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Comparative History in the Age of the Renaissance:
Central and South Asia
John Estrella
Alexis Feliciano
Kate Heaney
Class Periwinkle
Politics: Safavid Empire (1501 – 1722)
16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries Founder: Sufi leader named Isma’il Fought frequently with Ottoman empire (west),
Mughal Empire (east) and Uzbeks (north) Abbas I: greatest Safavid king
– Humble; interacted with common folk – Strengthened central government– Created standing army
Defeated Uzbeks and Ottomans, recovering Persian territory and capturing Baghdad
Politics: Mughal Empire (1526 – 1857)
Early 16th to mid - 19th centuries Effective rule
– Seven generations of rulers– Administrative organization
Attempted to integrate Muslims and Hindus into a united Indian state
Founded by Babur– descendant of Timur (Tamerlane) and Genghis Khan– Oust from central Asia, he turned to Delhi Sultanate to
satisfy his desire for conquest
Politics: Major Mughal Rulers
Babur – faced armies of a Rajput confederacy in 1527– far outnumbered yet clever stratagem and reckless courage
determined his victory
Akbar: the “Great Mughal”– Established strong military force and effective
administration– Seized all of northern and part of central India– Adopted peace-making policies toward Hindus– Strengthened and united Mughal Empire
Politics: Major Mughal Rulers
Shah Jahan– Passion for building– Left great monuments i.e. Taj Mahal and Great Mosque of
Delhi– His reign marked cultural peak of Mughal rule– Military expeditions brought empire to brink of bankruptcy
Aurangzeb– Political and religious intolerance led to its decline
Excluded Hindus and destroyed their schools and temples Persecutions roused rebellions against Muslim rule
Geography: Map of Safavid Empire
Red: Ottoman Empire
Green: Safavid Empire
Capital: Isfahan
Geography: Map of Mughal Empire
Pink: Under Akbar (1556 - 1605)
Purple: Expansion under Shah Jahan (1627 - 1658) and Aurangzeb (1658 - 1707)
Economics: Safavid Empire
Economy was never rich and prosperous At times successful at trade
– Shahs played a major role
Money came from carpet and leather goods– Isfahan
Constantly at war against the Ottomans – Could not afford cost of war
loss of money and the incompetence of the rulers lead to downfall of empire
Economics: Mughal Empire
Agriculture was of some importance
India was known for textile manufacturing
Markets for Indian textiles accepted trade from Europe
Religion
Background– Islam had spread throughout the region around
632 when Abu Bakr, the first caliph, conquered areas across the Byzantine and Persian empires
– Around 1000, Turkish Muslims invaded predominantly Hindu India
– They conquered Hindu armies and set up the Delhi sultanate (1210-1526), which consisted of various Muslim dynasties that ruled the area
Religion
India became part of the Islamic world
– Islam became the major religion
Buddhism began to decline in India, partially because many Buddhist monasteries were destroyed
Religion
Many Hindus were also killed, contributing to the decline of Hinduism
However, some Hindus whose land now belonged to Muslim officials were offered special protection from persecution if they paid a tax
Eventually some elements of Hindu culture were incorporated into Muslim culture
Religion
Islam continued to be main religion in India after Delhi sultanate had been conquered and Mughal dynasty had begun.
Religion and land and sea trade routes united the entire area
Religion spread through the trade routes to different parts of the area
The Safavid Empire in Iran was also Muslim, meaning that Islam became a major religion in Iran as well
Society: Safavid Empire
Began as group of Turkish tribes people of Shiite Sufi descent
Triangle-formed monarchy Shah – considered to have
divine powers Women had considerable
freedom and liberty compared to those of different empires
Shah(ruler)
Appointed Bureaucracy/
Landed Classes
Common People
Society: Mughal Empire
Akbar brought religious tolerance and art appreciation– Abolished discriminatory taxes on Hindus– Included non-Muslims in his group of advisors
As other rulers came to power, religious tolerance diminished Men relied on wives for political advice Aristocratic women:
– Learned to read and write– Worked and received salaries– Were allowed to own land– Fought in wars
Science/Technology
Very few advancements
– Mostly gun and ammunition advancments
Gunpowder popular in both Empires
Art and Architecture
Defined many of the dynasties that ruled in the area Provided monuments that would last for centuries Art also greatly linked to religion The Mongol invasion destroyed works of art from
before the 13th century However, Persian art emerged in part because of the
Mongol school in the 14th century
Art and Architecture
Incorporated Indian, Persian & Islamic art from the Delhi Sultanate to create new kinds of art
Probably the most famous monument of the Mughal dynasty was the Taj Mahal, built by the ruler Shan Jahan for his wife in 1632.
Art and Architecture
Great monuments left behind in India and Pakistan
During 15th century, Timurid painting incorporated aspects from Chinese art
During 16th century, mosaic-covered architecture reached its peak
Safavid dynasty specialties - murals in palaces, ink drawings, single-figure portraits, jewelry, book illustrations
In conclusion…
Comparing the European Renaissance to the occurrences of Central and South Asia, both faced various political situations that primarily was the cause of religious differences. Not only that, but in each region grew great cultural aspects such as art and architecture. Although both regions are quite different, they significantly influenced the nations there today.
Questions?
Works Cited
Blanchette, Mike, Anna Hinohara, and Corey Van Der Wal. "The Safavid Empire." Menloschool. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/cblock/safavid/index.htm>.
Bulliet, Richard W., Pamela K. Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.
Bulliet, Richard W., Pamela K. Crossley , Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples: a Global History. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.
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Ellis, Elizabeth Graynor, and Anthony Esler. World History: the Modern Era. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2007.
"History of the Moghul Emperors." WriteSpirit. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.writespirit.net/stories_tales/stories_by_sri_chinmoy/the_moghul_emperors/history_of_the_moghul_emperors>.
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