their all profit and advancement
in technology, industry, Finance, social sectors, and all other are progressed
because of their improvement in and High investment in this technology that is
internet. They base their lives on internet; all activities must have some concern
with internet, so for them it is no possible to live without internet that’s why
they have more concern to the advancement of this technology, in order to
improve their life cycle.
Not only in advance country but internet is also in boom in developing
countries. Gulzar(2001) observe, that internet is growing well in Pakistan but
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there is great need to Provide this facility to all working people. Accordingly in
Pakistan there are 300 million Internet subscribers that are growing day-by-day.
The categories that are united with access to internet are research institutes,
students, government bodies, researchers, offices and Universities. After the
revolution in the world of telecom, government of Pakistan also defines some
objectives for this sector:
(i)For the betterment of social, cultural and environmental development in
Pakistan, we should
Improve our infrastructure of telecom.
(ii) Encouragement of all initiatives committed to improve telecom.
(iii) Protection of consumer interest.
Students are unique population of internet users. The first group that use
internet for communication, file share and recreation are also students. All
students and their Teachers find internet a useful and convenient for educational
activities (Jones, 2002) borrows, Lavined and kubey(2001) formed that about
68% of parents and 70% of teachers said that they have shelter higher grades of
students because of internet usage. Internet is appeared to use in many fields
like studies, educational purposes, business, appointments, browsing and also
for entertainment. kaur(2006) and follows (2004)found that about 69% of the
Users are using internet only for entertainment purpose. Because entertainment
is also important for human, and now a days because of internet it become easy,
and less expensive and access able to everyone. This is also one of the causes to
extensive use of this technology.
Basically internet makes our life easy, that create link between different culture
and Communities, in a good way that connect people and to find educational
resources (Gardner, D’Esposito 1999; Aydin2007). World become a global
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village only because of internet, now we have know about all culture, trends,
languages, even about small nation. Internet decrease the distance between
countries, families, and religions. Resources are also being utilized by this
technology; internet also is the factor that helps us to access other planets and to
get information about them even without stepping in.
Fallows (2004) observe that internet can also be use for scholarity purpose,
contact information, purchase of travel tickets, communication and
entertainment. This shows the contribution and the importance of internet in our
lives, that our shopping, eating, leisure activities, working and social interaction
all are becoming more and more dependent upon internet. This reflect an
important issue that internet is day by increasing its influence on our lives. But
ratio of usage of internet varies from country to country, in a sense we can say
that the ways or the purposes varies in different reasons. Mostly Developed
countries are dependent upon advance technology, they are using advance
technology even for their daily activities, like reading newspaper, ordering
meal, connecting people, and also getting information about their flight, bus or
train timing.
This is not possible that all information on internet is reliable or safe
sturges(2002) and weitzner(2007) mention the unreliability of available
information On internet. Pirated literature, fake, misrepresented cause problems
for students and Researchers. Many users may have privacy concern. There are
sites that many users find in affective as well as instructions for carrying out
illegal acts and violent. Internet is worldwide network. the increasing number of
people that are using internet for the purpose of exploring information that have
multiple implication for research, Learning and teaching.
Students and teachers are becoming more and more depended On internet for
the purpose of education, but if the information gained by the student or teacher
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is not reliable than it is cause a great problem for the receiver as well as for the
one who get the information, as it create confusion, and also a source of
misleading information that is extremely dangerous. This aspect is increasing as
fake id’s fake profiles, fake site and all these are for the purpose of misleading,
and diminishing the reliability of internet.
According to Horrigan (2000), the survey is conducted especially for the
purpose to observe the effectiveness of internet for the purpose of education.
since mid-90’s internet had a tremendous impact on commerce and culture
including the rise of instant communication, phone calls, e-mails, instant
messaging and world wide web. It was estimated during 199o’s` that traffic in
internet grew by 100% per year ,on the other hand annual growth of internet
user was 2.095billion that mean 30.2% of world population.
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CHAPTER
Definition of problem
Research Question:
What are the internet usage problems and their impact on student performance?
Problem statement:
“Internet Usage and Its Impact on Student Performance”
3
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CHAPTER
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The dependant variable is internet usage, which is our primary interest. We
attempt to explain this dependent variable by independent variables:
Education
Social Status (expenses)
Co operation of Teachers and Trainers
Risk and Uncertainty
Validity and Reliability
These independent variables have some effect on our dependent variables
whether positive or negative.
Education is the variable that effect internet usage in positive way. People
having higher level of education use internet for work purpose like searching
information, research, enhancing their knowledge. They use this facility in their
work places that might help them in application of knowledge and skill level.
Students also become aware, how to use internet for Research purpose and also
for personal communication. Students can access the Internet at their homes,
schools and also in public libraries. Internet is also a valuable tool used by the
teachers also. Through the use of internet, teachers can allow their students to
access their point of view and new information. There are also several tools that
provide particular use of planning and teaching techniques.
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Relationship of the independent and dependent variable
Dependent Variables Independent Variables
Internet Usage
Education
Social Status
Co operation of
Teachers
Risk & Uncertainty
Validity & Reliability
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Expenses affect the usage of internet negatively, as countries like Pakistan who
are not prosperous enough to enjoy the technology as other countries do. These
countries lack the satisfaction and advantages by using such facilities like
internet. Moreover countries where poor people are in large number, internet
user are also less in number. Whenever the expenses of internet increase, there
is a decline in the usage of internet.
The internet has also become all pervasive in lives of people, from this people
review, study that examines and investigates the positive and negative aspect of
online behavior. The result Negative of online risk like addition, but there also
provide benefits n developing physical and social relations as well as health
inventions will be examined. Risk concerning internet is harmful both for social
life as well as health issues. So, risk affects the use of internet negatively.
Validity and reliability are the basic aspect that has a relationship with usage of
internet. The unreliability of information causes the negative affect and adds a
negative point beyond advantages of this technology. There are many websites
available on internet but not all are valid, it might mislead us, and spoil our
concept regarding any concerning issue. This factor is extremely dangerous for
the internet user. On the other hand information that is valid and reliable can be
a major factor that can increase the usage of internet.
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CHAPTER
HYPOTHESES
H0: There is an association between education of the students and usage of
internet.
H1: There is no association between education of the students and usage of
internet.
H2: There is an association between social status and uses of internet.
H3: There is no association between social status and uses of internet.
H4: Risk and uncertainty is harmful for social life and health issues
H5: Risk and uncertainty is not harmful for social life and health issues.
H6: Validity and reliability can increase the uses of internet.
H7: Validity and reliability can decrease the uses of internet.
H8: When internet expenses increases the use of internet decreases.
H9: When internet expenses decreases the use of internet increases.
H10: There is an association between cooperation of teachers and usage of
internet.
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H11: Cooperation of teacher can reduce the usage of internet.
H12: When education increases the use of internet also increases.
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CHAPTER
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.1. Description of Data:
Yi= f (X1i, X2i, X3i, X4i, X5i)
Y= Dependent factor
X1i= Variable factor
X2i= Variable factor
X3i= Variable factor
X4i= Variable factor
X5i= Variable factor
Functional form:
Yi=β0+ β1X1i+β2X2i+β3X3i+β4X4i+β5X5i
β1>0 β2>0 β3>0 β4>0 β5>0
6.2. Description of Variables:
Yi is the dependent variable and also variable of main
interest which depend upon all variable factors which are describe in the model.
Yi is the usage of internet which dependent upon X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5. X1 is
the education, X2 is the social status (expenses), X3 is the cooperation of
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teachers and trainers, X4 is the risk and uncertainty and X5 is the validity and
reliability.
6.3. Estimation Technique:
OLS method is used to estimate the data. Regression is
run which show the impact of independent variable on dependent variable.
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MODEL:
(+ve)
(-ve)
(+ve)
(-ve) (-)
(+ve)
EXPLANATION:
All variable factors have some positive or negative impact on the
dependent factor. Education is having positive effect on the dependent factor. If
X1 increase it will increase Y. If X2 increase it will have negative impact on Y if
X2 increase other will decrease if it increases Y will decrease. X3 and X5 have
also positive impact on Y. if X3 and X5 increases it will also increases Y. X4
have negative effect on Y. To control internet usage we have to do some effort
to decrease X1, X3, X5, and increase X2, X4.
Education
X1
Social Status
X2
Internet Usage
Yi
Cooperation of
teachers
X3
Risk and
uncertainty
X4
Validity and
reliability
X5
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CHAPTER
RESULT INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION
The regression model is estimated via SPSS, statistical package for the social
sciences. The estimated results are given below:
So estimated regression line is:
Yi=β0+ β1X1i+β2X2i+β3X3i+β4X4i+β5X5i
INTERPRETATION:
β0
This is called intercept and it can be interpreted as if all independent variables
(education, social status, cooperation of teachers, risk and uncertainty, validity
and reliability) are zero, the value of internet usage is 3.877 on average. The
standard error of intercept is 1.092 and t-statistic is 3.550 with p-value almost
zero, indicating that intercept is significant.
β1
This is the coefficient of X1 (education). It shows that a unit increase in
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education causes a 0.462 units decrease in internet usage while keeping the
effect of all other four independent variables (social status, cooperation of
teachers, risk and uncertainty, validity and reliability) fixed. The standard error
of this is 0.158 and t-statistic is -2.930 with p-value less than 1%. So null
hypothesis is rejected and we say that ‘education’ variable is significant. Also
negative sign of coefficient shows that ‘education’ variable is negatively related
with the internet usage.
β2
This is the coefficient of X2 (social status). It shows that a unit increase in social
status causes a 0.116 units increase in internet usage while keeping the effect of
all other four independent variables (education, cooperation of teachers, risk and
uncertainty, validity and reliability) fixed. The standard error of this is 0.162
and t-statistic is 0.716 with p-value closer to 1%. So null hypothesis is not
rejected and we say that ‘social status’ variable is insignificant. Also positive
sign of coefficient shows that ‘social status’ variable is positively related with
the internet usage.
β3
This is the coefficient of X3 (cooperation of teachers). It shows that a unit
increase in cooperation of teacher causes a 0.190 units decrease in internet
usage while keeping the effect of all other four independent variables
(education, social status, risk and uncertainty, validity and reliability) fixed. The
standard error of this is 0.211 and t-statistic is -0.898 with p-value closer to 1%.
So null hypothesis is not rejected and we say that ‘cooperation of teacher’
variable is insignificant. Also negative sign of coefficient shows that
‘cooperation of teachers’ variable is negatively related with the internet usage.
β4
This is the coefficient of X4 (risk and uncertainty). It shows that a unit increase
in risk and uncertainty causes a 0.179 units increase in internet usage while
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keeping the effect of all other four independent variables (education, social
status, cooperation of teachers, validity and reliability) fixed. The standard error
of this is 0.162 and t-statistic is 1.110 with p-value closer to 1%. So null
hypothesis is not rejected and we say that ‘risk and uncertainty’ variable is
insignificant. Also positive sign of coefficient shows that ‘risk and uncertainty’
variable is positively related with the internet usage.
β5
This is the coefficient of X5 (validity and reliability). It shows that a unit
increase in validity and reliability causes a 0.502 units decrease in internet
usage while keeping the effect of all other four independent variables
(education, social status, cooperation of teachers, risk and uncertainty) fixed.
The standard error of this is 0.147 and t-statistic is -3.411 with p-value almost
zero. So null hypothesis is rejected and we say that ‘validity and reliability’
variable is significant. Also negative sign of coefficient shows that ‘validity and
reliability’ variable is negatively related with the internet usage.
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F-statistic (four variables):
This is used to test for overall significance of repressors’. The calculated value
of F-statistic is 2.876 with a p-value almost zero indicating that all variables are
jointly significant at F4, 25 and we concluded that all four independent variables
are jointly important in explaining the usage of internet.
F-statistic (fifth variable as moderating variable):
This is used to test for overall significance of repressors’. The calculated value
of F-statistic is 5.607 with a p-value almost zero indicating that all variables are
jointly significant at F5, 24 and we concluded that all five independent variables
are jointly important in explaining the usage of internet.
ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares df
Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 14.959 4 3.740 2.876 .044a
Residual 32.508 25 1.300
Total 47.467 29
2 Regression 25.573 5 5.115 5.607 .001b
Residual 21.893 24 .912
Total 47.467 29
a. Predictors: (Constant), ATT2, SOC4, FAC1, ANX3
b. Predictors: (Constant), ATT2, SOC4, FAC1, ANX3, SOC2
c. Dependent Variable: PER4
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Model Summary
Model R
R
Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1
.561a .315 .206 1.140
2 .734b .539 .443 .955
a. Predictors: (Constant), ATT2, SOC4, FAC1, ANX3
b. Predictors: (Constant), ATT2, SOC4, FAC1, ANX3, SOC2
R2 (Coefficient of Determination):
R2 measures the proportion of total variation in dependent variable (internet
usage) explained by independent variables (education, social status, cooperation
of teachers, risk and uncertainty, validity and reliability). Here R2 is 0.539, so
this shows that 54 percent of variation in internet usage is explained by all five
independent variables.
Adjusted R2:
The term adjusted means adjusted for the df associated with the sums of squares
entering into RSS and TSS. ∑û i2 has (n-k) df in a model involving k parameters,
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Which include the intercept term, and ∑yi2 has (n-1) df. Adjusted R2 also
measures the proportion of total variation in dependent variable (internet usage)
explained by independent variables (education, social status, cooperation of
teachers, risk and uncertainty, validity and reliability). Here Adjusted R2 is
0.443, so this shows that 44 percent of variation in internet usage is explained
by all five independent variables.
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CHAPTER
Conclusion
now we conclude after research that after research that internet usage is more in teenagers as
well as youngster and elders. So this shows that the internet usage is more in teenagers and
there is need to overcome it. As our independent variables are education, social status,
cooperation of teachers, risk and uncertainty, validity and reliability. So from research we
come to know that our most important variable is teacher cooperation as it helps to reduce
internet usage and can improve student performance.
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APPENDIX
Appendix includes two subsections, first is appendix 1, which includes questionnaire while
second subsection is appendix 2, which includes estimation results obtained by estimating
regression model using OLS method.
Appendix A: Questionnaire
Department of Economics
National University of Modern Languages
Islamabad
Dear respondents:
This research is being carried out in partial fulfillment of the requirements for M.SC Degree at
Economics Department, NUML University, Islamabad. This questionnaire is designed to measure use
of internet and its impact on student performance. There is no right or wrong answer; we are only
interested in your views. You are not required to provide your personal information so please be frank
and honest.
PERSONAL PROFILE
1. What is your age? _______ years old
2. What is your gender? ____1.Male ____2. Female
3. What is your race/ethnicity?
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____1. Pakistani
____2. Chinese
____3. Indian
____4. Others _________________(please specify)
4. What is your nationality?
____1. Pakistani
____2. Others _________________ (please specify)
5. What is your year of study?
____1. First year
____2. Second year
____3. Third year
____4. Fourth year and above
6. What programmed are you registered for?
____1. Bachelor’s degree (undergraduate)
____2. Masters
____3. PhD
7. What is the status of your candidacy?
____1. Part time
____2. Full time
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8. Which school/faculty are you from? ___________________________
9. Do you live in or outside campus?
____1. In campus
____2. Outside campus
10. What is your current CGPA level? ____________________________
INTERNET EXPERIENCE
11. How long (in years or months if less than 1 year) have you been using the internet? _____________________
12. Do you have internet access at home? ____1. Yes ____2. No
13. Where do you primarily access internet from? ____1. Home
____2. Place of employment
____3. School/academic institution
____4. Cybercafé
____5. Others (please specify) _____________________
14. Which web browser do you usually use? ____1. Internet Explorer
____2. Mozilla Firefox
____3. Others (please specify) _____________________
____4. More than one browser
15. On an average day, how much time do you spend using the internet?
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____1. Almost never
____2. Less than 0.5 hours
____3. From 0.5 hours to 1 hour
____4. 1-2 hours
____5. 2-3 hours
____6. More than 3 hours
16. On average, how often do you use internet?
____1. Less than once a month
____2. Once a month
____3. A few times a month
____4. A few times a week
____5. About once a day
____6. Several times a day
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Use of internet and its impact on student performance
Instructions: Please read each question carefully and respond to all questions to the best of your
Item
code Description of items
1-S
tro
ng
ly
Disa
gree
(SD
)
2- D
isag
ree
(D)
3- N
eu
tra
l
(N)
4-A
gree (A
)
5- S
tro
ng
ly
Ag
ree (S
A)
PER1 I would find internet useful in my studies. 1 2 3 4 5
PER2 Using internet will enable me to accomplish tasks more
quickly. 1 2 3 4 5
PER3 Using internet will increase my productivity. 1 2 3 4 5
PER4 Using internet will increase my chances of getting better
grades (CGPA). 1 2 3 4 5
EFF1 I believe I could communicate to others the pros and cons
of using internet. 1 2 3 4 5
EFF2 I want to have a great deal of opportunity to try out various
Internet applications. 1 2 3 4 5
EFF3 I would find internet easy to use. 1 2 3 4 5
EFF4 Other people come to me for advice on new information. 1 2 3 4 5
SOC1 People who influence my behavior (e.g. course mates,
friends) think that I should use internet. 1 2 3 4 5
SOC2 People who are important to me (e.g. family members) think
that I should use internet. 1 2 3 4 5
SOC3 Lecturers in my school have been encouraging in the use of
internet. 1 2 3 4 5
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Item
code Description of items
1-S
tro
ng
ly
Disa
gree
(SD
)
2- D
isag
ree
(D)
3- N
eu
tra
l
(N)
4-A
gree (A
)
5- S
tro
ng
ly
Ag
ree (S
A)
SOC4 In general, the university has supported the use of internet. 1 2 3 4 5
FAC1 I find that I have fewer problems than my course
mates/friends due to use of internet. 1 2 3 4 5
FAC2 I have the knowledge necessary to use internet. 1 2 3 4 5
FAC3 Using the internet would be pleasant experience. 1 2 3 4 5
FAC4 A specific person (or group) is available for assistance
should I encounter difficulties with the internet. 1 2 3 4 5
I could complete my studies or task using internet...
SEF1 … If there was no one around to tell me what to do as I go. 1 2 3 4 5
SEF2 … If I could call someone for help if I got stuck. 1 2 3 4 5
SEF3 … If I had a lot of time to complete the task for which the
internet was provided. 1 2 3 4 5
SEF4 … If I had just the built-in help facility for assistance. 1 2 3 4 5
ANX1 I feel apprehensive about using internet. 1 2 3 4 5
ANX2 I enjoy the challenge of figuring out new information. 1 2 3 4 5
ANX3 I hesitate to use internet for fear of making mistakes I
cannot correct. 1 2 3 4 5
ANX4 Internet is somewhat intimidating to me. 1 2 3 4 5
INV1 Other people come to me for advice on new information. 1 2 3 4 5
INV2 I am among the first in my circle of friends to acquire new
technology when it appears in the market. 1 2 3 4 5
INV3 I can usually figure out new high-tech products and services
without help from others. 1 2 3 4 5
INV4 I keep up with the latest technological developments in my
area of interest. 1 2 3 4 5
INV5 I enjoy the challenge of figuring out high-tech gadgets on
internet. 1 2 3 4 5
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Item
code Description of items
1-S
tro
ng
ly
Disa
gree
(SD
)
2- D
isag
ree
(D)
3- N
eu
tra
l
(N)
4-A
gree (A
)
5- S
tro
ng
ly
Ag
ree (S
A)
INV6 I find that I have fewer problems than my course
mates/friends do in making technology work for me. 1 2 3 4 5
ATT1 Using the internet would be a good idea. 1 2 3 4 5
ATT2 Using the internet would make studies more interesting. 1 2 3 4 5
ATT3 Using the internet is fun. 1 2 3 4 5
ATT4 I would like using the internet. 1 2 3 4 5
INT1 Assuming I have the internet, I intend to use it. 1 2 3 4 5
INT2 Whenever possible, I intend to use the internet. 1 2 3 4 5
INT3 To the extent possible, I would use the internet to do
different things. 1 2 3 4 5
INT4 I intend to increase my use of the internet in the future. 1 2 3 4 5
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Appendix B:
Variables Entered/Removed
Model
Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed Method
1 ATT2, SOC4,
FAC1, ANX3a . Enter
2 SOC2a . Enter
a. All requested variables entered.
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Appendix C:
Excluded Variables
Model Beta In t Sig.
Partial
Correlation
Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
1 SOC2 -.512a -3.411 .002 -.571 .852
a. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), ATT2, SOC4, FAC1,
ANX3
b. Dependent Variable: PER4
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Appendix D:
Description of constructs used in the questionnaire
Item no. Variable name Source No. of Items
PER1, PER2, PER3,
PER4
Performance Expectancy Venkatesh et al. (2003) 4
EFF1, EFF2, EFF3,
EFF4
Effort Expectancy Venkatesh et al. (2003) 4
SOC1, SOC2,
SOC3, SOC4
Social Influence Venkatesh et al. (2003) 4
FAC1, FAC2,
FAC3, FAC4
Facilitating Conditions Venkatesh et al. (2003) 4
SEF1, SEF2, SEF3,
SEF4
Self-Efficacy Venkatesh et al. (2003) 4
ANX1, ANX2,
ANX3, ANX4
Anxiety Venkatesh et al. (2003) 4
INV1, INV2, INV3,
INV4, INV5, INV6
Innovativeness Parasuraman (2000) 6
ATT1, ATT2,
ATT3, ATT4
Attitude towards Using
Internet
Venkatesh et al. (2003) 4
INT1, INT2, INT3,
INT4
Intention to Use Internet Park & Chen (2007) 4
