Zoonoses
Martin Shakespeare RD, BPharm, MRPharmS, DipAgVet, DipCP(DES), RNR Pharmacist, UK
(RP) London • Chicago Pharmaceutical Press
Preface xii Acknowledgements xiii About the author xiv
1 Introduction to zoonoses 1 A basic definition Causative pathogens Emerging zoonoses 4 Routes of transmission 7 Ingestion 9 Direct contact 11
Fomite spread 12 Vectors 12
I mportance of zoonoses 14 Risk groups 18 Implications for industry 20
Produce loss 20 Personnel loss 20
Public impact 21 References 24
2 Zoonoses of companion animals 26 Birds 27
Introduction 27 Cryptococcosis 28 Mycobacterium avium complex 29 Psittacosis (ornithosis) 31
Cats and dogs 33 I ntrod uction 33
Contents I vii
4 Food-borne zoonoses 110
Typical transmission pathway 111 Food-borne zoonoses associated with fish 111
Ciguetera 111 Shellfish poisoning 112
Food-borne zoonoses associated with meat 113 Escherichia coli 113 " Listeriosis 118 Salmonella 122
Milk-borne diseases 126 The usual suspects 126
Clostridium spp. perfringens and C. botulinum 126 Botulism 127 Yersinia enterocolitica 131 Cryptosporidiosis 132 Campylobacter spp. 133 Campylobacter and Guillain-Barre syndrome 134
Food Standards Agency inspection and enforcement 135 Reducing zoonotic risks in food 135
HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) 136 Stepwise prevention strategies 136 General food hygiene recommendations 138 Miscellaneous items 139
References 140
5 Prion diseases 143
Animal TSEs and BSE 144 The significance of scrapie 145
Variant CJD and human TSEs 146 Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 147 Chronic wasting disease 158
Useful addresses 158 References 158
6 Pandora's box 160
Introduction 160 Anthrax 162
Disease in animals 163 Transmission 164 Disease in humans 164 Diagnosis 165
: ' ~ I ! viii Contents
Treatment 165 Cutaneous anthrax 167 Prophylaxis 167 Prevention 169 Cases associated with drum makers 169 Potential as a biological warfare agent 170
Ebola 172; Transmission 173 Disease in humans 173 Outbreak statistics 174 Treatment 175 Prevention 175
Plague 176 The disease 177 Wild foci 177 The world picture 178 Epidemiology 179 Climate change 180 Disease in animals 181 Transmission 182
I Disease in humans 182 1'1 Diagnosis 184
Treatment 185 Prophylaxis 186 Prevention 187
Rabies (hyd rophobia) 188 The UK and Europe 188 Rabies in North America 189 Rabies elsewhere in the world 190 Disease in animals 191 Transmission 191 Disease in humans 191 Diagnosis 192 Treatment 192 Prophylaxis 193 Vaccination regimens 194 Other related viruses 196 Case histories 197 Prevention 199
Contents I ix
Deliberate release - bioterrorism 202 Initial definitions 202 Public health dimension 205 Preparedness 206
References 206
7 Viral zoonotic diseases 209 j"
Notes on arrangements of monographs 209 Alphaviruses 209
Chikungunya 209 Eastern equine encephalomyelitis 210 Mayaro virus 211
Arenaviruses 211 Zoonotic arenaviruses 211
Bunyaviruses 214 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever 214
Hantaviruses 215 Human disease 215 HFRS 215 HPS 216 Transmission 217 Diagnosis 217 Treatment 217 Prevention 217 Cache Valley virus 218 La Crosse virus 218 Oropouche virus 218 Rift Valley fever 219
Coronaviruses 219 SARS 219
Filoviruses 220 Marburg virus 220
Paramyxoviruses - henipaviruses 221 Hendra virus 221 Nipah virus 222 Other unusual paramyxoviruses in fruit bats 226
Flaviviruses 226 West Nile virus/Kunjin virus 226 Japanese encephalitis 231
f' '11 xl Contents I,
ill 11
I11 St Louis encephalitis 232 I Other flaviviruses 233 I
11 Borna disease , I 233 ,i Ij Closing comments 235 ,I"i References 235 11:11
1111 8 Zoonoses of exotic, feral and wild animals 238 jlll "
1111
,1 Transmission pathways 240
IIII! Bushmeat and the live animal trade 241
III11 Escapees and releases 243
lill Zoological parks, circuses and city farms 243
'['I Exotic pets 244 'Ill ili ll Examples of diseases associated with wildlife 244 !I:II Raccoon roundworm 245 11
11, Rat-bite fever (Haverhill fever, Soduku) 245
' "I
1'1111 Typhus fever 246 lill Zoonoses of deer 246 II1 Lyme disease 247
I!II Tularaemia 251
Ill! Viruses associated with primates 256
Herpes B virus 257 'I Monkeypox 257
:11 I11 Simian foamy virus 259 ',1 1
Ill' Simian immunodeficiency viruses 259 i:1 1
1111 Prevention of spread of wildlife diseases 260 ,:1:
Surveillance 261 1:1 " References 262
'1Ii" i,l: 11
Implications for healthcare 265 '!i 9 !III Significance of zoonotic disease 265
'I
il!1 Disease prevention strategies 266 "
11, Benefits of companion animal ownership 266 Illi Benefits from domesticated animals 267 1111 Risk assessment 268 III Harm reduction and prevention 270 ,I
Constituent measures for prevention strategies 272 Health promotion and education 274 Treatment 275 Antimicrobial resistance 277 Direct impact of antibiotic resistance on healthcare 280
Contents I xi
UK Legislation The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 Notifiable disease legislation Statutory notification of infectious diseases (human) Notifiable disease in animals
Notifiable diseases in the USA Other US legislation
Points to ponder Choice of companion animal Xenotransplantation and transgenic animals
References
Appendix 1 Web resources European International The UK The USA Canada
Appendix 2 Useful addresses Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Index
280 281
281
282 282 282 284 285 286 286 287 287 288
290 290 291 291 293 294
295
296
297
"
1 !
abattoir fever see Q fever
acepromazine, 151
aciclovir, 64
acrodermatitis chronica attophicans, 249
African haemorrhagic fever see Ebola
agricultural livestock, 61-107
agricultural practices, 15, 16,260
use of antibiotics, 15-16,277,279-80
agricultural workers, 268, 269
albendazole, 39, 42, 85-6, 100, 107
alphaviruses, 209-11
amantadine, 69, 72,235
amnesic shellfish poisoning, 112
amoxicillin, 165, 166, 168, 171,250,279
ampicillin, 119, 123, 166,279
Ancylostoma spp., 40, 41
ancylostomiasis, 40-1, 42
Andes virus, 216-17
animal growth promoters, 277, 279-80
animal handlers, 267-8, 269, 274
antacids, 119
anthrax, 7, 12, 16, 160, 161, 162-72,281,
283,285
cutaneous, 12, 162, 163, 164-5, 167
deliberate release/biological warfare
agent potential, 163, 167, 170-2,
202,203,204
US mail case (Arnerithrax), 165, 171-2
in drum makers, 161, 162, 169-70
inhalationaVpulmonary, 12, 163, 164,
165, 166-7
intestinal, 164, 165
meningitis, 165, 166
prophylaxis, 167-8
treatment, 165-7
antibiotic therapy, 275-6
antimicrobial resistance, 15-16,275,
277-80
Aravan virus, 196
arboviruses, 209, 244
arenaviruses, 211-14
armadillos, 17, 58-9
arthropod vectors, 12-13,209
ascariasis, 98-100
Ascaris 'spp., 98
Australia Group, 202-3
Australian bat lyssavirus, 197
avian chlamydiosis see psittacosis
avian influenza H5Nl, 27, 63, 65-75, 161
current outbreak, 67,70-72
avian paramyxovirus type 1, 63
avoparacin resistance, 279
azithromycin, 31, 33, 36, 72, 250
bacillary angiomatosis, 36
Bacillus anthracis, 7, 162
Balkan influenza see q fever
Bartonella henselae, 12,35,36
Bartonella quintana, 35
bat-borne viruses, 220
Australian bat lyssavirus, 197
coronaviruses, 220
European bat lyssavirus (bat rabies),
197,200
298 I Index
fruit bat paramyxoviruses, 222, 226
lyssavirus rabies-like disease, 196-7
rab~~ 189, 190, 191, 193, 197, 198,
240-1
Baylisascaris procyonis, 245
Bayou virus, 216
BCG vaccine, 91
Bermejo virus, 217
Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention
(BTWC),202
biological warfare/bioterrorism agents, 162,
202-6,252
infection of wildlife, 261-2
public health issues (forward
planning), 205-6
see also anthrax
birds, 238, 240
agricultural livestock, 62-74
companion animals, 27-33
migratory,S, 6, 13,70,161,227,240
Black Creek Canal virus, 216
Black Death, 161, 176, 183
Bolivian haemorrhagic fever (black typhus),
213
Borna disease, 233-5
Borrelia spp., 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250
botulinum antitoxin, 129, 130
botulinum toxin, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131
deliberate releaselbioterrorism, 203,
204
botulism, 127-31,285
food-borne, 128-30, 285
infant, 128, 130-1, 285
inhalation, 128
wound, 128, 131,286
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 10-11,
16,18,20,22,23,75,110,143,144-5
government-led enquiry, 152
prevention, 153-6
variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
linkage, 147-8
Brazilian haemorrhagic fever,214
brevitoxins, 112
Brucella abortus, 76, 126
Brucella melitensis, 75, 76, 126
Brucella spp., 76,240, 285
Brucella suis, 76,243
brucellosis, 16, 74, 75-8, 281, 286
deliberate release/bioterrorism, 204,
205
bunyaviruses, 214-15, 218-19
Burkholderia mallei, 9, 54
bushmeat, 241-2
Cache Valley virus, 218
Campylobacter coli, 133,279
Campylobacter jejuni, 133,279
Campylobacter spp., 133-4
antimicrobial resistance, 279
canola fever (Leptospira canicola), 56
Cat Scratch Disease, 12, 34, 35-6 i
cats, 33-4,40,41,49,51,52-3,238
hygiene measures, 42, 48,52
Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), 201
cattle, 75-91
tracing system, 155
causative pathogens, 1-4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC),14
cephalosporins, 54, 72, 101, 166, 185,250
resistance, 123,279
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (herpes B
'virus), 257
cetacean brucellosis, 76, 78
charbon see anthrax
Chikungunya fever, 209-10
children, 18, 268, 269
Chlamydia, 4, 19
chlamydiosis, 92-4
Chlamydophila abortus, 92, 93
Chlamydophila felis, 92, 94
Chlamydophila pecorum, 92
Chlamydophila psittaci, 8, 9, 31, 32, 238,
281
Chlamydophila spp., 92 , 240, 244
chloramphenicol, 54, 64, 83, 134, 166, 185,
186,255
resistance, 123,279
chloroquine, 83,210
chlortetracycline, 94
Choclo virus, 217
cholera, 111
chronic wasting disease, 144, 158,241
cidofovir,258
ciguatera,111-12
cimetidine, 119
ciprofloxacin, 54, 123, 165, 166, 167, 168,
171,185,186,187,255
prophylactic use, 167, 168, 186, 187
resistance, 279
circuses, 243-4
clarithromycin,31
clindamycin, 52, 166, 167
Clostridium botulinum, 126, 127-31
Clostridium difficile, 280
Clostridium perfringens, 8, 126-7,240
toxin, 126, 127,205
clotrimazole, 44
companion animals, 16-17, 26-59, 287
benefits of ownership, 27, 266
exotics, 17, 244
contagious pustular dermatitis (orf), 96-7
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations (1999),282
coronaviruses,219-20
co-trimoxazole, 119, 186
Coxiella burnetti, 10, 81, 83,244
creeping eruption see cutaneous larva
migrans
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 146
see also variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, 203,
214-15
critical control points, food
production/handling, 136
Crohn's disease, 3, 30
cryptococcosis, 27, 28-9
Cryptococcus neoformans, 27, 281
cryptosporidiosis, 19, 132-3,286
Cryptosporidium parvum, 132
Cryptosporidium spp., 132,244,276
cutaneous larva migrans (creeping
eruption), 40, 41-2
cysticercosis, 85, 86, 87
dairy-worker fever (Leptospira hardjo), 56
deer, 240, 243, 246-56
deer-fly fever see tularaemia
deliberate release, 202
Index I 299
see also biological warfare/bioterrorism
agents
Dermacentor reticulatus, 253
diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning, 112
dinoflagellate toxins, 111, 112, 113
direct contact transmission, 11-12
Dobrava virus, 215
dogs, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 188, 190,
238
hygiene measures, 42, 48
Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), 201
domoic acid, 112
doxycycline, 33, 54, 58, 77, 83'1165, 166,
167,168,171,185,186,187,250,255,
256
prophylatic use, 168, 186, 187
Duvenhage virus, 196-7
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, 210-11,
285
EBLV-1I2 (European bat lyssavirus), 197
Ebola,2, 160, 172-6,226,240,242,284
deliberate release/bioterrorism
potential, 203
outbreak statistics, 174-5
echinococcosis, 36-40
Echinococcus granulosus, 36, 37
Echinococcus multilocularis, 36, 37, 40,
201,239,284
eggs, 62, 13 7
Salmonella contamination, 122, 124,
125
elderly people, 18, 74,268,269
emergent pathogens, 4-7
enzootic abortion, 92, 93
equine influenza, 65
erythema migrans, 249
erythromycin, 33, 36, 93, 103, 119,246,
255
Escherichia coli, 22,110,113-17
antimicrobial resistance, 279
Escherichia coli 0157:H7, 11, 16, 113-14,
205,243
Pennington report, 117
" ':
300 I Index
toxin, 114, 115
Wishawoutbreak (Scotland), 11,
115-17
ethambutol, 90
European bat lyssavirus (bat rabies), 197,
200
exotic Newcastle disease (pseudo-fowl pest),
63-5
exotics, 17,238-9,244
escapes/releases, 243
false cowpox (pseudo-cowpox), 80-1
farcy see glanders
farm visits, 140, 243-4
fatal familial insomnia, 147
feline keratoconjunctivitis, 94
ferrets, Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), 201
filoviruses, 220-1
fish, food-borne zoonoses, 111
flaviviruses, 226-35
flea vectors, 12, 13, 18,35,239
plague, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182,
188
flucloxacillin,42
fluoroquinolones resistance, 123
flupirtine, 151
fomite spread, 8, 12
food poisoning, 8, 10, 110,283
deliberate release/bioterrorism, 204,
205
food production, 20-1, 139-40
food safety, 110
general hygiene recommendations,
138-9
industrial issues, 20
public confidence, 22
Food Safety Inspection Service, 135, 138
food scares, 21, 22-3,110,122
Food Standards Agency (FSA), 11, 117,
135,138
food sterilisation, 139
food-borne transmission, 8, 9-11, 14-15,
16,110-40
prevention, 135-40
transmission pathways, 111
food-industry workers, 268
disease risk, 269
foot-and-mouth disease, 3, 21-2, 78-80,
140,240,242,243,244
fowl cholera (Pasteurella), 100-2
fowl plague, 65
foxes, 37, 40, 188, 190,239,240
Francis' disease see tularaemia
Francisella endotoxin, 252
Francisella tularensis, 251, 252
subspecies, 253
fusidic acid, 64, 94
Gambierdiscus toxicus, 111
genetic susceptibility, 19-20
gentamicin, 54, 119, 134? 166, 167, 185,
186,255
resistance, 279
Gerstmann-Strassler-Schenker syndrome,
147
gestational psittacosis (chlamydiosis), 92-4
Giardia lamblia, 94
giardiasis, 94-6, 286
glanders (farcy), 9, 53, 54-5, 205
Global Health Security Initiative, 203
griseofulvin, 44
Guanarito virus, 211
Guillain-Barre syndrome, 134-5,229
HACCP process, 136
haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, 114-15,286
haemorrhagic colitis, 114
haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
(HFRS), '215-16,217
haemorrhagic jaundice (Leptospira
icterohaemorrhagiae),56
hantavirus, 205, 215-17
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 215, 216,
217,286
Haverhill fever (rat-bite fever), 245-6
hazard analysis, food production/handling,
136 health promotion/education, 274-5
Health and Safety at Work etc, Act (1974),
281
healthcare implications, 265-88
hedgehogs, 244
Hendra virus, 220, 221-2, 284
henipaviruses,221-6
hepatitis A, 58
hepatitis B, 58
herpes B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus
1),257
HIV/AIDS, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 104,259-60,
270,288
BCG vaccine contraindication, 91
bovine tuberculosis, 90
Campylobacter septicaemia, 134
cryptosporidiosis, 132
giardiasis, 95, 96
monkeypox,258
Pasteurella infection, 101
salmonella septicaemia, 123
toxoplasmosis, 51
hookworm, 40-2
horses, 53-8
Human Animal Infections and Risk
Surveillance (HAIRS) group, 14
human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV),
194
human rabies immunoglobulin, 193, 195
human T lymphotrophic virus (HTLV), 260
hunting, 241
hydatid disease (hydatidosis), 36-7, 38
hydatid sand, 38
hydrophobia see rabies
ibuprofen, 69
imipenem, 54, 166
immunocompromised individuals, 19,268,
270
Cat Scratch Disease, 34, 35
cryptococcosis, 28, 29
cryptosporidiosis, 132
disease risk, 269
Escherichia coli 0157:H7, 115
giardiasis, 95, 96
influenza vaccination, 74
listeriosis, 118, 120
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,
213
Mycobacterium avium complex, 30
psittacosis, 33
ringworm, 43
salmonellosis, 123
toxoplasmosis, 48, 51
Index I 301
importance of zoonoses, 14-18,265-6
infective dose, 7-8
influenza, 65-75
antigenic drift, 65
haemagglutinin (H), 65
neuraminidase (N), 65
vaccines, 67, 73-4
influenza A, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 286
antigenic shift, 65
influenza B, 65, 69
influenza C, 65
influenza HIN1 subtype, 67-8 I
influenza H3N2 subtype, 67
influenza H5N1 subtype, 67, 68-74, 161,
240,242
control protocols, 71, 75
current outbreak, 70-2
see also avian influenza H5Nl
influenza H7N7 subtype, 67
Irkut virus, 196
isoniazid, 90
ivermectin, 42, 45, 48
Ixodes spp., 13,247,253
Japanese encephalitis, 231-2
Johne's disease, 3
Junin virus, 212, 214
ketoconazole, 44
Khajard virus, 196
Kunjin virus, 226, 227
kuru, 147
Kyansur haemorrhagic virus, 233
La Cross virus, 218
Lagos bat virus, 196
Lassa fever, 212-13
deliberate release/bioterrorism, 204
legislation
UK, 20, 23, 280-5
US, 285-6
leprosy, 17, 58-9
Leptospira spp., 56, 57
302 I Index
leptospirosis, 10,53,56-8,239,281,283
levamisole, 99
levofloxacin, 169, 185, 186
Listeria monocytogenes, 19, 118
listeriosis, 118-22,286
loperamide, 123
Lyme disease, 4, 241, 244, 246, 247-51,
281,286
transmission, 13,248-9
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 211,
213
lyssaviruses, 188, 196-7
Machupo virus, 213-14
malignant oedema see anthrax
malignant pustule see anthrax, cutaneous
Malta fever see brucellosis
mammalian-derived meat and bone meal
(MMBM),155
Management of Health and Safety at Work
Regulations (1992),281-2
Marburg virus, 58, 203, 220-1, 240
Mayaro virus, 211
meat, 10-11, 16
bushmeat,241-2
contamination reduction at harvesting,
137
food-borne zoonoses, 113-17
meat and bone meal (MBM), 144, 145
mebendazole, 39, 41, 48,100,107
medical practitioner referral, 266
Mediterranean fever see brucellosis
Menangle virus, 226
mepacrine, 95
meropenem, 166, 167
metronidazole, 95, 100
miconazole, 44
Microsporum canis, 43
Microsporum spp., 42
milk-borne diseases, 9-10, 126, 137
milkers' nodule/wart (pseudo-cowpox),
80-1
Mobala virus, 214
Mokala virus, 196
monkeypox, 242, 244, 257-9
Monongahela virus, 216
mosquito vectors, 5, 6, 12, 13,209,210,
218,219,231
West Nile virus, 227, 228, 231
mycobacteria, 29, 58, 244
Mycobacterium avium complex, 3, 27,
29-31,281
Mycobacterium bovis, 9-10, 29, 87, 88,
239,243
Mycobacterium intracellulare see
Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium marinum, 29
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 29, 87
Necator americanus, 40
necrotic enteritis (pigbel); 8, 127
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 112
New York virus, 216
Newcastle disease, 63-5
niclosamide,86
Nipah virus, 205, 220, 222-5, 241
norfloxacin,255
Notedres cati, 45
notifiable disease
UK,282-5
USA, 285-6
occupational exposure, 19,20-1,39,54,
56,58,268,269
preventive measures, 274
ocular larva migrans, 47-8
ofloxacin,186
O'Hara's disease see tularaemia
okadaic acid, 112
Omsk haemorrhagic virus, 233
orf,96-7
Oropouche virus, 218
oseltamivir, 67, 72
paracetamol, ~9
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 112, 113
paramyxoviruses, 221-6
parapoxvirus, 96, 97
Pasteurella multocida, 100, 101,240
Pasteurella spp., 100-2
penicillin, 54, 57, 101, 103, 119, 166, 185,
246,250
Pennington report, 117, 135
pentosan polysulphate, 151
personnel loss, 20-1
pest control, 18,260
pesticides, 45, 276-7
Pet Travel Scheme (PETS; pet passports),
188,193,199,201,246,284
Pets as Therapy (PAT), 27, 267
pica, 10 pigbel (enteritis necroticans), 8, 127
pigs, 98-107 piperazine, 100
plague, 13, 17, 18, 160, 161, 176-88,240,
244,283,286
animal reservoir/maintenance hosts,
181-2
biological warfare potential, 177, 203,
204
bubonic, 176, 182-3
historical pandemics, 176-7
international initiatives, 178-9
meningitis, 183, 186
pharyngeal, 183-4
pneumonic, 176, 177, 179, 180, 184,
185
prevention, 187-8
prophylaxis, 186-7
septicaemic, 183
transmission, 178, 182
treatment, 185-6
vaccination, 187
wild foci, 177-8, 180-1
poultry production, 62-3
Powassan virus, 233, 285
praziquantel, 39, 86
pregnant women, 9, 19,268
chlamydiosis (gestational psittacosis),
93,94
disease risk, 269
listeriosis, 118, 120, 121
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,
213
plague prophylaxis, 186, 187
toxoplasmosis, 48, 50, 51, 52
prevention, 266, 268, 270-2
strategies, 272-4
Index I 303
primates, 58
viruses, 256-60
prion disease, 10-11, 18, 19, 75, 143-58,
288
pseudo-cowpox, 80-1
psittacosis (ornithosis), 8,9, 19,27,31-3,
205,242,268,271,281,286
public impact of zoonoses, 21-4
Puumala virus, 215
pyrantel, 100
pyrazinamide, 90 pyrimethamine, 51, 52
Q fever, 10, 81-4, 126,281,286
deliberate release/bioterrorjsm
potential, 204, 205
quarantine, 161, 175, 188, 193, 199,200,
201
Query fever see Q fever
quinolones resistance, 123,279
rabbit fever see tularaemia
rabies, 12, 17, 160, 161, 188-201,281,
283,286
bat-mediated, 197, 198,200,240-1
Europe, 188-9, 198
North America, 189-90, 198
organ transplant patients, 199
prevention, 199-201
prophylaxis, 193-4
treatment, 192-3
UK, 188, 198
vaccination; 200
animals, 189, 190, 193,
199-200
post-exposure prophylaxis, 188,
189, 190, 192-3, 194, 197, 199,
200
pre-exposu~e, 194, 195 regimens, 194-6
raccoon dog (Nycterentes procyonides),
rabies transmission, 188,243
raccoon roundworm, 245
raccoons, rabies transmission, 190
rat-bite fever, 245-6
re-emerging zoonoses, 6
304 I Index
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and
Dangerous Occurrences Regulations
(RIDDOR) (1995),281
reptiles, 58, 125
ribavirin, 193, 217, 235
Rickettsia prowazekii, 246
rifabutin, 31
rifampicin, 76, 77, 90, 166, 167
rifamycin, 31, 44
Rift valley fever, 219
ringworm, 12,42-4,244
risk assessment, 268, 270
risk groups, 18-19,268,269
rodent vectors, 239, 240
arenaviruses, 211, 213, 214
hantaviruses, 215, 217
plague, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,
182, 188
roundworm, large, 98-100
Saaremaa virus, 215
Sabia virus, 214
St Louis encephalitis, 232, 285
Salmonella dublin, 240
Salmonella enteritidis, 122, 124, 125
Salmonella kingabwa, 125
Salmonella newport, 124
Salmonella paratyphi var. J.ava, 122, 125
Salmonella pomona, 125
Salmonella spp., 17, 58, 204, 205, 240,
244,279,285,286,287
Salmonella typhi, 58
Salmonella typhimurium, 122, 124, 125,
240,279
Salmonella typhimurium DTI04, 123,279
R serotype, 15, 123,279
Salmonella virchow, 122,279
salmonellosis, 122-6
Sarcoptes scabiei, 44
saxitoxin, 112
scabies, 44-5
scrapie, 19, 143, 144, 145-6
seals, brucellosis, 76, 78
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),
219-20,242,286
sheep, 37, 38,49,50,53,91-7
shellfish poisoning, 111, 112-13
Shigella spp., 204, 205
shipping fever (Pasteurella), 100-2
simian foamy virus,259
simian immunodeficiency virus, 259-60
Sin Nombre virus, 216
Soduku (rat-bite fever), 245-6
specified bovine material (SBM), 145
specified risk material, 156, 157
spiramycin, 52
Spirillium minus, 245
splenic fever see anthrax
Streptococcus suis, 102-4,281
streptomycin, 54, 77, 91, 185, 186,255
resistance, 123, 279
Strop to bacillus moniliformis, 245
sulfadiazine, 54
sulfamethoxasole, 51
sulphonamides resistance, 123,279
supportive therapy, 276
surveillance, 7, 14
antimicrobial resistance, 278
influenza, 71, 72-3
notifiable disease legislation, 283, 285
Salmonella spp., 123-4
variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 150,
157-8
West Nile virus, 229, 231
wildlife/exotic diseases, 261-2
swine influenza, 65
current outbreak (Mexican swine flu),
67-8
Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis), 84
Taenia solium, 84
tapeworm (beef/pork tapeworm), 84-7
terbinafine, 44
tetanus, 1.6, 53; 284, 286
tetracyclines, 33, 54, 57, 83, 93, 101, 134,
185,186,250,255
resistance, 123,279
thrombocytopenic purpura, 115
tiabendazole, 42, 48, 107
ticarcillin, 54
tick vectors, 13,201,209,214,239,244,
252,253
tick-borne borreliosis see Lyme disease
tinidazole,95
Tioman virus, 226
Toxocara canis, 45, 239
Toxocara cati, 45
Toxocara felis, 19
toxocariasis, 34, 45-8, 270
Toxoplasma gondi, 3, 10, 48, 49, 244
Toxoplasma spp., 4, 10,242
toxoplasmosis, 19,34,48-53,270
congenital infection, 50
transgenic animals, 287-8
transmissible mink encephalopathy, 144
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies,
143
animal diseases, 144-6
human disease, 146-58
transmission routes, 7-13,111
preventive measures, 273
transplant patients, 199,213
trench fever, 35
Trichinella britovi, 104, 105
Trichinella nativa, 104
Trichinella pseudospiralis, 104, 105, 107
Trichinella spiralis, 104, 105,284
Trichinella spp., 239, 243
trichinosis (trichinellosis), 104-7,286
Trichophyton spp., 42
Trichophyton verrucosum, 43
trimethoprim, 123,279
resistance, 123
tuberculosis, 7, 19,29,30,271,276,281,
284,286
bovine, 9-10, 16, 75, 87-91, 126
surveillance and control, 88-9,91
tularaemia, 241, 244, 246, 251-6, 286
deliberate release/bioterrorism
potential, 204, 252
glandular, 254
oculoglandular, 254
oropharyngeal, 255
pneumonic, 255
typhoidal, 255
ulceroglandular, 254
vaccination, 252, 255
typhus fever, 246, 284
undulant fever see brucellosis
vancomycin, 166, 167
resistance, 279
Index I 305
variant Creutzfeldt-J ako b disease, 10-11,
16,18,22,23,143,144,147-51,156,
157-8,287
associated genetic modification, 148-9
epidemiological clusters, 152-3
prevention, 153-4
vectors,S, 12-13
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, 210
viral classification, 209
viral zoonotic diseases, 209-35
virginamycin resistance, 279
visceral larva migrans, 47
water-borne disease, 10, 17
Weil's disease see leptospirosis
West Caucasian bat virus, 196
West Nile virus, 6, 7, 13, 63, 161,226-31,
240,285
outbreaks, 227-9
transmission, 227, 230
Western equine encephalomyelitis, 210, 285
wild animals, 238, 239-40
bushrneat,241-2
live animal trade, 241, 242
transmission pathways, 240-4
wildlife diseases, 244
prevention of spread, 260-1
surveillance, 261-2
WIRED (wildlife-related emerging diseases),
240
woolsorter's disease see anthrax,
inhalationallpulmonary
xenotransplantation, 287-8
Yersinia enterocolitica, 131-2
Yersinia pestis, 7, 13, 177, 185
antimicrobial resistance, 180,279
yessotoxin, 112
Yuli virus, 196
zanamivir, 67, 69, 72
zoological parks, 243-4