DEREGULATION OF SAVINGS ACCOUNT INTEREST RATE

PRESENTED BY:

HARSIMRAN KAUR (19) MALIKA BATRA (21) MITALIE SHARMA (24) RAJNI KASHYAP (30)

What is DEREGULATION ?

It means it will not be under control of RBI anymore. The interest rates will differ for each bank. The banks will decide the interest rates based on their financial condition and other factors. The deregulation puts more competition among the banks to attract more savings bank account holders.

As a part of financial sector reforms, the Reserve Bank has deregulated interest rates on deposits, other than savings bank deposits. The interest rate on savings bank deposits has remained unchanged at 3.5 per cent per annum since March 1, 2003.

An attempt was made to deal with pros and cons of deregulating savings deposit interest rate and take on board the suggestions of various stakeholders for either maintaining the status quo or deregulating the saving deposit interest rate.

HISTORY BEHIND DEREGULATION

India pursued financial sector reforms as a part of structural reforms initiated in the early 1990s. A major component of the financial sector reform process was deregulation of a complex structure of deposit and lending interest rates.

The administered interest rate structure proved to be inefficient. It, therefore, became necessary to reform the interest rate structure.

What is the need of Deregulation?

What are the factors that intended deregulation to occur?

Deregulation is needed to :

Strengthen the competitive forces, Improve allocative efficiency of

resources,Strengthen the transmission of

monetary policy, Product innovation,Price discovery.

A few categories of interest rates that continued to be regulated on the lending side were small loans up to 2 lakh and rupee export credit, and on the deposit side, the savings bank deposit interest rate.

The rates on small loans up to 2 lakh and rupee export credit were deregulated in July 2010, when the Reserve Bank replaced the Benchmark Prime Lending Rate (BPLR) system with the Base Rate system. With this, all rupee lending rates were deregulated. On the deposit side, the only interest rate that continues to be regulated was the savings deposit interest rate .

The Annual Policy Statement of 2002-03 had weighed the option of deregulation of interest rate on savings bank deposit accounts but the time was not considered opportune considering that a large portion of such deposits was held by households in semi-urban and rural areas. It was, however, argued that deregulation would facilitate better asset-liability management for banks and competitive pricing to benefit the holders of savings accounts.

The issue was again revisited in the Annual Policy Statement for the year 2006-07. In this context, the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) while making out a case for deregulation of savings bank deposit rates in the long run, suggested for status quo in 2006.

In pursuance of the announcement made in the Annual Policy Statement for the year 2009-10, the Reserve Bank advised scheduled commercial banks to pay interest on savings bank accounts on a daily product basis with effect from April 1, 2010.

Prior to the introduction of a daily product method, the interest on savings deposit account was calculated based on the minimum balance maintained in the account between the 10th day and the last day of each calendar month and credited to the depositor’s account only when the interest due was at least 1/- or more. After the change, the effective interest rate on savings bank deposits increased, thereby benefitting the depositors.

The concept of savings account

•A savings deposit is a hybrid product which combines the features of both a current account and a term deposit account. •While a current account is primarily meant for transaction purposes and is maintained by companies, public enterprises and business firms for meeting their day-to-day requirement of funds, savings accounts are maintained for both transaction and savings purposes mostly by individuals and households.

•A savings account being a hybrid product provides the convenience of easy withdrawals, writing/collection of cheques and other payment facilities as well as an avenue for parking short-term funds which earn interest.

•The maintenance of savings bank deposit accounts, however, entails transaction costs. Where as, a term deposit doesn't involve transaction cost for banks.

• The average annual growth of savings deposits, which decelerated in the 1990s compared with that of the 1980s, accelerated sharply in the decade of the 2000s.

• In this decade, the average growth rate of savings deposits exceeded that of demand and term deposits, notwithstanding the growth in term deposits outpacing that of savings deposits during 2005-10.

•The Credit Policy of May 27, 1977 for the first time drew a distinction within savings deposit accounts in that a part was considered as functionally transactions-oriented vis-à-vis the remaining part that had features akin to savings.

•Accordingly, the Reserve Bank, with effect from July 1, 1977, fixed the interest rate on savings deposits with cheque facilities, considered as transactions-oriented accounts, at 3.0 per cent and the interest rate on savings deposits without cheque facilities, considered as pure savings accounts, at 5.0 per cent.

•However, the Credit Policy of March 2, 1978 merged these two accounts into a single savings account, on account of many depositors opening multiple accounts.

March 2, 1978 – Interest rate @ 4.5 % p.a

April 24, 1992 – Interest rate @ 6.0 % p.a.

March 2003 – Interest rate @ 3.5 %

Presently 4 @ p .a.

History of Savings Bank Interest Rates

(per cent) Sector 1998 2009 1 2 3 I. Household Sector 84.8 83.6 II. Government Sector of which: State Government Local Authorities Public Sector Corporations and Companies

8.4 3.3 1.9 1.7

9.1 5.3 1.7 1.2

III. Foreign Sector 5.3 6.0 IV. Private Corporate Sector (Non-financial)

0.2 0.4

V. Financial sector 1.4 0.8 VI. Total 100 100

The data on the ownership pattern of savings deposits during 1998-2009 reveals that savings deposits are predominantly held by the household sector.

Ownership Pattern of Savings Deposits

Costs incurred by a bank in maintaining the savings account Interest payments to account holders Computer costs Staff salary Passbook costs Printing charges Intimation costs for inoperative accounts Costs incurred in case the customer withdraws a

large sum from the bank immediately.

Two major changes•Change in the interest calculation methodology The interest calculation methodology has been shifted from minimum balance between 10th and last day to the daily product basis with effect from 1st April, 2010.

•Deregulation of Savings account interest ratesRecently, the savings deposit rate has also been   increased by 50 basis points to 4%. In simple words, deregulation is removing RBI’s control over the prevalent interest rates for banks’ savings accounts.

How savings account interest is calculated?

•Earlier, interest was calculated on the lowest amount available in savings account from 10th to the end of month. The disadvantage is that if you have a low balance on any of these days, you will get interest on that amount only. For example:If the account shows the following balance for the month of February 2010:

Interest will be received on 1,000/- rupees, which is the lowest balance available in the account.According to the new circular from RBI, banks have to calculate the interest on a daily product basis and this must be implemented from April 1, 2010. This way savings account holders will not lose interest for even a rupee.

DEREGULATION -Effective 25 October, 2011

RBI has explicitly sent notification to the banks for changing their savings bank interest rates. The banks are now free to set their interest rates for their customers.

Conditions

• Uniform rate to all customers having savings account balance of up to Rs. 1 lakh. For balances above Rs. 1 lakh, banks are free to choose interest rate bands.

•Banks can create a tier structure for interest rates on balances of over Rs. 1 lakh, so they could offer 5% for balances between Rs. 1 lakh – 5 lakh, and 6% for balances over Rs. 6 lakhs and so on.

The way the interest is calculated should remain the same – that is the daily balance method that’s currently followed and banks shouldn’t get back to their gimmicky ways of taking the minimum balance in a month etc.

Important aspects regarding deregulation

•New banks can now offer a higher interest rate to persuade customers to move away from their old banks. But as can be visualized, the interest rates paid by all banks on their savings accounts will rise. This will adversely affect banks’ profitability.

•The banks will compete with each other on savings account interest rates therefore, a customer will benefit in the form of higher interest rates.

•When banks had to pay just 3.5% as interest, they were able to give free chequebooks, allow free cash withdrawals and charge a nominal fee for other services.

•If banks have to remain profitable, they have two options. First, increase the lending rates to ensure the same profitability in spite of paying a higher savings account rate. Second, cut costs related to savings accounts.

•As can be seen, banks have increased interest rates to get more savings accounts. But at the same time, they will be forced to remain competitive by moves such as an increase in the minimum balance requirements, having a tiered interest rate structure (wherein better rates are offered to customers with a larger balance), imposing a charge for issue of chequebooks and so on.

Few Banks join the raceInitially, the banks which have hiked the interest rate are:

•Yes Bank•Kotak Mahindra Bank •IndusInd Bank

Reason

Relatively new players

• Fewer savings accounts• Do not have a strong retail portfolio

Updated interest rates by banks

What prompted Yes Bank?

The prompt move to inject deposit hike comes on the back of its : - lowest share of savings bank deposits to total deposits in the whole industry (3% CASA deposits) - Hardly 1% or 2% of the private lender’s deposits come from Savings deposit funds. Thus, this private bank always had more room to capitalize on free interest rate regime unveiled by the country’s apex banker.

SBI says no immediate hike in saving deposit rates

On the other hand, India’s leading state-owned bank SBI has not yet hiked the savings deposit rates.

State Bank of India: The rate will be increased by upto 1.25%, thus making it 5.25%. The decision is not yet taken.

• In contrast to Yes Bank, SBI already has 34% of its total deposits in savings bank account – which is amongst the highest industry ratio in terms of holding low cost funds to total deposits. Thus, SBI is seen in no hurry to introduce the deposit hike in very near-term.

•The banks which have raised savings deposit rates lack reach.

• The bank is sitting on a huge deposit base and has no concern regarding cost of deposits going up due to the deregulation.

•The total deposits in SBI's savings accounts are to the tune of nearly Rs 3.5 lakh crore, and a hike of one per cent in interest would mean that it would cost the bank Rs 3,500 crore, which will have to be passed on to the customers

• Lakshmi Vilas Bank can decide to give its savings account holders 5% while ICICI may decide to give its account holders 4%.

• Vijaya Bank - Savings Bank - 4.00 % p.a (Effective from 03 - MAY 2011)

•Since the large banks like SBI, ICICI Bank, Punjab National Bank (PNB) and HDFC Bank have not made any changes in their interest rates, other smaller banks have not felt the need to change the status quo.

•The country's largest urban cooperative Saraswati Bank announced on November 29 that it would offer 6% interest on savings deposits which will be payable every quarter.

•Axis and Bank of Baroda offers Savings Account Deposit Interest Rate @ 4% (for all amounts).

Banker’s Point of view•As an impact of the soaring inflation, the real rate of interest on savings is negative and hence deregulation seems inevitable. However, banks hold a mixed opinion on the same.

• While the state-owned banks are more in favour of the regulated savings deposit rate, the private banks are mostly in favour of deregulation.

•Many banks affirm that if interest rates are to be deregulated then RBI should also deregulate the maintenance charges.

Effect of Deregulation Competition

Increase in Interest rate

Reduction in Net Interest Margin if not balanced by increase in lending rates

•Large Public sector banks like Punjab National Bank are examining ways how to offset the increase in Savings Bank Account.

•The bank has SB deposits aggregating Rs 1 lakh crore.

Increase in SB interest rate by 1%

Increase of Rs. 1,000 crore in

interest payments

International Experience Deregulation of savings bank

deposit accounts in select developed and emerging market countries.

Interest rates on savings account in developed countries such as Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, UK, and USA are all deregulated and determined by the commercial banks themselves on the basis of market interest rates

Many countries in Asia experimented with interest rate deregulation to support overall development and growth policies

Interest rates were fully deregulated in Singapore in the mid-1970s, and in the Philippines, Indonesia and Sri Lanka in the early 1980s.

Malaysia, Thailand and the Republic of Korea engaged in a gradual deregulation process, characterised by more frequent adjustments and the removal of some ceilings

Interest rates on bank deposits in Hong Kong, which were regulated by a set of interest rate rules (IRRs) issued by the Hong Kong Association of Banks (HKAB), were deregulated in phases by July 2001

In response to the deregulation, a number of banks launched new products such as combined savings and checking accounts and Hong Kong inter-bank offered rate (HIBOR) linked savings products

Some also revised fees and charges and minimum balance requirements, and introduced tiered structures of interest rates

Based on an examination of the effects of interest rate regulation and subsequent deregulation on the efficacy of monetary policy and rigidity of retail bank deposit rates in Hong Kong, Chong (2010) found that interest rate deregulation had increased the efficacy of monetary policy by improving the correlation between retail bank deposit rates and market interest rates and increasing the degree of long-term pass-through for retail bank deposit rates

Rates on savings accounts in China are regulated by the Peoples’ Bank of China, which specifies ceiling interest rates on these accounts

DBS Bank, Singapore provides a facility that combines the current account and savings account, but has a higher minimum balance to be maintained and the customer is charged

In countries in which financial sector reforms also included interest rate deregulation, the action was primarily taken because real rates were negative, and were being propelled by inflationary pressures

On the whole, cross-country experience shows that in most countries, interest rates on savings bank accounts have been deregulated and are now fixed by commercial banks based on the market interest rates

Pros and Cons of Deregulation of Saving Account Interest Rate

MeritsWill enhance the attractiveness of

Saving Deposits. Regulation of interest rates imparts rigidity to the

instrument/product as rates are either not changed in response to changing market conditions or changed slowly. This adversely affects the attractiveness of a product/instrument.

Will improve transmission of monetary policy.

For transmission of monetary policy to be effective, it is necessary that all rates move in tandem with the policy rates. This process, however, is impeded if the interest rate in any segment is regulated.

Co -relation among various ratesInterest Rate Co relation Coefficient

Term Deposit Rate and Monetary Policy rates

.82

Saving Deposit Rate and Monetary Policy Rates

.18

Will lead to product innovation Savings deposits constitute about 22 per cent of total

deposits. However, owing to regulation of interest rate, there is hardly any competition in this segment with both banks and depositors acting passively. This

has inhibited product innovations.May lead to financial inclusion Increase in SA Interest rate would

encourage people in rural and semi urban areas to park more funds in Saving Account which can actually fulfill India’s objective of Financial Inclusion.

DemeritsPossibility of unhealthy

competition A major attraction of savings deposits

for banks is that it offers a low cost source of funds. If deregulation happens, it will push up the cost of funds of the banking sector. This, if passed on to the borrower, will raise the cost of borrowings and if not, it will affect the interest margins and profitability of the banking sector.

Share of CASA Average cost of deposits(Per cent)

Public Sector Banks1-30%30-40%40-50%50% and above

Private Sector Banks1-30%30-40%40-50%50% and above

6.195.835.41NA

6.665.595.184.51

Risk of Asset-Liability mismatches Although savings bank deposits represent

short-term savings and withdrawable on demand, a large part of savings deposits is treated as ‘core’ deposits, which together with term deposits have been used by banks to increase their exposure to long-term loans, including infrastructure loans. deregulation may have the potential to create asset liability mismatches as some banks with large dependence on savings deposits for financing long-term assets may lose savings deposits to some other banks.

Year Term Deposits of more than 3 years/Total Term Deposits

Term Loans/ Total advances

200120022003200420052006200720082009

31.728.723.927.826.524.522.623.120.2

36.742.244.549.054.155.957.758.057.1

Share of CASA Average Term Loans/ Total deposits ( %)

20-30% 52

30-40% 60

40-50 % 64

Could adversely effect Small savers/Pensioners

There could be occasions, especially when the liquidity is in surplus, when savings deposit interest rates may decline even below the present level. This will affect the income flow to small savers/pensioners.

Possibility of introduction of complex Saving Products

It is also possible that banks introduce some complex products, which may not be so easily understood by savers .

INTERVIEW

Things to consider while opening a saving account

Things to consider while opening a saving account

Savings account interest rate Branch network

Fixed deposit rate

Things to consider while opening a saving account

Investment advisory services

Call centre experiences

Net banking

Things to consider while opening a saving account

ATM facility

Locker facility

Charges on various services

Public Sector Banks VS Private sector Banks………

(what lies ahead)

What is CASA ? ?Casa is basically the current and savings

account deposits. Casa ratio is the share of current and savings account deposits to the total deposits of the bank.

What is NIM ? ? NIM is essentially the difference between

the total interest earned and total interest paid as a percentage of total assets and it shows the average margin a bank makes by borrowing and lending funds.

Points in favour of Private Sector Banks( if they increase SA ROI)...

Increase in ROI would increase CASA

Increase in CASA would increase deposits available for Term Loans

Low cost of funds

BUTAll this at the cost of decrease in

NIM

Still Pros > Cons

Arguments against Public Sector Banks

If they increase ROIHuge impact on NIMHDFC Bank has the highest share of Casa to total

deposits at 52%, followed by the State Bank of India at 48% and ICICI Bank at 45%. 

If they don’t increase ROICASA might shift from Public Sector Banks

to Private Sector BanksAsset Liability MismatchesIncrease in cost of funds

Arguments in favor of Public Sector BanksMathematical Analysis Let’s calculate how much a 1.5% hike in savings

rate means for a Rs 50,000 balance. In a year it amounts to an additional interest of Rs 750, or Rs 63 more per month, before tax. If your bank hikes savings rate by 100 bps compared with 200 bps by another bank, and you switch banks, then you stand to earn only R83 more every month for a bank balance of Rs 1 lakh.

Safety factors

Other AlternativesLiquid MFs Liquid and ultra short-term funds have offered

about 7-7.5% return per annum. Further, dividends in liquid funds and ultra short-term funds are taxed at 27% and 13.5% respectively, compared with 30.9% at which your savings bank account interest is taxed.

Sweep in Accounts A bank account that automatically transfers

amounts that exceed a certain level into a higher interest earning investment option at the close of each business day. Commonly, the excess cash is swept into money market funds

Saving Bank Account (

Money earns 4-6% ROI)

Auto Sweep Bank Account

Auto- Sweep Acc ROISaving Acc ROI

Why settle for 6% on your savings account when short-term FDs can give 8-8.5%?

CONCLUSION

The big players of the banking industry would still continue to rule.

The cost of funds for many banks dependent on CASA deposits will rise, but the depositors will now get a more market-determined rates attuned to inflation and policy rates. Banks will now have to focus more on managing asset-liability mismatches and fund management rather than rely on low cost deposits.

The NIMs of banks will also shrink and increasing focus will be on efficiently managing cost of operations. In effect, this will bring better efficiency in the banking system.