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Gu Tt˙\Ùo, BNıÙıVo, Íj˙RÙo CYoL˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu.
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Prepared by :
IT@School ProjectPoojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, Keralafor State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala
First Edition : 2012
Website : www.itschool.gov.in, www.scertkerala.gov.in
email : [email protected], [email protected]
Phone : 0471-2529800, 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2529810, 0471-2341869
Type setting : IT@School Project
Layout : IT@School Project
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
˙R£V ∏Rm
Au-TÙokR UÙQ-Yo-L- [,
RL-Yp RÙPo◊ RÙØp-÷hT ER-Æ-Vt\ Ko EX˚L Cufl Lt-T˚]·Pf ˘Nn’ TÙodL ÿ•-VÙ-’. EX-Lm SU’ Es-[e˚Ld-œs APeLÆ˚W-°-\-’. Cm-UÙt-\j-ßu ˙YLj-ßtœ SÙm D”-˘LÙ-”dL ˙Yi-”m.
CR˚] U]-ßp LÙi”RÙu Tj-RÙm Yœl◊j RL-Yp T -UÙt-\j RÙØp-÷hT H” RVÙ- d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.
°WÙ-©d •˚N-≤e ˘RÙPd-Ll TÙPe-L-fim øe-Ls æh-•V KÆ-Ve-Lfidœ Ee-Ls ß˚Wd-L- Rd- LtT A˚N‹ A∞d-œm A≤- U- -‡m
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LPkR C⁄ Bi-”-L-[ÙLl Tj-Ru UÙØ- ˚] TX LÙQe-L∞pA±k’ Y⁄-°- \Ùm. Cßp ˙U¤m ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm-Ls ˘Nn-Ÿm T´t£ŸmEhT”jRl-Th-•-⁄d-°-\-’. TX-ÆRl TVu-TÙh” ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄h-L˚[
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Cq˙Yh-•-p LÙQ-XÙm.
C˚QVl Td-Lm Ut-flm C˚QVR[e-L-˚[d œ±j’ SÙmA±˙YÙm. SU’ Ts-∞d-LÙL J⁄ C˚Q-V-R-[j˚R ®fl-Æ-]Ùp Gu]?C˚Q-V-R[e-L-∞u A˚Ul◊ Ut-flm Es-[-Pd-Lj˚R U⁄- Lt\ ER-‹m£X Uu- TÙ-⁄h-L˚[Ÿm ""SUd-LÙL J⁄ C˚Q-V-R-[m'' Gu\ TÙPj-ßp
LÙQ-XÙm.
Sm SÙh-•u, UÙ®-Xjßu Y˚W-T-Pj- R(map) SÙm Lh-PÙ-Vm TÙoj-ß⁄l-˙TÙm. B]Ùp SU’ FWÙh-£-´u Y˚W-T-Pj˚R Sm-™pGjR˚]˙To TÙoj-ß-⁄l- TÙm? —t-fl-Yh-PÙW Y[of-£j ßh-Pe-L-fid-LÙL
A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\l-T• RVÙ- jR ®X-Y[ Y˚W-T-Pe-Ls R˚Y. CYt- \jRVÙ- dL ER-‹m °Î-¥v Gu-‡m ˘Uu- TÙ-⁄˚[ Cq-YÙi” LtLC⁄d-°- \Ùm. YÙ]-Æ-Vp £ÿ- X- u Uu- TÙ-⁄[Ù] v˘Pp- X- -Vm,
L¶-R-Æ-Vp Uu- TÙ-⁄-[Ù] ¥˙VÙ-¥lWÙ TÙu-\- Y-Ÿm Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].
CkË-≠-¤s[ GpXÙf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm T´ufl RL-X-Yp˘RÙPo◊ ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tj-ßtœ Ee-L[ÙXÙ] Te-L-∞l-◊-L- [-Ÿm YZeLCV-Xh-”m
A˚]-Y-⁄m Yt±˘T\ YÙrj-’-L-fi-Pu.
˙TWÙ-£- -Vo.- L.-G.-aÙ-µm
CVd-œ-So
Gv.-£-.-C.Bo.•
Mohammed Aslam,District Co-ordinator,IT@School Project, Alappuzha.
K.Shanavas,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Palakkad.
Pradeep Kumar Mattara,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Malappuram.
Hassinar Mankada,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Malappuram.
K.V.Pramod,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Kozhikode.
V.K.BabuDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Kozhikode.
C.P.Abdul Hakeem,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Malappuram.
Academic Co-ordinatorT.A.Ravi Shankar,IT@School Project.
Members
ArtistE.Suresh,
Pallikara, Kozhikode.
K.V.Sankardas,District Co-ordinator,IT@School Project, Malappuram.
K.P.Vasudevan,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Thrissur.
Tony Antony,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Kottayam.
R.S.Hari Krishnan,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Thiruvananthapuram.
K.Sabareesh,Master Trainer(Co-ordination),IT@School Project, Malappuram.
K.U.Rajesh,Master Trainer(Co-ordination),IT@School Project, Kuttanad.
Mohammed Abdul Nasar,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Kozhikode.
Textbook Development Committee
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY - X
ChairmanK.Anwar Sadath
Executive Director, IT@School Project
N.Kirubanand,H.S.S.T. Physics,G.H.S.S.Mezhathur, Palakkad.
J.Dominic Savio,H.S.A. TamilS.F.X.V.H.S,S. Parisakkal, Palakkad.
R.Divakaran,H.S.A. Physical Science,S.V.V.H.S.S. Eruthenpathy, Palakkad.
K.M.Dhanabagyam,Headmistress,G.H.S.S.Vattavadai, Idukki.
B.Senthil Kumar,H.S.A. Social Science,B.G.H.S.S. Vannamadai, Palakkad.
B.Senthil Kumar,H.S.A. Tamil,S.K.H.S.S. Nallepilli, Palakkad.
Tamil Version
Dr.C.Simon, Reader (Rtd.),Govt.Victoria College, Palakkad.
1.AZ-°V TP-‹-X-Lm .................................................................. 07-16
2.RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Y-ßp ◊ßV- ÿ- \-Ls... 17-25
3.G]’ ◊Æ-®Xl-T-Pd L[g-£-Vm ..................................... 26-36
4.L¶≤ ˘UÙØ............................................................................. 37-48
5.L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm.................................................. 49-62
6.˙LÙ”L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm ............................................. 63-73
7.RL-Yp-L- [l T -UÙ-\XÙm ................................................. 74-83
8.SUd- L] Ko C˚Q-V-R-[m.............................................. 84-96
9.EX-Lm Es-[e- L´p.......................................................... 97-111
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L⁄Æ˚Vl TVuT”jß TPm 1.3˛pLÙQlT”m A[ÆX˚UkR ÍuflN’WeL˚[j RVÙ¨dL‹m.
♦ N’WeL˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Tools Con-trols Bar˛p Es[ Height (H), Width (W)G‡m TdLeL∞p Jq˘YÙ⁄ N’Wjßtœm˙R˚YVÙ] Object Size A∞j’A[˚Y J›eL˚UdL‹m.
♦ N’WeL˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ LXo˘TpXh•p °∞d Nn’ TÙ⁄jRUÙ]®\eLs A∞dL‹m.
♦ Text Tool Il TVuT”jß IT@
School G] N’Wjßu Es˙[ RhPf—˘NnV‹m.
♦ Select and Transform Object Tool
TVuT”jß N’WeL∞u Y•Yj
ßtœ HtT A[˚Y J›eœT”jR‹m.
♦ LXo ˘TpXh•≠⁄k’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]® \ m A ∞ j ’ G › j ’ L ˚ [AZœT”jR‹m
♦ EeLs ˙LÙl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˙LÙl˚Tf˙N™dL‹m
♦ Zoom in or out Tool Il TVuT”jß
˘T¨RÙdL‹m.
ÿu◊ øeLs ˙NL¨jR ˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Y¥ml ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p ß\k’ Zoom inL⁄Æ˚Vl TVuT”jß A[˚Yl ˘T¨RÙd°V˙TÙ’ °˚PjR˚RŸm, Cedv˙Ll˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p RVÙ¨jR ˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Yl˘T¨RÙd°V˙TÙ’ °˚PjR˚RŸm Jl©”L.øeLs LiP ˙YflTÙ”Ls Gu˘]u]?EeLs LiP±RpL˚[d œ±l©P‹m.
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Cedv˙Ll©p øeLs RVÙ¨jR˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Y Aeœ™eœUÙL SLojßlTÙ⁄eLs. H˙R‡m £dLpLs HtT”°\RÙ?Object A˚]j˚RŸm J˙W SWjßp SLojRÿ•Yßp˚XRÙ˙]? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[œ±l◊L˚[ BWÙnk’ T¨˙NÙßdL‹m.
� �����$%��� !����� ������/���� 34 �� �����������54�Object� �� G-��� &���� ��RL%���54� Object� ��0E�� &����5�6����3R!�Edit ��/;!≠ ≠(A4�Selectall (ctrl+A)� S�� �!���561���&�����RL%�&(� -.�$/�� �-?*T0� Object� ��0� "/��� &����5�6��� �3R�6#- Select Tool� S5� �6�A�6�54�Drag� �3RE�����O4�7(��-�34 5?%� �6��P�����54�Object�K�� �6����3R!�����4��&�.#-�@�61��� O b j e c tU��05� �6���3R�6#-� Shift� ���56�����O5?�$;545� �6��� �3R!���;!�Object��0�&'����������)���3R!����'��P� �6��� �3R6� Object� �)��-?�!�� -�����"���T��Drag�3R4�I��56�>;E����6���3R6�Object��0�&� �-O�����(Group)�"�#P�6#-Object��/;!≠≠(A4�group functionU�S��!���561����(Ctrl+G).
Cedv˙Ll©p ™Lf £\kR TPeL˚[jRVÙ¨lTRtœl T˚PlTÙt\p ß\uUh”™u±TXRWlThP L⁄ÆL∞u Th•Vp (Menu),YÙnl◊L˚[l (Option) TVuT”j’m ÿ˚\Tt±Ÿm Suœ A±kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.Uh”™u± AYt˚\ ™Lf NÙ’oVUÙLTVuT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\˚]Ÿm ˘Tt±⁄dL˙Yi”m. Cjß\˚] Y[olTRtœÆPÙÿVt£Ÿm ˘TÙfl˚UŸm ˙R˚Y.˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m TœßL∞p A∞dLlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm˘Nn’ TÙoj’ øeLfim Cjß\˚]l˘Tfl≈oLs GuTßp IV™p˚X.
11
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11
˘NVp-TÙ” 2
L¶R Yœl-◊ -L -∞p ˙LÙ[e-Ls,E⁄˚[Ls , ·m-◊-Ls ˙TÙu\ L] Y•-Ye-L˚[l Tt± øe-Ls Lt-±-⁄l-¿o-L˙[? C’˙TÙu\ L] Y•-Ye-L˚[ C⁄ T¨-UÙQUÙLLÙ°Rjßp Y˚Wk’ TÙoj-ß-⁄d-°-»o-L[Ù?CqYÙfl Y˚Wk-R-Yt˚\ ÿl-T- -UÙQ-ÿ- P-V-RÙdL GkR ÷h-Tj- Rl TVu-T-”jR Yi-”m?NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL Cq-Y-•-Ye-L-fidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Tœ-ß-´p J∞-Ÿm, ®Z-¤m A∞l-T-RuÍXm ÿl-T-¨-UÙQj ˙RÙt-\m ˘LÙ”d-Ll-T-”-°\’. Cedv-˙Ll˚Tl TVu-T-”jß J⁄˙LÙ[j˚R GqYÙfl E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm G]lTÙol- TÙm.
♦ Create Circle Tool Il TVu-T-
”jß J⁄ Yh-Pm Y˚W-V-‹m. CkR Yh-Pj-ßtœl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\m A∞d-L-‹m.
♦ Gradient Tool Ij ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ ToolLih-˙WÙpv TÙ¨p °¨-˙Vh ˙W•-Vp° W--•-Vu˚Pj Ro‹ Nn-V-‹m.(TPm 1.5)
♦ Yh-Pj-ß-tœs —h-”d-œ-±˚V ˚Yj’Double °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m. SÙm ˙Ro‹˘NnR ®\j-ßtœ HtT J⁄ °˙W-•-Vuh°˚Pd-œm.
°˙W-•-Vu-˙PÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Íufl˙SÙ”-Ls ˘Ru-T-”-Y-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm. ©\œ
Edit Path by Node Tool Il TVu-T”jß
A˚Nj-’l TÙod -L -‹m. Gu] UÙfl-R -pHtT”°\’? C⁄-˙LÙ -” -Ls C˚Q-ŸmTœß´p Es[ N’-W-Y-•Y ˙SÙ˚Pj ˙Ro‹˘Nn-R-©-\œ LXo ˘TpXh-•p °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m. Cq-YÙfl ®\e-L˚[ UÙt± UÙt±l TVu-T -”jß Cf-˘N -Vp-TÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPok’˘NnV‹m. Gq-Y-˚L-VÙ] ®\e-Ls, Ge-˘Lp-XÙm ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR-˙TÙ’ Yh-Pm ˙LÙ[-UÙLUÙ±-V’? ˙SÙ”-L˚[ Ce-œm Ae-œ-UÙLUÙt± J∞-˚V-Ÿm ®Z-˚X-Ÿm CPm UÙt-±lTÙod-L-‹m. ©\ Y•-Ye-L- [-Ÿm C˙R TÙuflE⁄-YÙd-°l TÙ⁄e-Ls. E⁄˚[ RVÙ-¨d-œm-˙TÙ’ Gq-YÙfl TVu-T -”jR ˙Yi-”mGuT˚R B£-¨-V-¨u ERÆŸ-Pu Li-P-±k’A˚Rf ˘NVp-T-”jß TÙ⁄e-Ls.
˘NVp-TÙ” 3
E - -Vp Yœl-◊-L-∞p A¡-TÙ- Yl Tt±Lt-fls-˙[Ùm. A¡-TÙ-Æu £\l-◊j-Ru˚UVÙ’? A¡TÙ Gu-T’ J⁄ œ±l-©hP Y•-Y-Ut\ J⁄ ˘Np E´-¨. Cev-˙Ll-©p A¡-TÙ-Æu TPj˚R Gq-YÙfl Y˚W-V-XÙm G]dLt˙TÙm. (TPm 1.6)
˘NVp-TÙh” Y¨-˚N-ÿ˚\:
♦ Draw Bezier Line Tool Il TVu-
T”jß J⁄ TX-˙LÙ-Qm Y˚W-V-‹m.
♦ Edit path by Node Tool TVu-T-”jßJq˘YÙ⁄ ·o-˚U-VÙ] Í˚X-˚V-Ÿm˙R˚Ydœ HtT Y˚[-YÙ-]-RÙL UÙt-\-‹m.Aj-’-Pu ˙SÙ”-L -fi-˚PV CPj˚RJ›eœ-T-”j-R-‹m.
♦ °˙W-•-Vuh Â˚Xd °∞d ˘Nn’ AßpLÙQl-T-”m °˙W-•-Vu˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. C˚Rl TVu-T-”jß SÙm Y˚WkRTPj-ßu Y∞d- LÙh-•t-œ(Out line) ®\m˘LÙ”d-L-‹m.
♦ Circle Tool Il TVu-T-”jß L⁄, VacuoleUt-flm glycogen ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\(Efll-◊-Ls) Y˚W-V-‹m. CYt-±tœd °˙W-•-VuhÂp TVu-T-”jß ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\mA∞d-L-‹m.
TPm 1.4
TPm 1.5
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”jR A±-˙YÙ-UÙ-]Ùp C˚R G∞ßp SLpG”d-L-XÙm. CRtœ Edit → Duplicate TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. ˘NX-d`u TÙo TVu-T-”jßY˚WkR ˘TÙ⁄˚[ (Object) CPm UÙt-±-˚Yd-L-‹m. Cq-YÙfl Cedv-˙L-©p RVÙo˘NnR ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[(Object) œÏl ˘Nn-’m, SLp G”j’m SUdœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]Gi-¶d-˚L-´p A¡TÙ˚Y E⁄-YÙdLCV-¤m.
♦ Object →→→→→ Fill and Stroke ˙TÙu\ ÷h-Te-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß A¡-TÙ-Æu EPpTœ-ßdœl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\m A∞d-L-‹m.(TPm 1.7, 1.8)
♦ J⁄ Yh-Pm Y˚Wk’ A˚R A¡-TÙ-YÙLUÙt\ CV-¤UÙ? ÿVt-£ Nn-’ TÙod-L-‹m.SÙm Y˚WkR A¡-TÙ-Æu TPj˚R SLpG”dL Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m? £k-ßj-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls! £X ÷h-Te-L-˚[l TVu-T-
Fill and Stroke
��� 1.7 ����������� ����������������������������������� Ob-ject!�"�#������� $%������&'�����()�Fill �*+��,-�.����/���,�����0�1�2��'�3�4����-1����/( Object → Fill and Stroke *+5�)��-����2'�����16 ����7�8!�������������1�5���0���9:�;�(�<)=���>��,��Tab�1�?�� �/�� 3�4��1�?�� �2��,5����� ��@1�A=� <�/B�� �2��1�<B�.�����C0���D
TPm 1.7 TPm 1.8
TPm 1.6
L⁄
Vacuole
˙TÙ≠d-LÙp-L-s
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CWi-•t-œm Aß-L-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[Ju-±u ¡’ Ju-\ÙL A”d-°-˚Yd-L-‹m.CYt±p HRÙ-Y’ Ju˚\j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’Page Down, Page up, End, Home ˙TÙu\Key TÙj-RÙu-L˚[ A›j-ßl-TÙod-L-‹m. øe-Ls Li-P-±kRYt˚\l TVu-T-”jß Ah-P-Y˚Q 1.3 I ®WlT‹m.
*����.�� �1�EA=� ��������,�������� ,���*='��/B/(����'����>��,��� ���� 7�F� E'� �G#H��=���'� ���� 3�I�1�� J�K� ���L,�9='� ��L$�#'���� ��/(�� J�K���L,� �9='� ��L$2� ����1�5��0�� �9:. Object → Lower *�%�3�41+�2��<='.�Page Down KeyA1+�<M5)+�=����.��
˘NVp-TÙ” 4
Ts-∞- u ÷˚Z-YÙ- -≠p, TPm 1.10 pLÙi-©j-R-T• Es[ Y˚[-YÙ] ˘TVolTX˚L˚V øeLs TÙoj-ß-⁄l-¿o-Ls. C˙R˙TÙu\ ˘TVol TX˚L˚Vj RVÙ- l-T-Rtœ Gk-˘RkR Tool˛Ls ˙R˚Y? Gu-T˚R LXk-’- W-VÙ• œ±l-◊-Ls RVÙo ˘Nn-V-‹m. AYt˚\d∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th”s[, R˚Y-VÙ] Tool˛LsGu-\ R˚Xl-©p G›ß ®Wl◊-L.
˙R˚Y-VÙ] Âp-Ls
♦ Yh-Pm Y˚W-Y-Rt-LÙ] Âp
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∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ˘NVp-TÙh”Y¨-˚N-˚V-Ÿm, TPj-˚R-Ÿm TVu-T-”j-ß(TPm1.12) EU’ Ts-∞-´u ÷˚Z-YÙ-´-≠u˙Up ˚YdL Y˚[-YÙ] ˘TVol TX˚L˚VCedv-˙Ll--©p E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙ˙U?
˘Nn-ÿ˚\
♦ J⁄ Yh-Pm Y˚W-V-‹m.
♦ Edit Path Node Il TVu-T-”jß A˚RJ⁄ A˚W Yh-P-UÙd-L-‹m.
♦ Edit → Duplicate Gu\ ÿ˚\-´pCWi” ÿ˚\ SLp G”d-L-‹m. ˘T¨VA˚W -Yh-Pj˚R TPm 1 . 1 1˛pstep 2, Step 3 p LÙi-T-’- TÙp £±-RÙd°J›e-œ-T-”j-R-‹m.
♦ Ts -∞ -´u ˘TV˚W Tex t Too l IlTVuT”jß Rh-Pf—f ˘Nn-V-‹m.
♦ S”Ƥs[ A˚W Yh-Pj-˚R-Ÿm, Ts-∞-´u ˘TV-˚W-Ÿm ˙Noj’j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. Text → Put on path Bl`˚]j˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ S”ÆpEs[ A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßu TÙ˚R-´p Ts-∞-´u ˘TVo ˙RÙu-fl-Y-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.˘TV-⁄dœ ÿu-]Ùp ˙R˚Y-VÙ] CPmA∞j’j ’p-≠-V-UÙL J›e-œ-T-”j-R-‹m.
TÙj-RÙu Ht-ThP UÙt-\m
Page Down ˙Ro‹ NnR TÙ⁄s ARuA•l-T- P- p Es[˘TÙ⁄fidœ A•- p Np-Y-Rt-œ.
Ah-P-Y˚Q 1.3
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TPm 1.9
TPm 1.10
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TPm 1.13
TPm 1.14
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Cedv- L-©p Y˚WkR J⁄ UX- u -TPm(TPm 1.13) ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. øe-Ls C’-Y˚W Lt-\ Âp-L-fim, AYtfl-Pu ˙Yfl TXÂp-L-fim CRt-œl TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[].∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ˘Nn-ÿ-˚\-˚VlTVu-T”jß (-T-Pm 1.14) TPm -Y-˚Wk’ EU’˙LÙl◊j- ˘RÙ-œl-©p ˙N™d-L-‹m.
TPm 1.12
�1#2�� ����5)=���0���9:������ �1�� � ,�� �5�2��� #�"�0� �������9N��.�*O����*+����0������<�/������5)=���1�2�+��()12� ,���@�≠=���0���9:2����;�( File→ Export Bitmap *�%��3�41+5��0���9:2����Selection*���Tab��5��0�� �9:.� ����;/(� ��20� ���,5.Export �9:2������0���9:���()12� ,�� �2��� .png� ��0�� $=� �9N������ ���� 7�77!� Export Bitmap *���2'��� ���P=� ���� ;�� �)��*1�� *�� �/1��� ���� ���<�/B�� �2���� 2�1�� *��1�Q<�/1����2��,5)���L�B2���
TPm 1.11
♦ S”l-T-œ-ß- p Es[ A˚W-Yh-Pj˚R Uh-”m ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. AR-‡-˚PVStorke Ut-flm Fill ®\eL˚[ ød-L-XÙm.
♦ Ut\ CWi” Yh-Pe-L˚[ Uh-”mJu\ÙLj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m ©\œ Path→ Difference -Bl-`-≤p °∞d Nn’TÙod-L-‹m.
♦ -∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ œ±l-◊-L-˚[lTVu-T-”jß(-TPm 1.11) .png Formate -p˙N™d-L-‹m.
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˘NVp-ÿ˚\
♦ ˘Tu-£p Âp Il TVu-T -”jß
˙U¤m ∏›-UÙL °∞d Nn’ J⁄ LÙ”Y˚WL..
♦ ˙LÙh˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR ©\œ Edit →Clone → Create Tiled Clones Bl`˚]j˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. Al-˙TÙ’ ˙RÙu-flmPV-XÙd TÙd-≥p Symmetry Gu-‡mTab˛p PM:Reflection Ij ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn--V-‹m. Row, column 1X2 A∞j’Create ˘TÙj-RÙ˚]d °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m.©\œ PV-XÙd TÙd˚^ ÍP-‹m.
♦ ˙LÙh˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-R-©\œ Edit →Clone → select original Gu\ Bl-`˚]j Ro‹ Nn-V-‹m. CRtœl ©\œEdit Path by Node ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR ©\œ˙LÙh-•u ¡’ —h-”d-œ-±˚V Yj’ °∞d˘Nn-V-‹m, ˙LÙh˚P J⁄ ◊\-UÙL C›j-’f ˘Np-X-‹m. C⁄ Td-Le-L-∞-¤m J˙WA[Æp ˙LÙ”Ls Y˚[-Y-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm. C˚R J⁄ UX¨u CRr Y•-Y-UÙd-L-‹m. CRr ÿ›-Y- R-Ÿm Ro‹ Nn’ FillColour ÍXm TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\m A∞d-L-‹m.
♦ CkR CR˚Z ÿ›-Y-’m ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-R
©u Edit → Clone → Unlink CloneGu\ Bl-`˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.˙U¤m Path→Union A∞d-L-‹m.Cl˙TÙ’ CkR UX-¨u -C-Rr J⁄ —Rk-ßW-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄-[ÙL UÙfl-°-\-’.
♦ CkR UX-¨p CR˚Z TX SLp-Ls G”d-L‹m object ˘U‡-Æp Rotate, Flip˙TÙu\ ÷h-Te-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß J⁄UX-¨u Y•Y A˚Ul-˚Tl ˙TÙuflJ›e-œ-T-”j-R-‹m.
♦ Cq-YÙfl °˚PjR UX- u GpXÙ CRr-L˚[-Ÿm Ro‹ Nn’ Path→ Union Nn-V-‹m.
&(�-.��$/�����85�?%�D�5�4%�≠�!�"��5?(�����6�#�- Object → Transform S5��6���3R�E�����4������-���!1�������V%Rotate ��$%�70�W/�� ����0�� �!����5�6����� ���(�)��<4�F/����-.�!��54 Double �)���3R���6��X1������-�� �"+�Q�� �(A�4���6Y���05�6���-�Z#��&O �-���561���
Gu- ]u] UÙfl-Rp-Ls Nn-RÙp CkR CRr-L- [l TPj-ßp LÙi-©j-R-T• Es[ J⁄UXWÙL UÙt-\-XÙm?Û. C’-Y- Wd Lt\ ÷h-Te-L˚[-Ÿm ˙Yfl-TX ÷h-Te-L- [-Ÿm TVu-T”jßl TPj˚R ÿ›- U-VÙd-L-XÙm.
·”-Rp ˘NVp-TÙ”
�C��"�[�� 6!��M����6#-5� �6���!��� �� ���� ���6#-�Z#��&(� �"����(��0�� ��������C��"�[+�-�Z#��&(� ��5�6��A6��"������(�0�� �!�����5?��� A4� �����������C��"�[C%�&(���5�6���3��������"���%������5�?%� I�����3���� (Move)� � ,����-�� ��� ���05�6C5�6C!����� �6%� �������� �����$%��� !��@;!��� ������5�4��&��.#-�?��"���LP�LP� �� ���0���856� �6�-����I"��-5� �6M�E��� I"��-5� �6���!������(/���0�&(�-O����� "�#������ I��� �#������� I���� A6� ��5�?%� I"�-5� �6���!���G��\������0(Object) � "/���� �6��� �3R�!�������#�� ������� ���0����3D���4��'���P�����4�= ��.A�6��6���C��"�[�+������&(�������*����5�6= ����� A4�������������6�+���!�7�%��L��-���"#�P�������#���5�6C�!����� �!������#���5� 6C5�6�C�!��� ����� �� �0��� �3D��������'��P��3D54���56��A6����������7"4��C��"�[���-��$%��!�����56�76�Q�!����(��-�� TPm 1.15
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16
˘RÙPo- N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls
♦ EU’ Ts-∞-´u ˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Y Cedv-˙Ll-©p RVÙo-˘Nn’ WÙv-Po ˙LÙl-TÙLEU’ LÙl-◊j RÙœl-©p N™j’ Yd-L-‹m. CkR XÙ˙LÙ˚Y EU’ Ts-∞- uC˚Q-V-R-[j-ßu (Web Page) ÿLl-◊lTd-Lj-ßp (˙aÙm ˙T¥p) Eh-T-”j-R-‹m.
♦ E´-¨ -Vp ◊j-R -Lj -ßp " "TÙ’-LÙl -◊m£°f˚NŸm'' Gu\ AX°p Es[ TÙ˙LÙ-˚Nt-˙\Ù-£v˛u Tp-˙Yfl ®˚X-L˚[Æ[d-œm TPm Y˚Wk’ EU’ ˙LÙl-◊j-˘RÙ-œl-©p ˙N™d-L-‹m.
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♦ ©£-WÙk-˚R-VÙo R]’ Si-Tu ˙LÙl-˘T-⁄g-˙NÙ-Z-‡dœ Au-]l-T-\˚Y˚VÁ’ A‡l-©V ®Lr-˚Y, Ee-Ls R™rTÙP-Ë-≠p Lt-±-⁄l-¿o-Ls. Au-]l-T-\-˚Y˚V Æ[d-œm LÙh-£-´u ˙TÙ’ARu ÿLj-˙RÙt -\j -ßp Ht-T -”mUÙt\j˚R A˚NÓh-Pm ˘NnV˙Yi”m. CRt-LÙL Au-]j-ßu Tp- YflÿLj -˙R Ùt - \j˚R Cedv -˙L -©pRVÙWÙd°j R≤j-R-≤-VÙ] ˙LÙl-◊-L-[ÙLEU’ ˙LÙl-◊j-˘RÙ-œl-©p ˙N™d-L-‹m.
RL-YpL˚[ AX£ BWÙn-Y-ßp ◊ßV ÿ˚\-Ls
17
RLYp ˙NL-¨l◊ GuT’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ”L˙[Ù” RÙPo-◊- PV ™L ÿd-°Vj’YmYÙnkR Ju\Ù-œm. RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l-©t-œm,Tœl-TÙn-Ætœm Tp-˙Yfl ÿ˚\-Ls Es-[-],UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u EPpSXm ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Cq-YÙ-\Ù] J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh-˚P˙V Ju-T-RÙmYœl-©p ø≈o ˙Ut-˘LÙi-ºo. J⁄ AXœ-˘RÙPo-TÙL ˙NL¨d-Ld ·•V RL-Yp-LsN¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-ß-]ÙpUh”-˙U, Aß-≠-⁄k’ °˚Pd-°\ Tœl-TÙn-‹-L-fim N¨VÙL A˚U-Ÿm.
Ju-T -RÙm Yœl-©p SPj-Rl -ThPUÙQYo-L-∞u EPp-SXm RÙPo-TÙ] RL-Yp˙NL-¨l-◊-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-ßV˙TÙ’øe-Ls Nk-ßdL ˙SokR £d-Lp-Ls G˚Y?
♦ Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´u A[‹
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Cf-£d-LpL-fidœj æo‹LÙQ øe-Ls˚LVÙiP YØ-ÿ- \-Ls VÙ˚Y?
♦ ˘Np @l-√-≥e
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RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-’m˙TÙ’ Ht-T-Pd-·-•V Cf £d-Lp-L-˚[j æol-TRt-LÙ] J⁄ ◊ßV YØ-ÿ-˚\˚VlTt±A±k’- ˘LÙs-˙YÙUÙ?
RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-
T”j-’-Y-Rtœ ˙PhPÙ @TÙm
˙PhPÙ @TÙm TVu-T”jß Ko Ah-P-Y˚Q˚Vj RVÙ-¨lT’ Gq-YÙfl G] SÙmTÙol-˙TÙm. Ee-L-fi-˚PV Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ˘TVo, ≈h-•u ˘TVo, YV-’, ÿL-Y-¨,˘Tt-˙\Ùo -L -∞u ˘TVo ˙TÙu\-Yt˚\EhT”j-ß J⁄ Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚V ˙PhPÙ@TÙm TVu-T-”jßf ˘Nn-’-TÙol-˙TÙm.CRtLÙL Open Office Spredsheet˛p R˚Y-VÙ] R˚Xl-◊-Ls Rh-Pf—f Nn’ AYt˚\j˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. (TPm 2.1).
2 RL-YpL˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹
˘Nn-Y-ßp ◊ßV ÿ˚\-Ls
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
18
©u-]o Data → Data Form ÿ˚\´p˙PhPÙ @TÙm NÙ[-Wj˚Rj ß\dL-‹m.(TPm 2.2)
R˚Xl-◊Lfidœ Ht-◊-˚PV TÙdv-Ls˙PhPÙ @TÙ-™p LÙQl-T-”-°-\RÙ? CYt-±pEs[ A˚]j’ @¿p-•-¤m RL-Yp-L˚[jRhPf—f ˘Nn’ New Th-P˚] A›j-R-‹mAhP-Y-˚Q-´p Ht-ThP UÙt -\j˚RdLY≤Ÿe-Ls Cq-YÙ-\Ù] PhPÙ @TÙm TVu-T”jß Ut\ Ah-P-Y- Q-L-∞-¤m RL-YpL˚[Eh-T-”jßl T´t£ ˘Nn-ß-”-L.
˘apj LÙo” RVÙ- l- TÙm
Nm-ÈoQ Æ˚[-VÙh” ˙Um-TÙh”jßhPjßu ∏r UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u EV-W-ÿmG˚PŸm A[l-T-Rtœj æo-UÙ-≤d-Ll-Th-P-’.˘Tt\ CkRj RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T”jß Ee-L-fi- PV Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u˘apj LÙo” RVÙ-¨l-T-˚Rl Tt± B˙XÙ-£l-˙TÙUÙ? ˘apj LÙo-•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ]RLYp-L-˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-R ˙PhPÙ@TÙm ÷hTj-˚Rl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. Cßp
EhT”j-Rl-TP ˙Yi-•V RL-Yp-Ls G˚Y?
RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l -T -Rt -LÙ] UÙߨlT•Yj˚Rd LÙi-L.
Cm-UÙ-ß-¨-´p J⁄ T•-Yj˚R OpenOffice Writer-p RVÙ- j’ Ee-L-fi- PV Yœl-
©-¤s[ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u RL-YpL- [f NL- d-L-‹m. RVÙ-¨d-L C⁄d-œm ˘apj LÙo•pJq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQ-Y‡- PV Body mass IndexCR˚] A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP Ut\ £XTœl-TÙn-‹-Ls TÙu-\-Yt-˚\-Ÿm EhT”jß -˘apj LÙo˚P ˙Um-T-”j-R-XÙm. CRt-œd°˚Pd-Ll-˘Tt\ RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”jß Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn-Rp Yi-”m. RL-Yp˙NL-¨l◊l T•-Yj-ßp °˚PjR RL-Yp-L˚[˙PhPÙ @TÙm ÷h-Tm TVu-T-”jß Spreadsheet ˛p AhPY˚Ql-T”j-R-XÙ˙U?
Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-¤dœ ¤d-Al
@Te-`u
BMI A•l-T-˚P-´p CqYh-P-Y-˚Q-´¤s[ UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ G˚Pd-œ-˚\-‹s-[-YoLs (Under Weight), NRÙ-WQ G˚PŸs-[-YoLs (Normal Weight), AßL G˚PŸs-[-YoLs (Over Weight), œi-PÙ-]-Yo-Ls(Obesity) G] Y˚Ll-T-”jR-XÙm. CRt-LÙLøeLs RVÙ-¨jR Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´-≠-⁄k’A˚]Y-¨u BMI˛Id LQd-°-P-‹m. (BMILQd -°”Y -Rtœd °˙XÙ -° - W Ù -™¤s[G˚P˚V ¡hP¨-¤s[ EV-Wj-ßu Gi-¶d-˚L-VÙp Yœj-RÙp˙TÙ’m). BMI u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˙U˙X œ±l-©h-”s-[-˚Rl-˙TÙXUÙQ-Yo-L˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”jR (Spread sheet) ¤d-Al (Lookup) ÷h-Tj˚Rl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.
TPm 2.1
TPm 2.2
˘apj LÙo” RL-Yp NL- l◊l T•-Ym
˙Nod˚L Gi ......................................................
˘TVo ......................................................
Yœl-◊, ©¨‹ ......................................................
EV-Wm ......................................................
G˚P ......................................................
YV’ ......................................................
RL-YpL˚[ AX£ BWÙn-Y-ßp ◊ßV ÿ˚\-Ls
19
CRt-LÙL øe-Ls RVÙ¨jR Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´u A•l-T-˚P-´p J⁄ ¤dAl NÙoh RVÙ-¨dL˙Yi”m. ∏˙Z LÙ‘m UÙß-¨˚Vd LY-≤d-L-‹m. (TPm 2.3).
Lookup Chart -u A•l-T-˚P-´p UÙQ-Yo-L-˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-XÙm. CRtLÙL ¤d-AlNÙoh˚Pj Ro‹˘Nn’ Data U‡-Æ-≠-⁄k’ Define Range Ij Ro‹ Nn’ TVo LÙ”j’Save ˘NnV‹m.
TPm 2.3
TPm 2.4
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
20
Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´-≠-⁄k’
R≤VÙs RL-Yp-Ls
Cl-˙TÙ’ øe-Ls RVÙ¨jR AhPY˚Q˚V J⁄ RL-Yp L[g-£-V-UÙL (Data-base) G”j-’d-˘LÙs-[-XÙm. CkR ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T≥-≠⁄k’ Jq- YÙ⁄ UÙQ-Y- ]l-Tt±ŸmA±d˚L (G-”j-’d-LÙh-PÙL ˘apj LÙo-”)RVÙ¨l-T-’ Gl-T•? Jq- YÙ⁄ UÙQY≤u RL-Yp-L˚[j R≤j-R -≤-VÙL SL˘X”j’A±d˚L RVÙ-¨d-œm ˘NVp- £W-U-UÙ-]-’.Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u RL-Yp-L˚[Ÿm˙R˚Yd -˙LtT J›e -œl -T -”j -ß -]Ùp˙Y˚X˚V G∞-RÙd-L-XÙm. ARt-œl TVu-T”m ÷h-Te-L-∞p Ju˙\ ˘U´p-˘Uow.
˘apj -LÙo•t-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv RVÙ-WÙ] ©\œ, ˘apj LÙo-”d-œj˙R˚Y-VÙ] J⁄ ˘Pml-˙Xh˚P Kl-TuBl¿v ˚Wh-P-¨p RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m. UÙߨA”jR -Td-Lj-ßp RWl-Th-”s-[-’.
øe-Ls RVÙ-¨jR ˘Pm-©-˙[h ˙LÙl©p˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥-¤s[ RL-Yp-L˚[ EhT-”jR˙Yi”m. ARt-LÙL Tools ˘U‡Æ≠-⁄k’
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ÿR-XÙ -Y’ UÙQ-Y-˚]d œ±j-R -
˘Np˚Xj ˘R¨‹ ˘Nn-R-©u (˙`” ˘Nn-Vl-
Th-P- Y) Insert U‡Æ≠-⁄k’ Function Ij
˙Ro-k˘R-”d-L-‹m. ˙RÙu-fl-°u\ Th-•V≠-
≠⁄k’ Lookup Ro-‹- NnV RÙPok’ Y⁄m
NÙ[-Wjßp (TPm 2.4) Íufl TVu-TÙ-”-L-˚[d
LÙQ-XÙm. (Search Criterion, Search Vector,Result Vector) C˚Y GYt-˚\d œ±l-©-”-
°u\]?
Search Criterion : UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ GkRjRWÆu A•l-T-˚P-´p Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-Y’?
Search Vector : Data Range˛I Y˚W-V-fljR-˙TÙ’ ˘LÙ”j-R ˘TVo.
˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙Noj’ OK°∞d ˘Nn-RÙp ÿR-XÙ-Y’ UÙQ-Y-˚]d
œ±jRj RL-Yp AkR Np¤d-œd °˚Pdœm.
∏˙Z Es[ ˘Np-¤d-œm C’-˙TÙu\
RLYpLs °˚Pd-Ll- T-fl-Y-Rtœ Gu] NnV
˙Yi-”m? Li-”-©-•j’ Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚V
®WlT‹m.
RL-YpL˚[ AX£ BWÙn-Y-ßp ◊ßV ÿ˚\-Ls
21
Mail Merge Wizard˛Ij ˙Rok˘R-”d-L-‹m.˘RÙPok’ ˙RÙu-fl-°u\ NÙ[-Wj-ß-≠-⁄k’Insert Address Block˛I °∞d ˘Nn-ß-P-‹m.Ce˙L Ah-Wv ˘NXdh ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ]ThP˚]j Ro-‹- Nn’ ©\œ Add Th-P˚]d°∞d-˘NnV‹m. Cq-YÙfl øe-Ls RVÙ-¨jRAh-P-Y- Q˚V Document-p Eh-T-”j-R-‹m.Al- TÙ-›’ NÙ[-Wj-ßp •d A˚P-VÙ-[e-LsC⁄k-RÙp AR˚] ød° Create Salutation˛Id °∞d-˘Nn-ß-P-‹m. ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m NÙ[-Wj-ߤm •d A˚P-VÙ-[e-L˚[ ød° EditDocument NÙ[-Wj˚R ˘NXdh ˘Nn-V-‹m.ARu-©u Edit Document Th-P˚]d °∞d-˘Nn’ ÿd°V Document˛tœj ß⁄mT
YWXÙm. C≤ View ˘U‡-Æp Data SourceId °∞d ˘Nn-RÙp (TPm 2.5) SÙm Eh-T-”j-ßV Ah-P-Y˚Q Document ‡˚PV ˙UpTdLj-ßp ˙RÙuflm (TPm 2.6)
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˘apj LÙo-•u UÙߨ
TPm 2.5
TPm 2.6
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
22
·”-R- X≤p Selected Gu-flm 160 N. -¡hP⁄dœdœ˚\-˘Y≤p Not Selected Guflm Tß‹ -˘Nn-ß-⁄k-RÙp ˘U´p ˘Uow ÷hTj˚Rl TVu-T”jß Certificate RVÙo ˘NnV ÿ•-ŸmRÙ˙]!Cq-YÙfl œ±l-©”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ˚\ Gu]?CRtœd Li•`]p v˙Ph-Uu˚Pl TVu-T-”j-RXÙm. IF Gu\ @Te- ˚]l ©u-Y-⁄-UÙflTVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. UÙQ-Yu Ro‹ Nn-Vl-Th-P-Y]Ù Gufl œ±l-©P ˙Yi-•V ˘Np-≠p°∞d NnR ©u IF @Te- - ]j Rok- R”d-L-‹m. ß\k’ Y⁄-m NÙ[-Wjßp Test @¿p•pAkR UÙQ-Y-≤u EV-Wm A˚P-VÙ[l-T”j-ßV ˘Np-≠u Ußl◊ Gu-]-YÙ-L -C⁄d-L˙Yi”˘Uu-flm (H2>=160), Then_ Value Gu\@¿p-•p ‘SELECTED’ Guflm Otherwise _value
GuTßp ‘NOT SELECTED’ Guflm œ±l-©h”OK °∞d ˘Nn-ß-P-‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ AkR˘Np≠p Gu] ˘R¨-°-\’? ∏˙Z-Ÿs[ ˘Np-
L∞p ©\ UÙQ-Yo-L˚[d œ±jR RL-Yp-L˚[ Gq-YÙfl œ±l-©PXÙm. CkR ˙PhPÙ˙T≥-≠-⁄k’ ∏r LÙ‘m UÙß- - p A˚]j’UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ-UÙ] NÙu-±-RrL˚[ ˘U´p-˘Uow YN-ß-˚Vl TVu-T”jßj RVÙ¨dL‹m.
˙Ph-PÙ- Tv RVÙ- l- TÙm
J⁄ R≤lThP ˙R˚Yd-LÙLj ßWh•˚Yj-ß-⁄d-°u\ RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘RÙ˚L-VÙL˙Ph-PÙ- T≥-u £±V Y•-Ye-L- [l-Tt± SÙmA±k-˙RÙm? J⁄ ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥p APe-°-Ÿs[ RL-Yp-L-˚[l TX ˙R˚Y-L-fid-LÙ-LlTVu-T-”j-’m ÿ˚\--˚V-Ÿm ◊¨k’ LÙi-ºo-Ls Cp- XVÙ? Æ -RÙs TVu-T”jß PhPÙ-˙Tv RVÙ¨l-T-ßp -£X Lh”l-TÙ-”-L-s Es-[].SÙm ÿu˙T RVÙo ˘NnR ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥pCWi” UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œm J˙W ˙Nod˚L
CERTIFICATE
Certified that Master/Kumari. Rajeev. K,Standard 10 A is Selected to participate inthe Volly Ball Team Selection Camp 2012.His/Her height is 162 cm.
Place : Signature of Class TeacherDate :
Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´u R˚Xl-◊-L˚[ Jq-˘YÙu-\ÙL °∞d ˘Nn’ C›j’ ÿd-°VDocument˛u ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Tœ -ßdœd˘LÙi”- TÙn Yd-L-XÙm. RÙPok’ U´p-˘Uow ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] NÙ[-Wj-ßp °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m. Al-˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-œm ◊ßV NÙ[-Wj-ßp˙Nq ˘Uow PÙd-œ-˘Uu-˚Pj ˙Rok-˘R-”j’˙N™d-L-‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ °˚PjR ˙LÙl-©u◊ßV Td-Le-L- [l TÙo- Y- -P-‹m. °˚Pd-œm˘apj LÙo˚P C≤l ©¨uh ˘Nn-V-XÙm.˘RÙPok’ Mail Merge Wizard-tœj ß⁄m©˘Np-Y-Rt-œs[ NÙ[-Wj-ßp °∞d ˘Nn-Ÿm˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-Ld ·•V ◊ßV NÙ[-Wj-ßpSave Merge Document ˙Rok-˘R-”j’ ˙Nq˘Nn-V‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-Ld -·-•V˙LÙl©u ◊ßV Td-Le-L˚[l T - NÙ-ßd-L-‹m.°˚Pd-Ll- Tt\ apj LÙo˚P C≤ ©¨uh˘NnV-XÙm.
øe-Ls E⁄YÙd-°V ˙PhPÙ ˙T≥uERÆ-˙VÙ” Gu-˘]u] A±d-˚L-L-˚[jRVÙ¨d-L-XÙm?
♦ Identity card (A˚P-VÙ[ Ah˚P)
♦ SPj-˚Rf NÙu-±-Rr
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C’-˙TÙu\ ◊ßV A±d˚LL˚[jRVÙ¨dLl T´X‹m?
Y˚Ll-T-”j-R ◊ß-V-ÿ˚\
Ts∞ LlTk’ A¶˚Vj Rok- R-”l-T-Rt-LÙ] T´t£ ÿLÙm ˘RÙPe-L-Æ-⁄d-°-\’.Jq- YÙ⁄ Yœl-©-≠-⁄k-’m 160 N.-¡hP⁄dœd·”-Rp EV-W-ÿs-[-Yo-Ls Uh”˙U ÿLÙ™pTe-œ˘T\ ÿ•-Ÿm. T´t£ ÿLÙ-™tœj ˙Rok-˘R-”d-Ll-T-”-°u\ A˚]j’ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œm Yœl◊ B£¨Vo NÙu-±-Rr A∞dL˙Yi-”m.
Ee-L∞Pÿs[ Ah-P-Y- Q- Vl TVu-T-”jß NÙu-±-Rr Gq-YÙfl RVÙ-¨d-L-XÙmAhPY˚Q-´p Jq-˘YÙ⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u˘TV¨tœ SWÙL, EV-Wm, 160 N.-¡hP˚W-ÆPd-
RL-YpL˚[ AX£ BWÙn-Y-ßp ◊ßV ÿ˚\-Ls
23
˙Ph-PÙ-˙T˚^ ß\dœm ÿu-]˙W A˚R˙N™dœm-T• ·fl-Yßp-˚XVÙ? CRt-LÙ]LÙWQm-RÙu Gu]? LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-L.
Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ -˙T -≥uNÙ[Wj˚R (T-Pm 2.7) Etfl˙SÙd-L-‹m. CßpGu˘]u] Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] YN-ß-Ls Es-[]?Li”©-•j’l Th-•-V-≠-”-L.
Tables : Ah-P-Y˚Q RVÙ-¨lT-Rtœ
Quaries : £X-R-≤l-ThP RL-Yp-L-˚[j˙R”-Y-Rtœ
Forms : .......................................................................
Reports : .......................................................................
Ah-P-Y˚Q˚Vj
RVÙ¨l˙TÙm
Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥p Ah-P-Y˚Q˚Vj RVÙ¨dL Íufl YØ--Ls Es-[].CYt±p ÿR-XÙ-Y’ YØVÙ] Create Tablein Design View Ij ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L‹m. Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p Eh-T-”jR Yi-•V RL-Yp-L-∞uR˚Xl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm A˚Y Gm-ÿ-˚\-´-X-˚UkRRL-Yp-L-[Ùn C⁄dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-T-˚R-Ÿmÿ•‹ Nn-V-‹m. G.-LÙ. Nod˚L Gi GuT’
TPm 2.7
Gi˚Qj RY-fl-R-XÙL A∞jß⁄kRÙp Gu]®L›-m? Cm-U-ßl-◊-Ls ˙N™dLl-T-”-Y-˚RdLÙQ-XÙm. H˘]-≤p CR˚]j RÆ-odL J⁄˙NÙ-R-˚]˚Vf ˘NnYRt-LÙ] A±-‹˚W˘VÙu-flm Ce˙L Eh-T-”j-R-T-P-Æp˚X. J⁄˘T¨V Ph-PÙ- T-≥p RL-Yp-L˚[l TÙ’-LÙl-TÙLd LVÙ-fim Y˚[- p Cq-YÙ-\Ù] TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]-Ls ˙R˚YlT”m.G”j-’d-LÙh-PÙL J˙W Ußl-◊-Ls ß⁄m-T-Y-WÙ-ß-⁄j-Rp, Gi-Ls Uh-”m Eh-T-”jR Yi•V˘Np-L -∞p G›j-’ -L -˚[j RÆoj-Rp˙TÙu\˚Y-...
Cq-YÙ-\Ù] £d-Lp-L-fid-œj æo-‹-Li”TÙ’-LÙl-TÙ] J⁄ Ph-PÙ- T-≥˚]d LVÙ[ER-‹m. ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄h-Ls ˙PhPÙ-˙Tv˘Uuw-˘Uuh £v-Pm (DBMS) G]lT-”°u\’. Cm-ÿ-˚\-´-X-˚UkR J⁄ ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄˙[ KlTu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv.Office ˘U‡Æ-≠-⁄k’ Kl-Tu Bl-¿v˙PhPÙ-˙Tv (Open Office Database) Ijß\k’ TÙod-L-‹m. ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄s GYt-˚\-˘VpXÙm ˙Lh-°-\-’?
Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙ[-Wj˚RŸm -˙NÙ-ßj’d˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[d ˘LÙ”j-’l ◊ßV˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv RVÙ¨d-L-‹m. øe-Ls RVÙ-¨jR
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
24
AhPY-˚Q˚V ˙N™dL U\dL ˙Yi-PÙm.
Ah-P-Y- Q- p RL-Yp-L- [f
˙NodL @TÙm (T•-Ym)
øe-Ls RVÙ¨jR Ah-P-Y- Q- p RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙Nol-T-Rtœ @TÙm (Form) Gu\÷hTj˚Rl TVu-T-”jRXÙm. Kl-Tu Bl-¿v˙Ph-PÙ- Tv NÙ[-Wj-ßp Form Gu\ Th-P- ]-°-∞d Nn’ YXl-Td-Lj-ß-≠-⁄k’ CWi-PÙ-Y’YØ˚Vj (Use Wizard to create form) ˙Ro‹˘NnL. ˙Ut-˘LÙi” ˘Np-¤m-˙TÙ’ øe-LsRVÙ- jR Ah-P-Y- Q- VŸm Aß-≠-⁄k’ @TÙ-™p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•V RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm˙Rok- R-”dL CV-¤m. Arrangement of the mainform Gu-T-ß-≠-⁄k-’ -J⁄ X-A‹h˚Pj Rok-˘R-”j’ ÿu-˙]-±f ˘Np-X-‹m. @TÙ-™tœj˙R˚Y-VÙ] ®\m, ˙XA‹h-” CYt˚\j˙Rok-˘R-”j’ @TÙ˚U ˙N™d-L‹m (TPm 2.9).
TPm 2.8
J⁄ Gi-¶-Vp RW‹ (Numeric), TVo GuT’G›j-ß-Vp RW‹ (Text).
UÙQ-Yo-L-fi- PV Nod˚L Gi, TVo,Yœl◊ Ts-∞-´p ˙NokR ˙Rß, ˘Tt˙\Ùo-L∞u ˘TVo ˙TÙu-\˚Y Eh-T-”°u\ J⁄Ah-PY-˚Q˚V Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T≥p RVÙ-¨l˙TÙm. CRt-LÙL Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚V J›e-L- UdL Yi-”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄˘Nh RW‹-L- [-Ÿm Ut-fls-[-Yt±-≠-⁄k’ ©¨j-R-±-V J⁄ RW˚Yl ©˚W-U¨ ∏VÙLj ˙Ro‹˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. C’ R≤j-’-Ym (Unique)E˚P-V-RÙ-L-‹m, ˘Yfl-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m (Not Null)C⁄dL ÿ•-VÙ-’. Ee-L-fi-˚PV Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p G˚Rl ©˚W-U¨ ∏VÙLj ˙Ro-‹-˘NnV˙Yi-”m? AkRj RW-˚Yd œ±l-©-”-°\R˚Xl-©u CPl-Td-Lj-ßp ˚Wh-°-∞d ˘Nn’©˚WU¨ ∏ Gu\ ©¨˚Yj ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m(T-Pm 2.8). ˘RÙPok’ J⁄ ˘TVo A∞j’
RL-YpL˚[ AX£ BWÙn-Y-ßp ◊ßV ÿ˚\-Ls
25
TPm 2.9
���
CkR @TÙ˚Ul TVu-T-”jßj RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”jßl TÙod-L-‹m.øeLs RVÙ¨jR @TÙ-™p Jq- YÙ⁄ ¿p-•-¤mRL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙Noj-R-©u ˙P˚T A›jßA”jR @¿p•tœf ˘Np-X-XÙm. J⁄ UÙQ-Y˚]d œ±jRj RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NojR ©\œ˙Pl ApX’ GuPo ∏˚V A›j-’m˙TÙ’Cj RLYp-Ls øe-Ls ÿu◊ RVÙ-WÙd-°V AhP-Y-˚Q-´p ˙NL-¨d-Ll-Th-•-⁄d-œm Cm-ÿ-˚\-´p RL-Yp-Ls A˚P-VÙ-[lT-”jßV ©uAhP-Y- Q˚Vj ß\k-’-TÙod-L-‹m. Cq-YÙflRVÙ¨jR Ah-P-Y˚Q˚V SÙm ÿu◊ T´t-£-˘NnR U´p- Uow TÙu\ ÷h-Te-Ls TVu-T”jß ©\ R˚Y-L-fid-œm TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.Ee-Lfi˚PV Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u Tœ-ß-VÙL Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv TVu-T”jß ˙U¤m TX ˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv-L-˚[jRVÙ¨j-’l T´-X-‹m.
˘RÙPo- N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls
♦ Ee-L-fi-˚PV Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yo-L-∞uA˚P-VÙ[ Ah˚P RVÙ-¨l-T -Rtœj˙R˚Y-VÙ] RW‹-L-˚[j ßWh• Kl-TuBl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ -˙Tv TVu-T”jß˙PhPÙ-˙Tv RVÙ¨dL-‹m. ˘U´p-˘Uow÷h-Tj˚Rl TVu-T-”jß A˚PVÙ[Ah˚P˚Vj RVÙ¨j-’l ©¨uhG”dL‹m.
♦ J⁄ YÙo-•p Es[ ≈”-L-∞u œ•-øoBRÙWe-Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙ] RL-Yp-L-˚[jßWh• Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥p˙P©-fim Aßp RL-Yp-L-fim A∞l-T-RtLÙ] @TÙ-m RVÙ-¨j’ Ah-P-Y˚Ql-T”j-R-‹m.
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
26
Aß-WÙ-¶l-TÙ-Pm œ•- -⁄l◊ ˚UV-UÙLUÙ±-V-RÙp ◊Æ CVt˚L A˚Ul-©p Ht-ThPUÙt\e-L˚[ Gq-Y-[‹ A⁄-˚U-VÙL Gv.-˙L.˘TÙt-\d-LÙ” ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-°u-\Ùo? øe-Lsœ•- -⁄d-œm Tœ-ß-L-∞-¤m UÙt-\e-Ls ®Lrk’-˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°u-\’ RÙ˙]? Ee-L-fi-˚P-VlTœ-ß- p C’- TÙp Ht-ThP ◊Æ- -V≠p U≤-R-]Ùp ®LrkR UÙt-\e-L-˚[-Ÿm ®XlTP Y•-Æp A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”jR ÿ•-ŸUÙ? G≤p C˚RGkR Y˚L-VÙ] ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp A˚P-VÙ-[l-T”jR ÿ•-Ÿm. C˚R ÿ•-‹-˘NnV SÙm TXY˚L-VÙ] ®Xl-T -Pe-L -˚[j ˘R¨k-’ -˘LÙs[XÙ˙U?
˘TÙ’-YÙ] ◊Æ®Xl-T-Pm
Ee-L-fidœ Suœ A±-ÿ-L-UÙ] HRÙ-Y’®Xl-T-Pj˚R (wall map) Et-fl-˙SÙd° AßpGu- ]u] RL-Yp-Ls Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[]Gufl Li-P-±-L. (TPm 3.1).
♦ NÙ˚X-Ls
♦ W´p˙Y
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
‘J⁄ ˘T¨V N’l◊ ®Xm LÙXl-˙TÙd-°p Áok’ J⁄ œ-•-´-⁄l-◊ ˚UV-UÙLUÙ±V CP˙U Aß-WÙ-¶l-TÙ-Pm. Ti-P-Vd-LÙ-Xj-ßp J⁄ £±V Bfl AqYØVÙLJ⁄ U´p ÁWm Ut-LÙ-LlTÙnk’ Nufl LP-≠p LXk-ß-⁄k-R’. Ët-\Ùi”-L-fid-œl ©\œ AkR Bfl Y\i” NLß ®˚\k’ Ui-Í• ˘T¨V LÙp-YÙ-VÙLUÙ±-V-’. Ak-Rl Tœß˚V "◊Z-Yd-Lj’' Gu-fl-RÙu Ud-Ls Cu-flm A˚Zd-°u\]o.AkRd LÙpYÙŸm LÙXl-˙TÙd-°p ˘UpX ˘UpXf N’l◊ ®X-UÙL UÙ±-V’.AkRf N’l◊- ®-Xe-Lfim Yt± Y\iP˙TÙ’ Aeœ Ud-Ls œ•-˙V-\j RÙPe-°-]o. Ak-®-Xj-ßp ARu Æ˚[-YÙL U≤R ÿVt-£-´u —Y-”-Ls Up-Xj Ru-T-Pj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’. ARu Æ˚[-YÙL L⁄m◊ ˙RÙh-Pe-L-fim, Gsfi, ’Y˚W˙TÙu\ RÙ≤-Ve-L-s Æ˚[-°u\ ®Xe-L-fim Y≠-Lh-•V Tœ-ß-L-fim RÙu±]...’
3 G]’ ◊Æ-®XlTPd
L[g-£-Vm
J⁄ ˙RNj-ßu L˚RGv. ˘L. ˘TÙt-\dLÙ”
G]’ EX-Ll-T-Pd L[g-£-Vm
27
˘NVt- Ld- LÙs ®Xl-T-Pm
www.wikimapia.org C˚Q-V-R-[j˚RlTÙo-˚Y-´h” Ee-L-fi-˚PV Tœ-ß˚V Li-”-©•j’ Etfl˙SÙd-œL. J⁄ ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ®Xl-TPj˚Rd LÙh-•-¤m ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u]RLYpLs Cßp ·”-R-XÙL Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th”s[] Gufl Li-P-±-V-‹m.
♦ ≈”
♦ NÙ˚X
♦ œ[m
♦ ...............................................................................
Æd-°- Ul-©-VÙ-Æp CPe-Ls, NÙ˚X-Ls,®fl-Y-]e-Ls, YØ-TÙh-”j RXe-Ls ˙TÙu\-Yt±u ˘TVo-L˚[ A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”jRÿ•Ÿm. Ee-L-s Ts-∞-´u C⁄l-©Pj˚R®Xl-T-Pj-ßp Li-”©-•d-L‹m. Gq-YÙfl
TPm 3.1
TPm 3.2 NVt- Ld- LÙs LÙh£
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
28
Ts∞´u ˘TV˚W Æd°˙Ul-©-VÙ -ÆpA˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-’-Y’?
Æd-°- Ul-©-VÙ-Æp G]’ Ts-∞d-·-Pm
Æd-°-˙Ul-©VÙ˚Yj ß\k’ Search˘Nn˙RÙ, U‹v v˙LÙ-Wp YØ-VÙ-L˙YÙ Ee-L-fi- PV Ts-∞- u C⁄l-©-Pj˚Rd Li-P±-V-XÙm. Satellite view, map view Gu-°\ C⁄ÿ˚\-L-∞p Y˚W-T-Pj˚R Et-fl- SÙd-œ-m YNßCßp Es-[-’. Ts-∞-´u C⁄l-©-Pj-˚RdLi”-©•j-’ ©\œ ®Xl-T-Pj-ßu Es˙[˘Nufl ˙Up-Td-Lj-ßp °˚Pd-œm Âp-L-∞pEdit Map˛p Add place Ij ˙Rok- R-”d-L‹m.
TPm 3.3 ◊Æ ®Xl-T-Pd LÙh£
TPm 3.4
TPm 3.5
G]’ EX-Ll-T-Pd L[g-£-Vm
29
U‹-˚Nd °∞d ˘Nn’ ◊s-∞-L˚[E⁄YÙd° Ee-L-fi-˚PV Ts-∞-´u C⁄l-©Pj˚R A˚P-VÙ-[l-T -”j-R -XÙm. C˙R
˙TÙufl Ee-L-fi- PV ≈h-•u C⁄l-©-Pj- R-
Ÿm ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-’L.
Save Th-P-≤p °∞d ˘Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ’
ß\k’ Y⁄-°u\ NÙ[-Wj-ßp C⁄l-©-Pj-˚Rl
Tt-±V RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙Noj’ ˙N™d-L‹m.
(QGIS) ◊ÆjRL-Yp ˘RÙœl◊
C≤ keralaresourcemaps.in Gu\
C˚Q-V-R-[j-˚Rl TÙo-˚Y-´h” TÙXd-LÙ”
UÙYhPj-ßp UXm-◊ZÙ ©[Ùd-°p A˚Uk-
’s[ ALj- Rj-RWÙ °WÙU FWÙh-£- u Yl
°Î¥v (web QGIS) A˚Ul◊l Tt±V ◊Æ
®Xl-TPj-˚Rl TÙo -˚Y-´-P -‹m. Cßp
LÙQlT”m RL-Yp-Ls TX ©¨-‹-L-[ÙL ©¨d-
Ll-Th” CPl-Td-Lj-ßp J›e-L-˚Ud-Ll-
Th”s[˚Rd LY-≤d-L-‹m. Gu-˘]u]
UiP-Xe-L-∞p RLYp-Ls °Î-¥v ®X-lT-Pj-
ßp RWl-Th”s[] GuT˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.
J⁄ Ui-P-Xj-ßu RL-Yp-L˚[ ◊Æ ®Xl-
TPj-ßp ˘LÙi-”-YW Ui-P-Xj-ßu CPl-Td-
Lj-ßp LÙQl-T-”m ˘Nd TÙd-≥p °∞d ˘Nn-
TPm 3.6
GIS �'����=�<,�(��
♦ ������������K�����������
♦ �K�������(����������
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♦ ������L���
♦ ��������
♦ � �8���;����%����7���
♦ <�M�N��������� ��������)���!
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�A�����O���!�� ����� QGIS �<��'���;���!�
RÙp TÙ’m. Jq- YÙ⁄ Ui-P-Xj˚Rd œ±j’
Gu-˘]u] £\l-◊j Ru-˚U-Ls (Attributes)®Xl-T-Pj-ßp Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[] GuT˚R
AkR Ui-P-Xj˚R ˘NVp-T-”jß Ap-X’
®Xl-T-Pj-ßp °∞d ˘Nn’ Li-”-©-•-Ÿe-Ls.
Cl-˙TÙ’ SÙm Íufl Y˚L-VÙ] ®Xl-
TPe-L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-˙RÙUÙ? CYt-±p
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
30
CVt˚L-VÙ-]-’m U≤-Ru E⁄YÙd-°V ◊Æ-
˙Ut-TWl◊ £\l-◊-L- [-Ÿm AYt- \Ù” RÙPo-
◊s[ ÿ›-R-L-Yp-L-fim RWl-Th-•-⁄l-T’
°Î¥v (QGIS) ◊Æ ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp RÙu Gufl
◊¨k-’- LÙi-ºo-L-[Ù? °Î¥v ◊Æ ®Xl-T-Pj-
ßp Eh-T-”j-’-°\ RL-Yp-Ls A˚]j-’˙U
Yh-PÙW ßh-P-™-”-R-¤d-œm Ut\ Tœl-TÙn‹f
˘NV-¤d-œm TVu-T-”jR ÿ•Ÿm Tj-RÙm
Yœl◊ NÍL A±-Æ-Vp˛II p CWiPÙm
AjßVÙ-Vj-ßp C’-˙TÙp ◊Æ ®Xl-TPe-L∞u TVu-TÙh- Pl Tt± œ±l-©”m RL-Yp-L˚[d LY-≤d-L-‹m. °Î¥v ◊Æ ®Xl-TPeL˚[l Tt-±-Ÿm AYt-±u TVu-TÙ”Tt±Ÿm C≤ SÙm TÙol-˙TÙm.
TPm 3.7 p RWl-Th-”s[ YÙo” ◊Æ ®Xl-TPj˚Rd LY-≤d-L-‹m. Aßp œ±j’s[ÿd°V NÙ˚X˚V (Main Road) LY-≤j-æo-L[Ù? 10 ¡h-Po AL-X-ÿs[ J⁄ NÙ˚X˚V
TPm 3.7
°Î-¥v (QGIS)
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�� ��� �� ���� �����!� ������LQ� ��L�� �!� .� �Q!� �/����)��!��� �≠-� �<��)�� �<��
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� �����/�������������<��� P������7�����������������9��Q��(�����H���
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G]’ EX-Ll-T-Pd L[g-£-Vm
31
AL-Xl-T-”jR AW— ÿ•‹ ˘Nn-’s-[-RÙLdL⁄-’-˙YÙm. Cm-ÿ-•˚Y S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-ß]Ùp TÙßl-©t-œs-[Ù-œm LhP-Pe-Ls G˚Y-Gufl Li-”-©-•dL CV-¤UÙ? °Î-¥≥p ®Xl-T-P-UÙL C⁄k-RÙp ®f-NVm ÿ-•-Ÿm. CRt-LÙ]YN-ß-Ls CkR ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄-∞p Es-[-’.T@T¨e (Buffering)Gu\ ˘RÙØp-÷h-T˙UCRt-œl TVu-T-”-°-\-’. T@-T-¨e Gu-\ÙpGu] Gu-T˚Rl TÙol-˙TÙm.
Buffering
CkRf NVp-TÙh-•t-LÙL TPm 3.7 p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s[ °Î-¥v ®X-T-Pj-ßu •¥h-PpY•-Yj˚Rl (QGIS Project) ˘Tfl-˙YÙm.C˚R œYÙi-Pm GIS Gu\ ®Xj-R-L-Yp˘RÙœß ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄∞p ß\d-L -‹m.œYÙiPm ¥.-I.-Gv (Quantum GIS) ß\k’File ˘U‡-Æp KlTu ◊˙WÙ-_dh YØ-VÙLEeLs L¶≤´p QGIS Project Ij ß\k’TÙod-L-‹m. CP’ Td-L-ÿs[ ˙XVo TÙd˚^
Et-fl-˙SÙd° Y˚W-T-Pj-ßp Gk-˘RkR A”d-œ-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°-\] Gufl Li-”-©-•dL-‹m.˙XVo TÙd-≥p A”d-œ-L˚[ CPl-Td-L-ÿs[˘Nd-TÙd-≥v °∞d ˘Nn’ ˘NVp-T-”j-ßlTÙod-L-‹m.
®Xl-T-Pj-ß-¤s[ ÿd-°Vf NÙ˚X-´uAL-Xj˚R 10 ¡h-Po ƨ-‹-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ’ Gk-˘RkR Lh-P-Pe-Ls TÙßl-©t-œs-[Ù-œ-˘Uufl∏rdLÙ‘m ÿ˚\´p LQXÙm.
♦ ÿR-≠p Road Gu\ A”d˚L ˘NXdh
˘Nn-V-‹m.
♦ select single feature button Il
TVu-T-”jß ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp ÿd-°VNÙ˚X˚V ˘NXdh ˘Nn-L.
♦ Vector → Geo processing Tools →
Buffer(s) Gu\ Y - N- p °∞d NnL.
♦ Input vector Layer BL Roads˛Ij˙Ro‹ -˘Nn-V-‹m.
TPm 3.8
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
32
♦ Buffer distance˛p Main Road˛dœ·”RXÙLd ˘LÙ”d-°u\ ALXj˚R 10¡hPWÙdœL.
♦ output Shapefile Gu-‡-™-Pj-ßp browseTh-P˚]d °∞d ˘Nn’ A”d-°tœl˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙LÙl-◊l ˘TV-˚Wd(buffer_roads) ˘LÙ”j’ ˙N™dL-‹m.◊ßV A”dœ ˙Nol-T-Rtœ A‡-UߢLÙ”d-L-‹m.
♦ ˙XVo TÙd-≥-¤s[ Road Layer˛I C›j’buffer_roads A”d°u ¡’m HouseLayer˛I C›j’ Road Layer˛u ¡’mÆP‹m.
C≤ ®Xl-T-Pj˚R Su-\ÙLd LY-≤j’NÙ˚X˚V AL-Xl-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ’ TÙßd-°u\
Lh-P-Pe-Ls G˚Y-˘Vu-fl Li-”-©-•dLÿ•Ÿm. ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]Ùp ®Xl-T-Pm Zoom in˘Nn-VXÙm. VÙ⁄-˚PV ≈”-L-˘[p-XÙm C•d-Ll-T-”m Gu-T-˚Rd Li-”-©-•dL houseA”d°p °∞d NnV‹m. Identify Features
Gu\ Â≠p °∞d Nn-Rl-©-\œ T@lTo
A”d-°-‡s Jq- YÙ⁄ ≈”-L- [-Ÿm œ±l-©”-°u\ ◊s∞-L-∞p ¡i-”m °∞d ˘Nn-L. ≈”-L-˚[l Tt± Gu-˘]u] RL-Yp-Ls Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[] Gu-T-˚Rl TÙod-L-‹m.
◊ßV A”d˚Lf ˙NodLXÙm
®Xl-T-Pj-ßp ≈”-L-s A˚]j-’m J˙WA”d°-p- œ±l-©-Pl-Th-•-⁄l-T˚R LY-≤j-æo-L[Ù? NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙLd °Q-fl-Ls ≈”-L-˙[Ù”˙Nok˙R LÙQl-T-”m. Ce˙L °Q-fl-Ls
TPm 3.9
¥˙VÙ ˘W@T˘Wu-≥v
J⁄ Tœ-ß´u ®Xl-T-Pj˚R v˙Lu ˘Nn’ QGIS p Eh-T-”j-’-Y-˙RÙ” A˚R ¥˙VÙ˘W@T-˘Wuv ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. CRt-LÙL Al-Tœ-ß-´p N¨-VÙLd Li”-©-•d-Ld ·•VCP A˚P-VÙ-[e-L˚[d(Landmark) Li-P-±k’ AYt-±u Ahf-Nd-˙LÙh˚P-Ÿm æodLd˙LÙh-˚P-Ÿm ◊Æ A˚U-Æ-Pf —h-”d-L-⁄Æ(Global Positioning System) Gu\˘RÙØp÷hTj˚Rl TVu-T-”jßd Li-”-©-•d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. Cq-Y-˚P-VÙ-[e-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙd° Y˚W-T-Pm v˙L- Xl Nn-Vl-T”-°-\-’. C˚Rj-RÙu ¥˙VÙ W@T- Wu-≥e GuflA˚Zd-°˙\Ùm. ¥˙VÙ ˘W@T-˘Wu-≥e ˘Nn’ ÿ•k-RÙp ®Xl-T-Pj-ß-¤s[ Jq-˘YÙ⁄◊s-∞-´-u C⁄l-©-Pj-˚RŸm LiP±V CV¤m.
G]’ EX-Ll-T-Pd L[g-£-Vm
33
A”dœ (Layer) A”dœ Y˚L £\l-◊j Ru- U-Ls(Layer Type) (Attributes)
Gp-˚X-Ls TX-˙LÙ-Qm (Polygon) FWÙh£/YÙo-•u TVo, Ud-Lh-˘RÙ˚L≈”-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L
œ[e-Ls TX-˙LÙ-Qm (Polygon) E¨-˚U-VÙ-[o, øo BRÙ-WmTVu-TÙ” ˙TÙu-\˚Y
œ•- -⁄l-◊-Ls TX-˙LÙ-Qm (Polygon) No˙Y Gi, ®Xj-ßu TVu-TÙ”,Ui-Y-˚L, E˚P˚U-VÙ-[o ˙TÙu-\˚Y
Sß-Ls ˙LÙ” (Line) ˘TVo, AL-Xm, øo BRÙ-Wm
YÙnd-LÙp ˙LÙ” (Line) ˘TVo, AL-Xm, øo BRÙ-Wm ˙TÙu-\˚Y
NÙ˚X ˙LÙ” (Line) ˘TVo, RWm (ÿd-°Vl TÙ˚R Ap-X’FWÙh£ NÙ˚X) AL-Xm, ˙Ut-T-Wl◊˙TÙu-\˚Y
≈” ◊s∞ (Point) ≈h” Gi, ≈h-•u TVo, œ”mTEfll-©-]o-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L, ˙Ut-·˚W(RCC or tiled or thatch)
°Qfl ◊s∞ (Point) E˚P˚U, TVu-TÙ”, øo BRÙ-Wm, RW®˚X-,BZm, ø¨u Án˚U ˙TÙu-\˚Y
˘TÙ’-dLhP-Pm ◊s∞ (Point) ˘TVo, Y˚L, Lh-PP Gi ˙TÙu-\˚Y
TPm 3.10
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
34
A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-R-Æp-˚X. A˚R Gq-YÙflEh-T-”jR Yi-”m.
♦ QGIS ˘U‡-Æ-p Layer → New → NewShapefile Layer Cq-Y-¨-˚N-´p °∞d˘Nn-ß-P-‹m.
♦ ˙RÙufl°u\ PV-XÙd TÙd-≥p LayerTypeG’-˘Y]d ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y˚Q-˚Vl TÙoj’ œ±l-©P‹m.
♦ New Attribute˛dœ ∏˙Z-Ÿs[ NameTÙd≥p °Qt-±tœl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] £\l◊jRu˚UL˚[-d (Attributes) ˘LÙ”d-L-‹m.
R≤j-Ru-˚U-L-[ÙL Gu-˘]u] RL-Yp-L- [d LÙ”dLXÙm? Th-•-V≠-≠-⁄k’ Li”-©-•d-L-‹m. R≤l-Ti-©u ∏˙Z-Ÿs[ typebox˛p ·”-Rp £\l◊j Ru˚U-L- [-Ÿm œ±l-©PXÙm. G›j-’-L˚[l TVu-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ’text data Guflm Gi-L-fidœ Whole num-ber Ap-X’ Decimal number Guflm˘LÙ”dLXÙm. Jq- YÙ⁄ £\l-◊j Ru- U- Vd˘LÙ”d-œm- TÙ’m ∏˙Z Add to attributes listGu\ ˙P©p °∞d ˘NnV U\dL ˙YiPÙm.˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ Eh-T-”j-ßV ©\œOK Th-P˚] A›jß well Gu-\ ˙LÙl-◊l˘TV-˚Wd ˘LÙ”j’ ˙N™dL‹m. Al-˙TÙ’
TPm 3.11
well Gu\ ˘TV-¨p Ko A”dœ CP’ ˙XVoTÙd-≥p ˙RÙu-flm. A”d-°p ˚Wh °∞d˘Nn’ properties Ij ß\k’ TÙod-L-‹m. Cq-Y-”d-°p ˙U¤m Gu˘]u] UÙt-\e-L˚[f˘Nn-V-XÙm Li-”-©-•-Ÿe-Ls. (TPm 3.11).
SÙm Cq-YÙfl RVÙ-WÙd-°V A”d-°pRÙu°Qfl-L˚[ A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-R- ˙Yi”m.∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ ÿ˚\-´p Jq˘YÙ⁄°Qfl-L˚[Ÿm œ±l-©-P-‹m.
♦ ˙XVo TÙd -≥-≠-⁄k’ well Gu\A”d˚L ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.
♦ Âp TÙ¨p toggle editing Th-P-≤p°∞d ˘Nn-L.
♦ Al- TÙ’ Uh-”m NVp-TÙh” ®˚Xdœ
Y⁄m capture point Th-P˚] °∞d
˘Nn-V-‹m.
♦ ≈h-•u A⁄-°¤s[ °Qfl A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”jR ˙YQ-•V CPj-ßp °∞d˘NnV‹m.
♦ ß\k’ Y⁄-°u\ Attributes NÙ[-Wj-ßp(TPm 3.12) ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-LsA∞j’ OK °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m.
G]’ EX-Ll-T-Pd L[g-£-Vm
35
C˙R ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-”jßj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] A”d-œ-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° œ•-´-⁄l◊,œ[m, Sß-Ls ÿR-≠-V- Y-L˚[ øe-L˙[ ®Xl-TPjßp Eh-T-”j-R-XÙ˙U!
TPm 3.12
®Xl-T-PeL˚[ ˙U¤m LYof-£-LWUÙd-LXÙm
SÙm RVÙ-¨d-œm ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp R˚Xl◊,œ±-¬”, ß˚N (North line) , œ±l-◊ -Ls
£\l-◊jRu- U-Ls (Attributes)
GIS 84�P����������9���� ���!��A�����
'�Q��������!�����E���)�<������8�
��(��<���@!�9���� ���!������9�����
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P���(�����8���(��<�������E�����
������Q��<��+(��(��<���RE������7���
���������������(��������������
����@!���E��������H%�@!��<�!�P�������
����E��(���������� View �<S�4�
Identify Features T��/� ��L�� ��E� �
�� �����!����!��/���H�������������!
��������;������� Layer �<S�4��Open
Attribute Table �N������������!�
GIS ®Xj-R-L-Yp ˘RÙœß˚Vl
TVu-T”j-’m ÿ˚\
����9������<!�����%��������U�P�������(��� ���H%Q���L�����������������Q!������� P�������� ����� P���������������<��� ����� ��U� P������� !�� ��(�<�� � <��� ����� E��� �����R������7�������� !�� ������4��� (Overlay) �<���������� ���������(�9��4�@��(��<!����� ������N�H��������������� ��(��)�
����������������P������� �����<�����������/(�� ���4�������8��������<��!��������������������!���7���� ��;�H�%�@!���A���������������.� �� � �(��A������H �����������!�GIS 84�P�����7���/(���(��� ��4E��H%�������4 ����
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
36
(Legend) ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Gq-YÙfl Eh-T-”jRÿ•-Ÿm? CRt-LÙL file → New print ComposerG] °∞d Nn-Ÿm- TÙ’ RÙu-fl-m- Lm˙TÙ^oNÙ[-Wj-ß-p add new map Âp °∞d NnV‹m.©\œ ∏˙Z LÙu-YÙ-≥p NÙn-YÙ] ß˚N-´pclick & drag ˘Nn-V‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ ◊Æ ®Xl-TPm ˙RÙu-flm Ee-Ls ˙R˚Yd-˙LtT UÙtfl-Y-Rt-LÙ] L⁄Æ-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.(TPm3.13). YX’ Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ propertiesbox˛p general, item Gu-T˚Y-L˚[l TVu-T”jß ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u]UÙt\e-L-˚[f ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿ-˘Uufl øe-L˙[Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m.
R˚Xl-◊d ˘LÙ”l-T-Rtœ Lm-˙TÙ-^oNÙ[Wj-ßp add new label Âp Th-P˚]˘NXdh ˘Nn’ LÙu-YÙ-≥p °∞d ˘NnRÙp.quantum GIS Gu\ ˙P◊-L- [Ù” ·•V J⁄˘Pdvh TÙdv ˙RÙu-fl-°u-\-’. YX-’ -Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ label box˛p UÙt-\m ˘Nn’ RœkR˘TVo A∞j’ ˘Pdvh TÙd-≥p ˙Ul-©-‡-˚PV R˚Xl-©˚]j ˙RÙu-\f ˘Nn-V-XÙm.
legend Eh-T-”jR add new vect legendTh-P˚] °∞d ˘Nn’ ©\œ LÙu-YÙ-≥p°∞d ˘Nn-RÙp-˙TÙ-’m.
C≤ Âp-TÙ-¨p add image˛I ˘NXdh˘Nn’ LÙu-YÙ-≥p A›j-’m-˙TÙ’ YX’
TdLm RÙu-fl-m Picture Option ≠⁄k’ Northline œ±-¬h˚P Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm. C˚Rl -˙TÙX˙Y Lm -˙TÙ -^o NÙ[ -Wj -ßp Ut\ÂpLs Gu˘]u] Es-[] Gu-T-˚RdLiP-±-V-‹m
File → Export as Image Ij ß\k’RœkR @TÙo-˙Uh-•p SÙm RVÙ-¨jR ◊Æ®XlTPj˚R Save ˘Nn-V-XÙm.
˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls
♦ °WÙU FWÙh-£-´u ®Xl-T-P-ßp EeL-fi-˚PV ≈”m —t-fl-◊-\ÿm Eh-T-”-°u\QGIS ◊Æ ®Xl-T-Pj˚Rj RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.
♦ œYÙi-Pm GISp RVÙ- jR Ts∞ A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-œm YÙo-•u ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp Ts-∞- Vf—t± 50 ¡h-Po —t-\-[-Æp Gj-R˚] °Qfl-Ls Es-[-]. C˚R frequency analysisYØ Li”-©•-Ÿe-Ls.
♦ Ck-ß-VÙ-Æu CVt˚L A˚Ul˚T TXYiQ ®Xl-T-P-UÙLj RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.
♦ ‘Ck-ßVÙÆu ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-RÙW ◊Æ-´-Vp’Gu\ Ajß-VÙ -Vj -ßp Ck-ß -VÙ -Æp˙LÙ’˚U Æ˚[-°u\ Tœ-ß-L- [ (Td-Lm 87)
¥.I.Gv ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s TVu-T-”jßjRVÙo ˘Nn-V-‹m.
���
TPm 3.13
L¶≤ ˘UÙØ
37
˚TjRu Gu‡m L¶≤ ˘UÙØ˚VlTVuT”jß Y•-Æ-Vp Y•YeLs (¥˙VÙ™ß)E⁄YÙdœm ÿ˚\˚V SÙm ÿu]˙WLtfls˙[Ùm. A˙R˙TÙp L¸ih P¸‹uL•LÙWm A˚UdL‹m SUd-œj R¨Ÿm. G∞VGiL¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l ˚TjRu
˘UÙØ´p SÙm TVuT”jߟs˙[Ùm.
Gh”, JuTRÙm Yœl◊L-∞p SÙm Lt\£X ˚TjRu LhP˚[Lfim, AYt±uTVuLfim ∏˙Z Es[ AhPY˚Q´p˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
LhP˚[ G”j’dLÙh” TVu
import from turtle import* GpXÙ turtle °WÙ©d
˘UÙ”ÎpL˚[Ÿm ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™pEhT”j’YRtœ
raw_input a=raw_input(“Enter your Name:”) ‘a’Gu‡m UÙ±˚V
Æ˚NlTX˚L YØVÙLCu◊hPÙL Htfld˘LÙsYRtœ
if if(n>10) print “Greater than TEN” else
print ”Less than TEN”
‘n’Gu‡m UÙ±´u Ußl◊ Tj˚RÆPd ·”Rp Gu\Ùp “Greater
than TEN” Guflm Tj˚RÆPdœ˚\‹ Gu\Ùp “Less than
TEN” Guflm ©¨ih NnYRtœ.
‘i’Gu‡m UÙ±´p 0,1,2,3,4
G] GiL˚[f N™j’˚YlTRtœ
range i=range(5)
‘i’ Gu‡m UÙ±´p N™j’ YjRGiL˚[l ©¨ih ˘NnYRtœ
for for i in range(11): print i
time ˘UÙ•Î˚[l ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™pEhT”j’YRtœ
import import time
turtle °WÙ©d≥u NÙ[Wjßp‘s’ Gu‡m ˘RÙP¨u Ußl˚Tl©¨ih ˘NnYRtœ
write() write(s)
AhPY˚Q 4.1 SÙm C’Y˚Wl TVuT”jßV £X TjRu LhP˚[Ls
4 L¶≤ ˘UÙØ
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
38
˘NVpTÙ” : £X ˚TjRu LhP˚[Lfim AYt±u TVuLfim AhPY˚Q 4.2p˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.
˚TjRu ˘UÙØ´p Cu‡m TXLhP˚[L˚[ SÙm LtLXÙm.
for dœl TßXÙL while
J⁄ ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p EhT”jRlThPHRÙY’ J⁄ LhP˚[˚V J⁄ œ±l©hPRP˚Y ¡i”m ¡i”m NVpT”j-Rl TVuT”m LhP˚[˙V For G] SÙm A±˙YÙm.˚TjRu ˘UÙØ˚Vl ˙TÙX˙Y ©\ L¶≤
Programme 1 Programme 2
from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) circle(50)
from turtle import*clear()i=0while(i<8): rt(45) circle(50) i=i+1
˘UÙØL∞¤m For Gu‡m LhP˚[ TÙu˙\While Gu‡m LhP˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRlT”°\’. J˙W ◊˙WÙ °WÙ™p For Utflm While
Gu‡m LhP˚[L˚[l TVuT”jßAhPY˚Q ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.CqÆ⁄ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL˚[Ÿm ˘NVpT”jßlTÙodL‹m. Programming Gu‡m ˘U‡ÆpEs[ IDLE˚Vj ß\k’ ◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf˘NVpT”jß]Ùp ˙TÙ’m.
˚TjRu LhP˚[ TVu
a=range(1,10)
AhPY˚Q 4.2
1 ÿRp 10 Y˚W Es[ GiL˚[j ˘RÙP¨p ˙N™j’˚YlTRtœ
i=i+1 ˘RÙP¨p (i) ˙N™j’˚Yj’s[ Gi˙QÙ” 1 ˛I·h”YRtœ
a=range(2,21,2)
LhP˚[L˚[ J⁄ œ±l©hP RP˚Y ¡i”m ¡i”m˘NVpT”j’YRtœ
for
a=range(3,31,3)
for i in ranges(5,51,5) print i
clear()
circle(100)
a=range(10,1,-2)
write(s, font=(“Arial”,30)) turtle °WÙ©dv NÙ[Wjßp ‘s’ Gu‡m RÙP¨uUßl˚T ÆjßVÙNUÙ] TX Y•Ye-L∞p ©¨uh˘NnYRtœ
L¶≤ ˘UÙØ
39
◊˙WÙ°WÙmL˚[f ˘NVpT”jßV ©\œ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlThP Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œ-¨VÆ˚P˚Vd LiP±V‹m.
♦ GkRd LhP˚[ŸPu range Gu‡m@Te`u TVuT”jRlT”°\’?
♦ CWiPÙY’ ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p i=i+1Gu‡m LhP˚[ ˘LÙ”dLlTPÙUpC⁄kRÙp Gu] ®L›m?
♦ CWi-PÙ-Y’ ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ-™p i=0 Gu\LhP-˚[-´u TVu Gu]?
˚TjR≤p @Te-`uLs
For LhP˚[dœs For LhP˚[
&(� for� �/��0�-�&(�-.�$/�� 6����<���� <�����3!%��� ���;!�/��0�!�&O -��56� I��� ]Y��-��)%��*#L��#����� �4�������� for�/��0�-�<����&(�for��/��0�!���!���56��!T��
&��6��� �-�$%��1�-� B%� �H�C�*%� ���1�� �� 6%� ��+�� �-?*%�.>�"����3!%��/����]�����������/�4����1�� ���>��*%��O61����A6�� ���� �� �>��0E��&�$/������������&(�for��/��0�-�"#���(for��/��0�!�7/��54��>���!�����.!����� ����4�>���!�G �!���� - for i in range (8) : ��+���/��0�-�<��� for j in range (30, 91, 10) :��+� for �/��0���������/�0�6����81���
� ����4�>��*%�&'���(��/��0�K���5�6���6�����3!%�������4�#�.��]���6 ��/�0��/���8*%���������/�04�
LhP˚[ ˘NVp-T-”m Gi-¶d˚L
from turtle import*
clear()
for i in range(8):
rt(45)
for j in range(30,91,10):
circle(j)
1
1
8
56
ÿ˚\ 1 ÿ˚\ 2
from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45)
circle(30)circle(40)circle(50)circle(60)circle(70)circle(80)circle(90)
from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) for j in range(30,91,10): circle(j)
LÙpd, ˚WhPo ˙TÙu\ TVuTÙh” ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄sLfim SÙm TVuT”j’m SUM,AVERAGE, COUNT ˙TÙu\ @Te-`uLfimSUdœ A±ÿLUÙ]˙R! C’˙TÙu\ L¶Rf˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ G∞RÙdL‹m ¡i”m¡ i ” m T V u T ” j R d · • V ’ U Ù ]
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
40
@Te`uL˚[l (˘NVpTÙ”) ˚TjRu ˘UÙØ´¤m E⁄YÙdL CV¤m. CqYÙflE⁄YÙdœm @Te`uL˚[l ©\ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL∞¤m ˘NVpT”jR CV¤m.
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ◊˙WÙ°WÙm3˛p CWi” GiL∞u ·h”j˘RÙ˚L˚VdLÙiTRtLÙ] Te`u LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
C’ ˙TÙu\ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL∞p Es[Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lh-P -˚[-Ÿm ARu TV-‡m˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q (4.3˛p)LÙhPlTh”s[’.
Programme 3
def sum(a,b):
c=a+b
return c
◊ßV ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p ˚TjRu
@Te-`uL˚[ EhT”j’m ÿ˚\
ÿu◊ Æ[dLlThP ·h”j˘RÙ˚L
˚Vd LÙiTRtLÙ] @Te-`u (◊˙WÙ°WÙm 3)
Gedit˛p RhPf—f NnV‹m. CYt˚\ EeLs
˙LÙl◊j ˘RÙœl©p myfunction.py Gu\
˘TV¨p ˙N™dL‹m. ARu ©\œ ˚TjRu
◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uj ß\k’ ◊˙WÙ°WÙm˛4p
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[˚Rl ˙TÙufl CVd°l
TÙodL‹m. CkR ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p Es[
Jq˘YÙ⁄ LhP˚[˚VŸm ˚TjRu
˘`p≠p CVd°]Ù¤m ˙TÙ’UÙ]’.
˘NVp-TÙ”
◊˙WÙ°WÙm 4u A‹h◊h (˘Y∞¬”)˚PBWÙnkR ©\œ AhPY˚Q 4.4Il ÈojߢNnV‹m. ARu ©\œ CWi” GiL∞u˘T⁄dœj ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTRtLÙ] @Te`umyfunction.py Gu‡m ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿPu˙NodL‹m.
v•¨e-œ-Ls
v•¨eœLs GuT’ G›j’ Y•Æ¤s[ RW‹Ls (Data) Bœm. Ut- LÙs-L∞p( " ' ) ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiLfimv•¨eœL˙[. ◊˙WÙ°WÙm 4p ˘LÙ”dLl
Programme 4
import myfunction
print myfunction.sum(3,4)
print myfunction.sum(‘3’,‘4’)
print myfunction.sum(30,40)
print myfunction.sum(‘a’,‘b’)
LhP˚[ TVu
def sum(a,b): CWi” GiL∞u Ußl◊L˚[l ˘Ttfld ˘LÙi”Sum Gu‡m ˘TV¨p
Es[ @Te`u E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] LhP˚[
c=a+b ˘LÙ”dLlThP C⁄GiL∞u Ußl˚Td·h• C Gu‡m˘RÙP¨p ˙N™dL.
return c CkR @Te`uL˚[lTVuT”j’m ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™pC⁄ GiL∞u Ußl◊dL [d·h•V ©\œ °˚PdœmUßl˚T ˘Y∞´”YRtœ.
AhPY˚Q 4.3
LhP˚[ TVu
import myfunction
print myfunction.sum(3,4)
print myfunction.sum(30,40)
print myfunction.sum(‘a’,‘b’)
AhPY˚Q 4.4
L¶≤ ˘UÙØ
41
Th”s[Yt±p print my function.sum(“Good”,“morning”)Gu\LhP˚[˚Vl TVuT”jß]Ùp ˘Y∞¬PÙLGood morning Gufl °˚Pdœm.Te`‡dœ Cu◊hPÙLd LÙ”dLlThP RW‹GiQpX G]l ˚TjRu EQokRRÙpRÙuCqYÙfl °˚PjR’. ‘+’ (·hPp) œ±¬” C⁄GiL˚[d ·h”Rtœ Uh-”m ApX C⁄v•¨eœL˚[ C˚QdL‹m TVuT”°\’.
˘NVpTÙ” : v•¨e ©W™h
v•-¨e ©W-™h E⁄-YÙd-œm NVp-TÙh-•t-LÙ] ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm 5 ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[’.C˚R ÿu-]o Æ[d-Ll-ThP ÿ˚\-´pRhPf—f ˘Nn’ ˘NVp-T-”j-ßl TÙod-L-‹m.
Programme 5
s=raw_input(“Enter Your Name:”)n=len(s)for i in range(n+1): print s[:i]
��56���"��^%�
-#�;����#�-#����=� from turtle import*� *�%�� � �1�12� @�=� ���,����L,�� *��� G��� <B������ <.���'��� �G#51�R� �90���� �2��,�� �1��1�� � �,5�� ��L,�� *���=� ��#�-#�N=� import time� *�%�� �1�12� @�≠=� ���,��� ��L,��� Time, turtle� ������ ���,S=�1��1�5�=�� �,5������� �1�����90����,-��+��*,5.��� ����importtime�*���� �1��T'��time�*�%�����$S1'���#�-#�N=�� �,5�'����������,S=�T'���G#5.�������0�1�2�*='�R��92=��,�U���)2���#�-#�N=G��(�� -1��-�.�� �O���� G��� �����(�� *='�� ��#�-#���1�?�� import*�%��� �1�12���2��,5)��)2���#�-#�N=��90��'���
1�5��� ��#�-#��� G�.� �VA=� ����� (Install)� ���.� �����/(� @�+0�����-2��'����,S=�U����%����90�.�-��(����������,S=�1��*����#�-#�N/(��*����� import��9:2'����3+�=�G��������-2�W��1�5���������������1�5�������;/(� import��9:2���L,��*���=������#L,������U��W�#������5����(�;=��������L,��
LhP˚[ TVu
a=“Good” a ´p Good Gu‡m v•¨e ˙N™dL
print a a ´p Es[Yt˚\l ©¨uh ˘NnV
a ´p ˙N™jR v•¨e°p ÿRp G›j˚Rl ©¨uh ˘NnV
�;M �#-��H6�
�;M -��&(�6C��/��>��*%��3D�����������L1��;M ��/��0�K���#.���!��K��]�����������/�0��
print a[0]
print a*3
print a[:2]
print a[2:]
print a[-1]
print a.upper()
print a.lower()
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
42
◊˙WÙ°WÙm 5˛p While Gu‡m LhP˚[˚Vl TVuT”jßd ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[◊˙WÙ°WÙm 6I E⁄YÙdLXÙm. C˚Rf ˘NVpT”jßl TÙoj’ RYfl C⁄kRÙp ß⁄jßG›R‹m.
˚TjRu ˙LÙ” (Code) _]˙WhPo
˚TjRu ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL˚[ WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get) ÿ˚\´pE⁄YÙdLlTVuT”m J⁄ ˘Uu ˘TÙ⁄˙[wxglade. CkR ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s Programming˘U‡Æp Es[’. ˘Uu ˘TÙ⁄˚[jß\kR‹Pu L⁄Æl ˘Th•Ÿs[ (TPm 4.1)Properties (TPm 4.2) Utflm wxglade:Tree G]Íufl NÙ[WeLs ß\lT˚Rd LÙQXÙm.
wxglade˛Il TVuT”jßl TjRu
◊˙WÙ°WÙm E⁄YÙdœRp
J⁄ TjRu ◊˙WÙ°WÙm NVpT”jßV˙TÙ’ °˚PjR NÙ[Wm TPm 4.4p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. wxglade ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[l
Programme 6
s=raw_input(“Enter Your Name:”)n=len(s)i=1while(i<n): print s[:i] i=i+1
TVuT”jß CkRl ˚TjRu ◊˙WÙ°WÙmE⁄YÙdLlThP’.
TPm 4.2
TPm 4.3TPm 4.1
TPm 4.4˛p Es[ NÙ[Wj˚R E⁄YÙdLWxglade TVuT”jßl ©˙W˚U E⁄YÙdœRp, X©pLs, TÙjRÙuLs ÿR≠VYt˚\
L¶≤ ˘UÙØ
43
EhT”j’Rp ˙TÙu-\ -Yt˚\ Gq-YÙfl˘NnY’ Gu-T˚R C≤ SÙm LtLXÙm.
Wxglade TVuT”jßl @©˙Wm (Frame)E⁄YÙdœRp
♦ Programming U‡Æ≠⁄k’ wxglade˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[j ß\dL‹m. ÍuflUÙflThP NÙ[WeLs ß\lT˚RdLÙQXÙm. (1) TPm 4.1 ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wm(2) TPm 4.2 ◊˙WÙTohºv NÙ[Wm (3) TPm4.3 wxglade : Tree
♦ ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wjßp Es[ Add a FrameGu‡m ˘TÙjRÙ˚]d °∞d ˘NnV‹m.
♦ ˙RÙuflm NÙ[Wjßp TPm 4.5 Es[wxFrame-- Ij Ro‹ Nn’ OK ThP˚]A›jR‹m. Al˙TÙ’ <design> FrameNÙ[Wjßp TPm 4.6 E⁄YÙY˚RdLÙQXÙm..
♦ Aq˙Y˚[´p wxg lade :TreeNÙ[Wjßp (TPm 4.3) HtT”m UÙflR˚XdLY≤dL‹m. ◊ßV ©˙W™u ˘TV⁄m,˚NN⁄m(Sizer) TPm 4.7˛p Es[’ TÙpUÙflRp A˚PY˚Rd LÙQXÙm.
Q_�%�� �� ���
Q_�%� � �� �>��0�� �!���54�� ���4� � �� ����O4�4��)6���4�3�6� 8"���� �!���56����� � �� ����"�`�)%�&(�34 ���� !�����CodeU�� �3�A6� �/��0��05� 6/�2F2� �3R!� �������G��%�Q_�%� �� �D%��"�`*%�&(�34 ���� �4��� /�MT04����1�; ������; ���(Drag and drop) >��*1�-��
>��!"����%1��� �� �>�K��Q_��1���3R!��/�04��C++���+��HC�"�`*%�Q_��1���3R6��"�`�!�Visual C++.�≠��V%�Programming�"+Q%�70�wxglade���+���"����()��76QE�����56���C++. Perl,XRC, Lisp� ��+�� �"�`�)%� 70� � �� ����0�WYSIWYG >��*%7(����1���
♦ wxglade:Tree NÙ[Wjßp Es[ Sizer˛p°∞d ˘NnV‹m. Properties NÙ[WjßpC⁄k’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] sizer˛Ij ˙Ro‹
TPm 4.4
TPm 4.5
TPm 4.6
TPm 4.7
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
44
˙X©pLfim, ThPu (˘TÙjRÙu)
Lfim EhT”j’Rp
Frame˛p ˙X©s, ˘Pdvh TÙdvUtflm ˘TÙjRÙuL˚[d ∏˙Z Æ[dLlThPÿ˚\´p E⁄YÙdLXÙm.
♦ ˙X©s E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp : ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wjßp(TPm 4.1 ) Es[ Add a static Text
˘TÙjRÙ˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV‹m.
<design> NÙ[Wjßp ÿRp LhPjßp°∞d ˘NnV‹m. <design> NÙ[Wjߤm,wxglade:Tree NÙ[Wjߤm ˙X©∞u˘TVo ˙RÙuflm. Properties NÙ[WjßpWidget Tab˛u ERÆŸPu Label 1GuT˚R Number 1 G] UÙt\‹m.CWiPÙY’ Label˛IŸm TPm 4.11˛Il˙TÙp UÙt\‹m.
˘NnV‹m. <design> Frame NÙ[Wj˚RlTPm 4.10˛p ˙TÙp A˚UdL‹m.
a$� �"�3M�3R!�Sizer
a$� �� 3�0 5?%� 70� , %� ������0E��� ,� ������0E�� ]��Q0����/��6������P�"�#.!�"��1���
♦ wxglade:Tree� 3�0 5?�(A4� b���� c�de�SizerUS���)���3R!���������4Properties�3�0 ��b����c�Be��6��P��4���23�0 5?%�70�Class U�-��I ��
70� ��������56������)���3R!���������4��6��P��Select Sizer
type�����3�0 5?%�����c�f�70�Sizer typeUS5��6����3R!��������c�c%704� ���%�,� � ������� , %� ������70�$� ��7(����� ���������%�wxFlexGridSizerUS5��6����3R!������
♦ �6�� $�-�Wxglade : Tree� 3�0 5?%� 70� SizerU%�� /� �)�� �3R4�6��!���, �1E��,� �!E��7/��56���
TPm 4.8 TPm 4.9
TPm 4.10
L¶≤ ˘UÙØ
45
♦ ˘Pdvh TÙd˚^ ˙Noj-Rp : ÿd°Vf
NÙ[Wjßp Es[ Add a Text Ctrl Gu‡m
˘TÙjRÙ˚]d °∞d ˘NnV‹m.
˙X©s E⁄YÙd°V ÿ˚\´p ˘TÙ⁄j
RUÙ] CPeL∞p °∞d Nn’ TPm 4.11
LÙhPlThP’ ˙TÙufl Text Box I
E⁄YÙdLXÙm.
♦ ˘TÙj-RÙ- ]f Noj-Rp : ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wjßp
Add a Button ≤p °∞d ˘Nn’ ©˙W™p
˘TÙjRÙ˚]f ˙NodL‹m. ˘TÙjRÙ˚]
EhT”j’m ˙TÙ’ ÿR≠p Properties
NÙ[Wjßp C⁄ UÙflRpL˚[ HtT”jR
˙Yi”m. Properties˛p Es[ Widget
tab˛p Label 1 GuT˚R Add Gufl
UÙt\‹m. ©\œ Event Gu‡m tab˛p
Es[ Handler Gu‡m ˘TÙjRÙ˚]d
°∞d ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ ˙RÙuflm
˘TVoL∞p ˘NVpT”m @Te-`≤u
˘TVo G’˙YÙ Al˘TV˚Wj ˙Ro‹
˘NnV‹m (˘NVpTÙh•p sum Gu\
@Te- ≤u NodLlTh”s[’). Æ˚P
˙ R Ù u \ ˙ Y i • V C W i P Ù Y ’
ThP˚]f ˙NojR ©\œ Widget tab˛p
Es[ Label 2 GuT˚R ødL‹m.
˚TjRu Code E⁄YÙdœRp
TPm 4.11˛p <Design> NÙ[WjßuJ›eœT”jR¤dœ C˚QVÙ] ˚TjRuCode E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\ ∏˙Z˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
�1$�����!� E��70���5�6E��"�#�1��
Add a static Text TÙjRÙ˚]l TVuT”jß X©s E⁄YÙdœm TÙ’ Label_1, Label_2Gufl ˘TV⁄m, Es[PdLÿm LÙQlT”m. CYt˚\d ∏˙Z Æ[dLlThP ÿ˚\´pUÙt±V˚UdLXÙm.
♦ wxglade:Tree NÙ[Wjßp UÙt± A˚UdL‹s[ X©˚[d °∞d NnV‹m. E⁄YÙœmProperties NÙ[Wj˚Rl TVuT”jßj ˙R˚Ydœj RdL ÿ˚\´p UÙt± A˚UdL‹m.
♦ Properties NÙ[Wjßp LÙQlT”m Common Tab˛Id °∞d ˘Nn’ ˘TVo UÙt\XÙm.Widget Gu\ tab˛≠⁄k’ Es[PdLj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnVXÙm.
TPm 4.11
TPm 4.12 TPm 4.13
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
46
♦ Wxglade : Tree NÙ[Wjßp Applications ˛Id
°∞d ˘NnV‹m. ©\œ Properties
NÙ[Wjßp Output path Bl`‡dœ SWÙL
Es[ (TPm 4.13) Gu‡m ˘TÙj
RÙ˚]j Ro‹ NnV‹m. TÙ⁄jRUÙ]
˙LÙl◊j ˘RÙœl˚Tj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV‹m.
˙LÙl©tœl ˘TVo „hP‹m. ˘TV⁄Pu
.py Gu‡m øh•l˚T A∞dL
U\YÙæoLs.
♦ C˙R NÙ[Wjßp ˚TjRu Gu‡m
Bl`˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR©u Generate
Code Gu‡m ˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›jR‹m.
SÙm ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ ˘LÙ”dœm ˙LÙl◊j
˘RÙœl©p ˚TjRu Code E⁄YÙ°
Ÿs[˚Rd LÙQXÙm. IDLE Vj ß\k˙RÙ
ApX’ TerminalIl TVuT”jß˙VÙ
CkR ◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf ˘NVp T”jßl
TÙodL‹m.
◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf ˘NVpT”j’Rp
˙Ut·±V ÿ˚\´p SÙm E⁄YÙd°V◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf NVpT”j’m TÙ’ °˚Pdœm˘Th-•-L-∞p (Box) GiL˚[f ˙NodL CV¤m.B]Ùp Add Gu‡m ˘TÙjRÙ˚]d °∞d˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ Æ˚P °˚PlTßp˚X. ∏˙Z˘LÙ”dLlThP ÿ˚\˚Vl TVuT”j’YRuÍXm Cl©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙQXÙm.
♦ E⁄YÙd°V ˚TjRu ˙LÙl˚Tjß\dL‹m. Cßp @Te-`-≤u Code
Es[ Tœß´p TPm 4.14 p Es[Yt˚\l TPm 4.15˛p LÙi©jRT• UÙt±A˚UdL‹m.
Text box �`!�����HC�-��������������������6 ������%1���A6����0�� �H62� �3!%��/;#-��!���56�����������%���#�����6 �����>6≠%� "�#�� �������6#����� ��56C% int ��+�a� [���!���56�����4�
TPm 4.14
TPm 4.15
L¶≤ ˘UÙØ
47
♦ Cl˙TÙ’ Utœ±l©hP ◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf˘NVpT”jR‹m, Add TÙjRÙu TÙd-≥pA›j’m ˙TÙ’ CWiPÙY’ ·h”j˘RÙ˚L °˚PlT˚Rd LÙQXÙm.
♦ TPm 4.16˛p LÙQlT”Y˚Rl˙TÙp◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚U UÙt± A˚Uj’f ˘NVpT”jR‹m. CqÆWi” ◊˙WÙ°WÙmL˚[Ÿm Jl©h”l TÙodL‹m.
˘NVpTÙ”
TPm 4.17˛p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[˚Rl˙TÙu\ J⁄ NÙ[Wj˚R wxglade˛u
�1$�������/��������/����������#����"�.����0����!���54�4���%��!���561��������c�9BU%�70�� �� �D% sum ��+� a� [C%����/������"#P�����56���)����!��7/��56��/�0�6����C�����wxglade : Tree 3�0 5?%�������!�� �!���56��/�0�6����6���!��� -���!���56��/�0�6����81���
E R Æ Ÿ P u ˚ T j R u ◊ ˙ W Ù ° W Ù ˚ UE⁄YÙdL‹m. ˙U¤m TX L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ CkR ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p ˙NodL‹m.
TPm 4.18
TPm 4.16
TPm 4.17
ÿRp Pdvh TÙdv
CWi-PÙ-Y’ Pdvh TÙdv
Æ˚P -°-˚Pl-T -Rt-LÙ]Th-Pu
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm
48
���
G]dLÙL J⁄ GUI Uu˘TÙ⁄s
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from Tkinter import *
import os
def callback():
print “called the callback!”
quit()
def callback1():
os.system(‘oowriter’)
def callback2():
os.system(‘oocalc’)
root = Tk()
menu = Menu(root)
root.config(menu=menu)
filemenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label=“File”, menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label=“New Writer file”, command=callback1)
filemenu.add_command(label=“New Calc file”, command=callback2)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label=“Exit”, command=callback)
mainloop()
= �� �56��� �-�$%� �!���54��&'����(� �"����(/��0E�� ?�����!�������56�� � �� ����0�� �"�1� ��������/�0 Code˛��0��!���5?�7(���- ��
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
♦ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL∞u A‹h◊h˚Pd (˘Y∞¬”) LÙiL.
Program 1
a = “o”for i in range (1, 11):
print i * a
Program 2
a = “o”c = “ ”for i in range (0, 11):
print (10-i) * c,(2*i+1)*a
♦ ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL∞p £X UÙflRpL˚[ HtT”jßd ∏˙ZRWlTh”s[ TPeL∞p Es[’ TÙuflY•-Y- Ul-◊-L- [j(pattern) RVÙ¨dL‹m.
****** +ooooo***** ++oooo**** +++ooo*** ++++oo** +++++o*
1111
111111111111
111111111
♦ PIT˛u‡m ˘NÙp˚X TIP Gufl UÙt±G›’YRtL Ù] ◊˙W Ù°W Ùm ∏˙Z˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. CkRl ◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uinput Gu\ Lh-P-˚[-˚Vl TVuT”jßUÙt± A˚UdL‹m.
a = “TIP”n = len (a)s = “”for i in range (n): s = s+a[n-i-1]print s
(1) (2)
(3)
L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm
49
RL-Yp ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tj-ßu UÙ˘T-⁄mY[of-£- Vl Tt± 45 Y⁄-Pj-ßtœ ÿu ß⁄.-˙LÙo-Pu.-C.-Ío Gu-‡m ◊Lr- Tt\ A±-Æ-VpA±Oo Y∞-´h-P L⁄j-’ C’.
L¶≤˚VŸm AR-‡-Pu˘RÙPo-◊- PV ©\ L⁄-Æ-L- [-ŸmG∞-RÙ-Ll TVu-T-”jR SUdœCV¤m. AR-]Ùp L¶-≤-´-¤m,AR-‡-Pu ˘RÙPo◊˘LÙs-fim©\ L⁄-Æ-L-∞-¤m Ht-T-”m S≈]UÙfl-Rp-Tt±V RL-Yp-L-˚[f˙NL¨l-T’ SUdœ ™œkRBoYj˚R A∞d-œm. Yœl-©pEs[ UÙQ-Yo-L˚[l TX œ-›d-L-[Ù-Ll ©¨d-L-‹m. Jq-˘YÙ⁄œ›‹d-œm L¶≤ Ut-flmL ¶ - ≤ - N Ù o L ⁄ Æ L ∞ pHtTh”s[ S≈] UÙfl-Rp-L- [dLi-P-±-Ÿ-UÙfl ·\-‹m. RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NL-¨dL ER-‹m £Xœ±l-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm R⁄L.
—h-˘P-≠(Mouse)
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ TPj-˚RdLY≤d-L-‹m. C˚Y Mouse˛Id L¶-≤-Ÿ-PuC˚Qd -Ll - T -Vu -T -”m TX ÆR -UÙ]
TPm 5.1
""J⁄ J⁄e-°-˚Qd-Ll-ThP ™u-—t-±p(I.C.chip) ™Ld œ˚\kR ˘NX-ÆpEhT”jRl-T-”m •WÙuv-£v-Po-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L Jq-˘YÙ⁄ CWi-PÙi-”-
L∞¤m CWh•l-TÙœm. Cf˘NVp 2015˛m Bi”Y˚Wj ˘RÙP-⁄m''--
ß⁄.˙LÙo-Pu.C.Ío, GXdh-WÙ-¶d CRr, Hl-Wp, 1965
5 L¶≤ Gu-‡m
CVk-ß-Wm
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØ-X-÷h-Tm
50
CuPo@˙TvL[Ùœm (TPm 5.1) . ∫¨VpLQdPo-Ls Cl-˙TÙ’ TVu-TÙh-•p Cp˚X.PS/2 LQd-Po-L-fim T•l-T-•-VÙL U˚\-Vj-’Ye-°-Ÿs-[-’. CYt-±tœl TßXÙL USB UtflmYVo-Xv Mouse L˙[ TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°u--\].
A˙R- TÙufl —h- P≠j RÙØp ÷h-Tj-ß-¤m TX UÙfl-Rp-Ls Ht-Th-”s-[-]. SÙmTVu-T-”j-’m mouse˛u A•-lTd-Lj˚R Etfl˙SÙd-L-‹m. AR-‡s J⁄ ˙LÙ[m ˚Yd-Ll-Th”s-[- Rd LÙQ-XÙm. CRu CVd-Lm ÍXm˘NVp-T-”Y˚R CVk-ßW ˘U¸v Gu°-˙\Ùm.Rt-˙TÙ’ J∞˚V E⁄-YÙd° ARu ¡[˚XEQ-o-Y-Ru ÍXm ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm Gq-Y-[‹˙YL-UÙL Y[o-°-\’ Gu-T-Rtœ C’-‹m KoG”j’d-LÙh”!
Ll-T- Xd L˚Wdœd ˘LÙi-”-
Y-⁄-Y-˚Rl-˙TÙX
SÙm TVu-T-”j-’m L¶-≤˚V Aq-Yl-˙TÙ’ £v-Pm Gu-°-˙\Ùm. ∏˙TÙo-”, ˘U¸v,UÙ≤h-Po, £v-Pm Î≤h ˙TÙu\ Ju-±tœAß-L-UÙ] L⁄-Æ-Ls J⁄-e°-˚Qk-’ ˘NVp-T-”-YRÙ˙X˙V C˚R £v-Pm Gu-°-˙\Ùm.CkR Æjß-VÙ-N-UÙ] L⁄-Æ-L˚[ £vPmÎ≤h”-Pu Gq-YÙfl C˚Qd-L-XÙm?
LP-≠p Es[ Ll-Tp-L-˚[d L˚WdœA⁄-LÙ-˚U-´p ˘LÙi”Y⁄m CP˙U ’˚\-ÿ - Lm (Po r t ) . A’ - ˙T ÙX Es -«h”˘Y∞¬h”d L⁄-Æ-L˚[ £v-Pm Î≤h-”-PuC˚QdL £v-Pj-ßp ˙TÙoh”-Ls LÙQl-
Æ˚Nl-T-X-˚L(Key Board)
Æ˚Nl-T-X˚L Ut-˘\Ù⁄ Es-«h”d L⁄-Æ˙V! U¸˚^l TÙu˙\ Æ˚Nl-T-X-˚LŸmPS/2, USB, Wireless Utflm ∫¨-Vp CuPo@-˙Tv-L-fi-Pu °˚Pd-°-\-’. (Æ-˚Nl-TX˚L´¤s[PS/2 LQd-P-¨u ®\m Gu-]?)
Æ˚Nl-T-X-˚L-´p ˘TÙj-RÙu-Ls(Key) J›e-œ-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s[ ÿ˚\ Key Board Layout
G]l-T-”-m. Be-°-Xj-ßp QWERTY G]l-T-”m ∏˙TÙo” ˙XA-‹h Ee-Ls Gp˙XÙ⁄dœmA±-ÿ-L-UÙ-]- R. Rh-Pf— CVk-ß-Wj-ßt-LÙL (Type Writer) A˚Ud-Ll-ThP˙R CkR J›e-œ-ÿ˚\.™L ˙YL-UÙL Type Writer˛p Rh-Pf—f Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ’ A”jR”j-’s[ TÙj-RÙu-L∞u Sm-◊- LÙp-Ls(Levers) Ju-fl-Pu Jufl £d°d- LÙs-fim YÙnl◊ Aß-L-UÙ-œm. Cl-©-Wf-£- ]dœjæo‹ LÙi-T-Rt˙L Be-°-Xj-ßp ™L Aß-L-UÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m G›j-’-Ls Ju-fld-œA⁄-°p Ut-˘\Ùufl YWÙ-Up C⁄d-L-, Cm-ÿ-˚\-´p J›e-œT-”j-Rl-Th-P-’. B]ÙpL¶≤´u ∏˙TÙo-•p ˘Sm-◊-˙LÙp-Ls Cp-˚X. Rt-˙TÙ’ SU’ ÆWp-L-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚UdœHtT ™L-˙Y-L-UÙ-Lj Rh-Pf—f ˘NnŸm ÿ˚\-´p ∏ ˙TÙo” ˙XA‹h A˚UdLlT”-°-\-’.Cm-ÿ-˚\˚V A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi” Duorak, Colemak ˙TÙu\ ˙XA‹h-Ls E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”-°u-\-]. Duorak ˙XA‹h•u TPm 5.2 p ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[˚Rd LY≤d-L-‹m.
Ck-ßV AW— ®fl-Y-]-UÙ] C.Dac Bp 12 dœm Aß-L-UÙ] Ck-ßV ˘UÙØ-L-∞p Rh-Pf—f˘NnV E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P˙R Cuv-°-¨lh ˙XA-‹h. Ck-ßV ˘UÙØ-L-∞p Es[ G-›j-’-L∞u Jt-fl-˚U˚V BWÙnkR ©\œ C’ E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P-’. GpXÙ ˘UÙØ-L-∞-¤m Es[JjR G›j-’-L-fidœ J˙W ˘TÙj-RÙu (Key) Y⁄-UÙfl Cuv-°-¨lh ˙X A‹h-•p TVu-T”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-’. G”j-’d-LÙh” E = B / Ù
TPm 5.2
L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm
51
L⁄-Æ-L-∞u ˘TVo?L⁄-Æ-L-∞u
CuPo@-˙Tv
PS/2
∫¨-Vp
TÙW-Xp
VGA
USB
RJ45
TRS Plug(Tip, Ring, Sleeve jack)
∫ -Vp ˙UÙPm(TVu-TÙh-•p Cp˚X)
£X Y˚L PÙh-˙Uh-¨dv©¨u-Po-Ls
©¨u-Po
J≠ Eh-◊œ, ˘Y∞-˙Vfl˙TÙoh”-Ls, A]-XÙd
£d-]p ˚Xu Cu
TPm 5.3
◊˘WÙ-_d-Po
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØ-X-÷h-Tm
52
T”m. CuPo@-˙Tv-Ls C˚Q-Ÿm ÿ˚\-´p£vPm Î≤h-•p ˙TÙoh”-Ls LÙQl-T-”m.TPm 5.3 p ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p TX-Æ-R -UÙ] Cu-Po@-˙Tv-L -fimAYt˚\ £vPj-ßp C˚Qd-Ll-T-Vu-T-”m˙TÙoh-”Ls Tt-±V œ±l-◊-Lfim ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th”s[-]. AhPY-˚Q˚V ®˚\‹˘NnV‹m.
U•d-L-¶≤, C˚Q-Vd-L-¶≤ ˙TÙu\L¶--≤-L-∞p £v-Pm Î≤h, UÙ≤h-Po,Æ˚Nl-T-X-˚L, ˘U¸v ˙TÙu\˚Y J⁄e-°˚Qd-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. B]Ùp ©\ L⁄-Æ-LsC˚Qd-Ll-T-”m ˙TÙoh”-L-∞p UÙfl-RpEs[RÙ? A˚Y Geœ A˚Ud-Ll-Th-”s-[’?Li-P-±-V-‹m.
˘Th-•d-œs Es-[˚Y Gu- ]u]
J⁄ L¶-≤l ˘Th-• -´-u Es˙[˚YdLl-Th”s[ L¶-≤l Tœ-ß-L-∞u ·h-P-˚Ul˙T £v-Pm Î≤h Bœm. Gu-˘]u]Tœ-ß-Ls CR-‡s LÙQlT-”m? CYt- \l-Tt±Æ[d-L-UÙ-Ld LtLXÙ˙U.
˚Ud˙WÙ ◊˙WÙ-^-No
C’˙Y L¶-≤-´u Í˚[ G]l-T-”-°\’. SÙm A∞d-œm RW-‹-L-[Ù] Gi-LsUtflm Lh-P-˚[-L-fidœ HtT Tœl-TÙn‹˘NnY’ (◊˙WÙNv)Ce-LÙ-œm. Nu-hWp ◊˙WÙ-N-≥e Î≤h (CPU) G]l-T-”-Y-’m C’-˙Y.TPm5.4˛p SÙm LÙi-T’ AMD (AdvancedMicro Devices) Gu-‡m ®fl-Y-]j-ßu Athlon64 Gu-‡m ◊˙WÙ-^-No Bœm.
J⁄ £v-Pj-ßp Es[ CPU Tt-±VRLYp A±V SÙm £v-Pm ˙L©-]h˚Pß\dLj ˙R˚Y-´p˚X. UÙ\ÙL Sysinfo
(Applications → System Tools → Sysinfo)Gu-‡m ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ˚Ul TVu-T-”j-ß-]Ù-p˙TÙ’m.
TPm 5.5 p J⁄ L¶-≤-´p TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”ss Cu-Pp Tu-•-Vm •ŸYp LÙo-˚Ud˙WÙ ◊˙WÙ-^-N-˚Wl Tt-±V RL-YpL˚[CkR Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s-A-∞l-T-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.
øe-Ls EeL-fi-˚PV £v-Pj˚R ˙U˙XÆ[dLl - ThP ÿ˚\ -´p BWÙnk’AhPY˚Q 5.1 I ®Wl-◊-L.
TPm 5.4
TPm 5.5
TPj-ßp LÙi-©d-Ll-ThP£v-Pm
øe-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m£v-Pm
˚Ud˙WÙ ◊˙WÙ-^-NoRVÙ-¨jR ®fl-Y-]m
-UÙPp
Intel
Pentium Dual-Core
1200 MHz
1024 KB
-°[Ùd ˙Wh
-˙Lx(Cach) UU¨ (L2)
TPm 5.1
L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm
53
£v-Pm ˙L©-]h-˚Pj ß\k’ TÙod-œm˙TÙ’ TPj-ßp LÙi-©j-R-T• ˚Ud˙WÙ◊˙WÙ^N˚Wd LÙQ CV-XÙ-’. H˘]-≤p CRu¡’ Æ£± ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-•-⁄d-œm L¶≤˘NVp-T-”m TÙ’ ◊˙WÙ- -No Yl-Tm A˚P-°-\-’. G]˙Y C˚Rd œ∞o-Æl-T-Rtœ C-Ru˙Up Tœ-ß-´p œ∞of-£-Îh-”m L⁄-Æ-Ls˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-•-⁄d-°-\’. TPm 5.6 p ◊˙WÙ-^N˚Wd œ∞-Wf-£-Îh-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Õh£e-œm™u Æ£-±-Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄jRl-Th-”s-[˚RdLY≤d-L-‹m.
˘NVp-TÙ” 1
øe-Ls Ts-∞- p TVu-T-”j-’m L¶-≤-L˚[ BWÙk’ ˚Ud˙WÙ ◊˙WÙ-^-NoL˚[jRVÙ¨jR ®flY]eL∞u ˘TVo, UÙPp˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-’e-Ls.GjR˚] ®fl-Y-]e-Ls C˚Rj RVÙ¨d-°-u\]? URo- TÙo” (Mother Board)
L⁄ÆL∞u Y[ol-◊j RÙn
TX L¶-≤l ˘TÙ⁄h-L -∞u ·h-P-˚Ul˙T £v-Pm Î≤h G] SÙm A±-˙YÙm.
Cd-L-⁄-Æ-L-˚[-˘Vp-XÙm Ju-fl-PuJufl C˚Ql-T’ G’? A’˙Y URo-˙TÙo”Bœm.
£v-Pj-ßp Es[ GpXÙd L⁄-Æ-L-fim
J⁄e-° -˚Qd-L -l -ThP ™u-]-‘-Æ-Vp
™u—tfll TX-˚L-Ÿ-Pu (Integrated Electronic
Circuit Board) C˚Qd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. ’YdLd
LÙXj-ßp Jq- YÙ⁄ TÙLj- R-Ÿm Lh”l-T-”j-
TPm 5.6
°[Ùd-˙Wh
&(�L���5�?%�CPU�Q%��(A4�"#����(
�-�?���-��� �%1��� �-�?���)� � �(A4�CPU
���-�� &(� �I�;�*%� ���H�1�� ��5
6 ����(data) �3�P��(����62�LA�?54�
��( �����5�6� ������%�1���&O �-����5�
6������Q%�1������%�����&'����(
�(�Q���0� ������?�T��� ��#���
�(Q��Z#�P��������?�T�� L���%��
Z#������
���$ � 2 �L���!� L���5�?%� �'���P
=��1��g� L���5�?%� 70� CPUUQ%
��"������/��0�-��/�� �;���� �����
$ 2�L����-� >#�P��)�������� �4�
�6��4;��$#-�Z#��L���5�?�%�70�&'�
���(��(�Q�E���! �-�����4���4����0���
� /�Frequency�������������4���A6��0���
� /��h/�������1��%�(Unit) -.��$���� �� �� �4�� ��5 �4� ���/ ������ ���;!�
IV, 3.2 Ghz.
CPU ˙Lx
CPU D��D������"��2��3!%������&(��(�
Q�!��-���G��%� "#�� �(�Q���K�-�CPU
Q�� ���5�?#-� i���������� �!�1��4�
�6���X1��CPU Q#�-5��6���!���6���%�
�� ������� ��1�6� �" �6 ��� Z#�� ����
�6#-M!�J������g
CPU Q%� 6���%����02� �3D��-�� &(�
�-?�!�7(�������L���5�6�� �!�����5�
4������;����;��!�����5�4���/����0���0
� -� �3D����6��X1�����$� 2�L�����-5
J������8�1�����4�CPU�Q����_��"��"M
������������4���A62��3D��5�?������/��
���8�*%� ��_� �"�"M� ��P� -.� �
$ ��� ��/�0�6�� ���C�������
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØ-X-÷h-Tm
54
R‹m, ˘NVp-T-”j-R-‹m R≤j-R-≤-VÙ] ◊˙WÙ-
°-WÙm ˘LÙiP £fl-£fl I.£ £l◊Ls TVu-
T”j-Rl-Th-P]. ©\œ CkRf £fl-£fl I.£
£l◊Ls Jufl ˙Noj-Rl-Th” ˘T¨V I.£
£l◊Ls E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P-’. C˚Y VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integrated Chips) G]l--T”m. J⁄
URo- TÙo-•p C⁄ VLSI £l-◊-Ls LÙQl-T”m.
AYt-±p Jufl UmU¨˚Vd Lh-”l-T-”j-’m
al (SÙoj ©¨hw / aÙvh ©¨hw) Bœm.
©±-˘RÙufl I/O al (˘N¸j ©¨w) Gu-flm
A±Vl-T-”-°-\-’. CkRf £l-◊-Ls Gp-XÙm
C˚Rj RVÙ- d-œm ®fl-Y-]j-ßu TV- - X˙V
A±Vl-T-”-°-u\’. TPm 5.7 Id LY-≤d-L-‹m.
øe-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m L¶-≤-´pEs[ URo-˙TÙo -•p TVu-T-”j-Rl-ThP£l◊Ls G˚Y?- Sysinfo Gu-‡m◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚U
CVd-L-‹m, Aßp LÙQl-T-”m HardwareTœß˚V BWÙ-V-‹m. CRu UÙߨ TPm 5.8 p˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.
C m - ÿ - ˚ \ - ˚ V l T V u - T - ” j ßAhPY˚Q 5.2 I ®˚\‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.
Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p LÙQl-T-”m URo˙TÙo” Intel 82945 £l-˘Nh URo-˙TÙo” G]A˚Zd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.
˘NVp-TÙ” 2
TX Y˚L-VÙ] URo ˙TÙo -” -L˚[
BWÙnk’ TPm 5.7 p Es[ vXÙh-”-Ls
Utflm CWi” VLSI £l-◊-Ls CYt˚\l
©¨jR-±-V-‹m. ÆVÙ-TÙW A•l-T-˚P-´p
CqY˚L VLSI £l-◊-Ls RVÙ-¨l-T-Yo-Ls VÙo
Cu-◊h, A‹h-◊h ˙TÙoh-”-Ls
Add-on Card -L-fid-LÙ] vXÙh-”-Ls
TYo LQd-Po --˛ 1
◊˙WÙ-^-No vXÙh
I/O al˘UU¨ Lu-h˙WÙp al
(œ∞-oÆd-œm Fan ‡Pu)
TYo LQd-Po˛ 2
TVÙv˙Th-P¨
TVÙv
RAM LQdh Nn-Vl-TP Es[vXÙh-Ls
Yu-Rh-”, CD •vd, Uu-Rh”, •˚Wq, TÙu-\-Yt-˚\d C˚QlTRt-LÙ] vXÙh-”-Ls
TPm 5.7
L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm
55
VÙo G] AhP-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-R-‹m. CYt˚\
Et-Tjß ˘Nn-T-Yo-L˙[ CYt˚\ Æt-T˚]
˘Nn-°\ÙoL[Ù?
RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙N™dL Yu-Rh”
TPm 5.9 p LÙi-©d-Ll-Th-”s[ L⁄-Æ-
˚Vl TÙoj-ß-⁄d-°-»o-L[Ù? L¶-≤-´p Es[
CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚U(-Bl-T-˙Wh-•e £v-Pm OS)
TVu-TÙh” ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s, Ut-flm SÙm
E⁄YÙd°V £X LÙl-◊-Ls TÙu-\˚Y Ceœ
˙N™d-Ll-T-”-°-u\]. J⁄ Af-£p(v-©u-•p)
C˚Qd-Ll-ThP Ju˙\Ù Ap-X’ Ju-±tœ
˙Ut-ThP Rh-”-Ls (•vd) Es[ A˚Ul˚T
E˚P-V˙R Yu-Rh” (Hard Disk) G]l-T-”-°\’.
•v-°p LÙkRj Ru-˚U-Ÿ-˚PV J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s
ÈNl-Th-•-⁄œ-Lm. CYt˚\ ÷i LÙk-R-UÙL
UÙtfl-YRu ÍXm RL-Yp ˙N™d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.
TPm 5.8 LÙi-©d-Ll-Th-”s[£v-Pm
øe-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m£v-Pm
£l- Nh RVÙ-¨l-TÙ-[o
˘UmU¨˚Vd Lh-”l-T-”j-’mal (˙aÙvh ©¨hw)
I/O alPCI, USB ©¨hwLs
Intel Corporation
82945 G/GZ/P/PL
N10/ICH7
Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.2
TPm 5.8
TPm 5.9
•vdv©u-•p ˘ah
TYo LQd-hPo
˙PhPÙ˙Tv LQdh-Po
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØ-X-÷h-Tm
56
CVdœÿ˚\˚U
TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s[
File System
d‡/≠]dv Ext3, Ext4
˚Ud- WÙ-NÙlhÆu- PÙv (c) FAT 32, NTFS
Bl-©s HPFS, HPFS+˙Ud-°u- PÙx(c)
TÙoh•`u-Ls Gu-\-±-Vl-T-”-°-u\]. B]Ùp£X ˙Y˚[ J˙W CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Udœl TXTÙoh-•-`uLs ˙R˚Yl-T-”m. J⁄ d‡/≠]dv CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Ud-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]TÙoh-•- uL[Ù-Y-].
♦ Ïh (/) ˛ CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚U-´u ◊˙WÙ-°WÙm ˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[l TÙ’-LÙl-TÙLf˙N™j’ ˚Yl-T-Rt-œ.
♦ ˙aÙm (/home) ˛ L¶-≤˚Vl TVu-T”j-’-T-Yo E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[lTÙ’-LÙl-TÙLf ˙N™j’ ˚Yl-T-Rt-œ.
♦ Swap - C’ J⁄ Aß-˙YL @T-Vp£vPm. C’ RL-Yp-L-˚[j Rt-LÙ-≠L-UÙLf ˙N™dLl TVu-T-”-°-\-’.
Yu-Rh-•p C’ ˙TÙu\ TÙoh-•-`u-LsC⁄l-T˙R ™L‹m £\kR ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm. (£XL¶-≤- p Es[ Harddisk p Ïh Ut-flm Swap
Uh-”˙U LÙQl-T-”m.
˘Tu-•-˚Wq/˘UmU-¨-LÙo”/CD/DVD
˙TÙu-\-˚Y-L-fim RW-‹-L-˚[f ˙N™d-œmL⁄Æ-L-[Ù-œm. CD/DVD TÙu-\-Yt-±p Es[ RW-‹-L-˚[l T•d-L-‹m, AYt-±p A˚R G›RlTVu-T-”m L⁄-Æ-Ls ÿ˚\˙V CD Drive/DVD
Drive G]l-T-”m.
˘NVp-TÙ” 3
J⁄ ˘Tu •˚Wq YÙe-œm-˙TÙ’ Aßp@T-Vp £v-Pm LÙQl-T-”m. A˚R UÙt±˙Y˘\Ù⁄ @T-Vp £v-Pj˚R Aßp A˚UdL˙Yi-”UÙ? CRt-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-Rl-T”Y˙R
•vd-œL-∞-≠-⁄k’ RL-Yp-L -˚[l˘T\‹m (T-•d-L), N™d-L-‹m(G-›-R)- ah-”-LsTVu-T”j-Rl-T-”-°-u\] (T-Pm 5.9). •vd-œL˚[-Ÿm ˘ah-˚P-Ÿm J⁄ ™u ˙Uh-PÙoTVu-T”jß —ZXf ˘Nn-Y-Ru ÍXm ˘ah-•tœ •vd-°p Es[ A˚]j’l Tœ-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Nu-\-˚PV ÿ•-°-\-’.
TÙo-h•- u-L-fim @TVp£v-P-ÿm
SÙm J⁄ ◊ßV aÙoh •vd YÙe-œm-˙TÙ’ A’ ˘Yfl-˚UVÙL C⁄d-œm G] SÙmA±˙YÙm. TVu-TÙh” ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s-L˚[lTVu-T -”jß SÙm E⁄-YÙd -°V GkRd˙LÙl˚TŸm Cßp ˙N™dL CV-XÙ -’.˙LÙl◊Ls Gk-˘RkRl Tœ-ß-´p ˙N™d-Ll-T-”-°-u-\] Gufl LÙh-”m œ±l-◊-Ls Ju-flmCßp Cp-XÙ-R’RÙu Ck-Rl ©Wf-£-˚]--L-fid-œd LÙW-Qm. ˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[l TÙ’-LÙj’ ˚Yd-L-‹m, AYt˚\ G∞-RÙLj ß⁄m-T- G”d-L-‹mC’ ™L-™-Lj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-œm.
GkRd LÙl◊ GkR CPj-ßp TÙ’-LÙl-TÙL˚Yd-Ll-Th-”s-[’ Gufl G∞-ßp A±-Y-RtœÿR-≠p SÙm A˚Rl TX ©[Ùd (Drive)
ApX’ ˘Nd-˘Ui-”-L[ÙLl(-T-œ-ß-Ls) ©¨dL˙Yi-”m. CkR ©[Ùd-œ-L-fid˘Lp-XÙmÿLY¨-Ÿm RW ˙Yi-”m. Cf-˘N-V-˚X˙V TÙo-˙Uh-•e Gu-°-˙\Ùm. CYt˚\ ©[Ùd-œ-L-[Ùdœ-Y-’m, CYt±tœ ÿL-Y-¨ A∞l-T’mSÙm TVu-T”j’m CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\˚Udœ(OS)
Ht\ ÿ˚\ G’˙YÙ, AkR ÿ˚\-´p Bœm.
Cq-YÙfl Jq-˘YÙ⁄ CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚U(OS) Ÿm ARtœ Ht-\ ÿ˚\-´p Yu-Rh˚PTÙo-˙Uh ˘Nn-°-\-’. C˚R˙V @T-Vp £v-Pm(File System)Gu-°-˙\Ùm. J⁄-£X CVdœ ÿ˚\-˚U-L-∞u @T-Vp £v-Pm ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th”s[ Ah-P-Y- Q- p RWl-Th-”s-[-’.
J⁄ Yu-Rh-•p Ju-±tœ Aß-L-UÙ]CVdœÿ˚\ -˚U - L˚[ ®flY -˙Yi”˘Uu\Ùp. Al-˙TÙ’ TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] @T-Vp£vPÿm ˙R˚Yl-T-”m. CRtœ Yu-Rh˚PlTX Tœ-ß-L-[Ù-Ll ©¨d-L˙Yi”m. Cq-YÙfl©¨d-Ll -ThP Tœ-ß -L -˙[ aÙoh •vd
L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm
57
D i s k u t i l i t y (S y s t e m → Administration →
Disk utility) Gu-‡m ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ˚U. Fomate
˘NnVj ’Ye-œ-YRtœ ÿu •˚W˚Y Au-U‹uh ˘NnV U\dL ˙Yi-PÙm.
4 GB ˙N™l-◊j ß\-‡-˚PV J⁄˘Tu•˚W-Æp NTFS, Ext3 Gu\ @T-Vp £vPmEs[ C⁄ TÙoh-•- u-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œm ÿ˚\TPm 5.10 p LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.
WÙi-Pm Bd- v ˘UmU¨
L¶-≤-´p RL-Yp-L-˚[d ˚LVÙs-Y’˚Ud-˙WÙ-◊-˙WÙ-^-No G] SÙm A±-˙YÙm. C’™Lj ’¨-R-UÙL ˘NVp-T-”m J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙ-œm.G]˙Y ◊˙WÙ-^-No ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm, ARt-LÙ] Lh-P-˚[-L-˚[-Ÿm ARu ˙YLj-ßtœC˚Q-VÙL A∞d-L Yi-”m. B]Ùp CkRjRL-Yp-Ls Ge-œs-[]? A’ Yu-Rh-•˙XÙ CD
•˚W-Æ˙XÙ Ap-X’ AkR ˙SWj-ßp SÙmA∞d-œm J⁄ RL-Y˙XÙ BLXÙm. CR-]Ùp◊˙WÙ-Nv ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V RL-Yp-L˚[d˚LVÙ[ CYt-±tœ C˚P˙V Y˘\Ù⁄ L⁄Æ-·P ˙R˚Y. Cd-L-⁄-Æ˙V RAM ApX’WÙiPm Bd^v ˘UmU¨ G]l-T-”-°\-’.
♦ L¶≤ ˘NVp-T-Pj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ ÿR-≠p RAM p Ht±-˚Yd-Ll-T”°\-’. CRu ©\œ Cß-≠-⁄k’
◊˙WÙ^N-⁄dœ A‡l-Tl-T -” -° -\ -’.£vPm NVp-T-Pj R˚Y-VÙ] CVdœ-ÿ-˚\-˚U(OS) ·P ÿR-≠p RAM dœUÙt\l - T -” -° - \ -’ . C˚R Èh -•eGu°˙\Ùm.
♦ WÙ™p GkRl Tœ-ß -´p ˚Yd-Ll -Th”s[ RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm SÙm EP˙]˙SW-•-VÙLl T\-XÙm. (Ko J≠ SÙPÙ-ÆpGh”l TÙPpLs Tß-‹- Nn-Vl-Th-”s-[-RÙLd L⁄-’e-Ls. CYt-±-≠-⁄k’ SÙu-LÙ-Y’ TÙPp ˘T\ ˙Yi”m Gu\Ù˙XÙ?Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙh-PÙL Íufl TÙPp-L- [dLPk-’-˘Nu\ ©\œ SÙuLÙY’ TÙP˚XA˚P-V-XÙm. Cm-ÿ˚\˚V SÙm ∫¨-VpBd-£v ˘UmU¨ Gu-°-˙\Ùm. B]ÙpRAM u ÍXm SUdœ ˙SW-•-VÙL SÙu-LÙY’ TÙP-˚Xf ˘Nu-\-˚PV CV-¤m.)
TPm 5.10
TPm 5.11
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØ-X-÷h-Tm
58
TPm 5.13
TPm 5.12
˙U˙XLÙQl-T-”m
£v-Pm
øe-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m£v-Pm
°˚PjR N™l◊A[‹
TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-P’
Swap
TVu-T-”j-ß-V’
938 MB
225 MB
0
956 MB
Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.3
ÿ˚\˚U´p Es-[-’. CYt˚\ •¥h-Pp
ÿ˚\-˚U-VÙL UÙt± A˚Uj’ Mother Board
˛”Pu C˚Qj-RÙp CR-˚]d L¶-≤-´p
LÙQ-XÙm. CRt-LÙ-L˙Y TPm 5.13 p LÙi-©j-
R-T• Es[ £X L⁄-Æ-Ls °˚Pd-°-\-’.
CqYÙfl R≤j-R-≤-VÙLd °˚Pd-œm Cd-L-⁄-
ÆL˚[˙V Add on Card Gu-° -˙\Ùm.
AhPY˚Q 5.4˛p £X Y˚L Add on Card Ls
˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[˚Rd LY-≤d-L-‹m.
BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
L¶≤ ˘NVp-T -PÙ -R -˙TÙ’ CVd-œ-
ÿ˚\˚U (OS) Ut-flm TX ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm-Ls Yu-
Rh-•p ˙N™d-Ll-Th-•-⁄d-œm GuT’ SÙm
A±kR˙R! CkR ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm-L˚[ RAM -˛dœ
UÙt-flm NV˙X Èh-•e. B]Ùp L¶-≤-´u
Yu-Rh-•p C˚Y Es-[’ Gu-flm CYt˚\
RAM- dœ UÙt\ Yi-”m Guflm LhP- [- ”-
-Y’ G’ ˘R¨-ŸUÙ?
Cf-˘N-V˚Xf ˘Nn-Y’ URo-˙TÙo-•p
Es[ J⁄ IC £l-©p ˚Yd-Ll-Th-”s[ BIOS
Gu-‡m ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm. BIOS˛u ˙Y˚X Gu]?
♦ RAM Aß-˙Y-L-UÙLf ˘NVp-T-”m J⁄™u]-‘-Æ-Vp L⁄-Æ-VÙ-œm. B]ÙpCRtœ ™u-Ndß C⁄k-RÙp Uh-”˙URLYp-L-˚[f ˙N™dL CV-¤m. SÙmL¶≤˚V ®flj-’m ˙TÙ’(Shutdown)
™u C˚Ql◊ ’i-•d-Ll-T-”-Y-R]ÙpCßp Es[ GpXÙj RL-Yp-L -fimÿt±¤UÙL A-Ød-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.
TPd-LÙh£ ˙TÙu\ ™Ll- T- V ˙LÙl-◊-
L˚[ G•h ˘Nn-Ÿm- TÙ’ J˙W ˙SWj-ßp TX
˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[j ß\dL ˙Yi•V „r-®˚X
HtT”m. CkRd ˙LÙl-◊-Ls WÙ™u ˙N™l-◊j-
ß\˚] ÆP Aß-Lm Gu-\Ù˙XÙ? Cl-©-Wf-
£˚]d-œj æo-YÙL Yu-Rh-•- X˙V J⁄ R≤ File
Sysem E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. Aß-Lm Es[ LÙl-
◊-Ls Ceœ UÙt-\l-T-”-°-\-’. CRt-LÙL Yu-Rh•p
E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”m File Sysem ˙U Swap G]l-T-”-
°\-’.
TPm 5.12˛p LÙi-©j-R-T• Sysinfo Gu‡m
◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ˚U CVd° Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.3 I
®˚\‹ ˘Nn-L. TPm 5.12 p CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-
˚Udœm Ut\j R˚Y-L-fi-dœm CP-J-’d-∏”
˘Nn-R-©u Gg-£V 938 MB TVu-T-”j-’m
ST⁄d-œd °˚PjR Swap˛u A[-YÙ-œm.
Add on Cards
L¶-≤- p RÙ˚Xd-LÙh£ ®Lrf-£˚Vd
LÙQ- Yi-”m Gu-\Ù˙XÙ? J⁄ ◊ßV L¶≤
YÙe-œm-˙TÙ’ Aßp Es[ L⁄-Æ-L˚[
Uh”m TVu-T-”jß ˘RÙ˚Xd-LÙh£ ®Lrf-£-
L˚[d LÙQ˙YÙ Ap-X’ ®Lrf-£-L-˚[l
Tß‹ Nn-V˙YÙ CV-XÙ-’. H˘]u-\Ùp L©s
ÍXm °˚Pd -œm £d -]p A] -X Ù d
L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm
59
♦ L¶-≤˚V ™u-—t-fl-Pu(Power On)C˚Qd-œm ˙TÙ’ Aßp Es[A˚]j-’l Tœ-ß-L-fim CVe-Lj RœßE˚P-V -]YÙ G]l T¨-˙NÙ -ßdL˙Yi”m (Power On Self Test - POST).CR˚]l TPm 5.15 p LÙh”-°\-’. LÙQCV-¤m. C˚R øe-Ls L¶-≤˚VCVdœm-˙TÙ’ TÙoj-ß-⁄l-¿o-Ls.
♦ £v-Pj-ßp LÙQl-T-”-m RAM A’˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-TP ˙Yi-•V ˙TÙoh-•pN¨VÙL ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-T-PÙ-U˙XÙ Ap-X’Á— T•k-ß-⁄lT- R˙VÙ LÙh-”-Y’ BIOS.CkR RY˚\ BIOS Gq-YÙfl LÙh-”mGuT˚Rd Li-P-±-V-‹m.
♦ ˘U¸v, Æ˚Nl -T -X˚L ˙TÙu\A•lT˚P Yu-˘TÙ-⁄h-Ls(Hardware)˘NVpTPj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ-˚UjR⁄-°-\-’.
LÙo” ARu R˚Y
Bd-≥-X˙Wh °WÙ©dv LÙo” (AGP)
T.V •Î-]o LÙo”
N‹i” LÙo”
USB Gdv-˙Tu-`u LÙo”
Cu-Po-]p UÙPm
˘Sh-Yod Cu-Po-˙Tv LÙo”
TX Y˚L-VÙ] L¶≤ Æ˚[-VÙh-”L-∞p˙R˚Yd˙LtT ÿ›- U-VÙ] °WÙ-©d G˘Tdh(Effect) A∞l-T-Rt-œ.
Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.4
TPm 5.14
TPm 5.15
TVÙv _m-To
TVÙv £l
™u-Ndß A∞d-œm˙Th-P¨
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØ-X-÷h-Tm
60
L⁄Æ ˘NVp-TPj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙YÙp-˙Pw
CD •˚W-Æ-¤m, YuRh-
• -¤m Es[ •v-œ-
L˚[f —Zf-˘Nn-Ÿm
˙UÙh-PÙo-Ls
˚Ud-˙WÙ- ◊-˙WÙ-^-No
12V DC
5V DC
3.3V DC
TX Y˚L •¥h-Pp™u-—t-flLs
1.3 - 1.5V DC
ÿR-≠p CD •˚W-Æp Es[ CD˛´p
CVdœ-ÿ-˚\-˚U(OS) Es-[RÙ Gufl
BWÙnkR ©u˙T Yu-Rh” ÿR-≠V ©\-
L-⁄-Æ-L˚[ BWÙ-V‹m.)
EU’ £v-Pj-ßu Pvd PÙl-©p Es[
L•-LÙ-Wj-ßp Li-©d-Ll-T-”m SW-ÿm, TVÙ-£p
Es[ SW-ÿm N¨-RÙ]Ù G] Jl-©h”l TÙod-
L‹m.
™u J›d-°u TÙ˚R
J⁄ L¶≤ ˘NVp-TP NWÙ-N-¨-VÙLj
˙R˚Yl-T-”m ™u-NÙ-Wm Gq-Y-[‹ ˘R¨-ŸUÙ?
CRtœ Æ˚P-V-∞j-Rp G∞-RpX Gu-T˚Rd
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y˚Q˚V
BWÙnk-RÙp TÙ’-UÙ-]-’.
TPm 5.16
♦ £v-Pm Èh ˘Nn-ŸlT-”m-˙TÙ’ CVd-œ-ÿ˚\˚U (OS) YuRh-• -˙XÙ, CD
•˚WÆp Es[ ∫•-´˙XÙ Ap-X’˘Tu•˚W-Æ˙XÙ C⁄d-L-XÙm. Èh NnV-˙Yi-•V CVdœ ÿ˚\˚U GeœEs[’ G] SUdœj RL-Yp A∞d-°-\-’.
♦ L¶≤ CVe-LÙR ˙TÙ’ Aßp Es[L•-LÙ-Wj˚R CVd° ˙SWj˚R ’p≠VUÙLl TÙ’-LÙd-°-\-’.
˘NVp-TÙ” 4
˘TÙ’-YÙL TVÙv £l-©p Tß‹ Nn-Vl-
Th-”s[ ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ-™p UÙt-\m Ht-T-”jR
CVXÙ-’. B]Ùp J⁄ £±V Tœ-ß˚V SUdœ
UÙt± A˚UdL CV-¤m. C’˙Y ∫˙UÙv
˘NhPl (CMOS) G]l-T-”-°-\ -’. L¶≤
CVeLj ’Ye-œm˙TÙ’ Æ˚Nl TX-˚L-´p
Es[ F1, F2, Ap-X’ Del CYt-±p HRÙ-Y’
J⁄ ˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›j-R-‹m. Al-˙TÙ’
TVÙ˚^ A˚UdL ER-‹m NÙ[-Wm ß\l-T- Rd
LÙQXÙm. (TPm 5.16).
♦ øe-Ls TVu-T -”j -’m L¶-≤-´u
TVÙ≥p LÙh-Pl-T-”m ˙SWm N¨-VÙL
Es[RÙ Gu-T˚Rl T - NÙ-ßd-L-‹m. RYfl
Gu-\Ùp ˙SWj˚R N¨-˘Nn-V-‹m.
♦ £v-Pj-ßp ÿR-≠p Èh ˘Nn-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-
VÙL CD •˚W-˚Y UÙt-\-‹m. (ÿR-≠p Èh
˘Nn-Ÿm L⁄Æ CD •˚Wq Gu-\Ùp £vPm
L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm
61
Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´-≠-⁄k’ SÙm A±-Y]VÙ˚Y?
♦ GpXÙd L⁄-Æ-L-fim J⁄ ß˚N-™u-˙]Ùh-Pj-ß-˙X-˙V(DC) CVe-œ-°-\-’.
B]Ùp SÙm £v-Pj-ßtœ A∞l-T’220V AC UÙfl- ™u-˙]Ùh-Pm Bœm.C˚Rl TX-£±V YÙp- Pw E˚PV DC
VÙL UÙt\ ˙Yi-”m. Aj-’-Pu ˚Xu˙YÙp- P-¥p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\j- R-Ÿm N -˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.
♦ £v-Pj-ßu Es-˙[-Ÿm ˘Y∞-˙V-ŸmCVe-œm Jq-˘YÙ⁄ L⁄-Æ-ŸmAYt±tœl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙YÙp-˙P¥p ˘NVp-T-”-°u-\-].
Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up GpXÙd L⁄-Æ-L-fimGl˙TÙ-’m NVp-T-”-Yßp˚X (G.LÙ. CD
•˚Wq) U¤m A˚Y NVp-T-”m- TÙ’Bœm ™u-T-Vu-TÙ” ARu ˘NVp-TÙh•u Ru-˚Udœ HtT UÙfl-T-”m.
SMPS - —Æf UÙ” TYo Nl˚[
TPm 5.17˛Id LY-≤d-L-‹m. C’˙YL¶≤´u Bt-\p ®˚X-Vm(Power House)
SMPS G]l-T-”m. U˙X ÆYÙ-ßd-Ll-ThP L⁄j-’-L∞-≠-⁄k’ J⁄ SMPS u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[AhPY- Q-lT-”j-’-≈o-L[Ù?
SMPS˛p C⁄k’ TX DC ˙YÙp-˙PwLs˘Y∞-˙V-fl-°u\]. C˚Y TX ®\e-Ls Es[
TPm 5.17
˙L©sLs YØ-VÙL URo˙TÙo˚P A˚P-°u\]. TPm 5.18 Id LY-≤d-L-‹m. SMPS˛pC⁄k’ ˘Y∞-˙V-flm TX ®\e-L-∞p Es[˙L©s-Lfim AYt˚\ URo ˙TÙo-”-PuC˚Qd-Ll -T -Vu-T -”m LQdh-P -˚W -ŸmLÙQXÙm.
J⁄ U•d-L-¶-≤-´p Cq-Y-˚L-VÙ]SMPS Es-[RÙ? U•d-L-¶-≤-´p CRtœlTßXÙL GkRd L⁄Æ TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°-\’G]d LiP±V‹m.
˘RÙPo- N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls
1. “Gq-Y-[‹ Æ˚W-YÙLd L¶-≤-´u Yu-˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞p (Hardware) ˘RÙØp-÷h-TmUÙt\m ®Lr°-\’”! L¶-≤- u Y•-YjßpHt-ThP T¨-UÙQ UÙt-\j-˚Rl Tt± (-TZe-LÙXd L¶-≤-Ls, „l-Tod L¶-≤-Ls,ToN]p L¶-≤-Ls, U•d-L -¶-≤-Ls,˘Sh◊d, TÙm-PÙl-◊-Ls, Pl- Xh-”-Ls) J⁄œ±l◊j RVÙ¨d-L‹m.
2. Ts-∞-´p L¶-≤-Ls YÙe-œ-Y-˘R]jæoUÙ≤d-Ll-Th-P’. CRt-LÙ] L⁄j’˙NL¨d-œm TÙfll◊ Ee-L-∞-Pm Jl-T˚Pd-Ll-Th-P-’. Ts-∞-´p Cl-˙TÙ’ Es[L¶≤-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m L⁄-Æ-L˚[l Tt±V ÿ› ÆY-W-e-L-˚[-ŸmGqYÙfl ˙NL-¨d-L -XÙm G] SUd-œj˘R¨Ÿm. Rt-˙TÙ-’s[ Aß-S-≈] L¶-≤-´p Es[ L⁄-Æ-L-˚[l Tt-±V ÿ›jRLYp-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙NL-¨d-L-‹m. CYt-±pGkRd L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿ-˚PV L¶-≤˚V
TPm 5.18
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØ-X-÷h-Tm
62
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øeLs T¨k-’˚W ˘Nn-≈o-Ls? ˙Yfl-ThPL⁄j-’-L˚[l T¨-UÙ-flm Y˚L-´p Tj-RÙmYœl◊ UÙQ-YoLs A˚]-Y-⁄m Te- LtLJ⁄ L⁄j-R-We-Lj˚R ®Lrj-R-‹m.
3. Yœl-©p Hardware Æ]Ù-•-Æ]Ù ®LrjRÆ]Ùd-L˚[ S›-Yj-ßp RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.
4. EU’ £v-Pj-ßp d‡ / ≠]d˚^ ®flY˙Yi-”m. CRtœ ER-‹m £X œ±l-◊-Ls∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[]. A˚R ®˚\‹˘Nn’ G›-R-‹m.
♦ CVdLÿ˚\˚U E˚PV CD ˚VDVD •˚W-Æp CP-‹m
♦ CkR •˚W˚Y ÿRp Èh-•e L⁄-Æ-VÙd-L-‹m.
♦ £v-Pm CD YØ-VÙL Èh ˘NnR ©\œYu-Rh˚P @TÙo- Uh Nn-V-‹m. ©\œCVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Ud-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]TÙoh•- u-L-fim, @T-Vp £v-Pe-L-fimE⁄-YÙd-L-‹m.
♦ ∏˙TÙo” ˙XA-‹h, £v-Pm CVe-œmSÙ”, Ae-œs[ ˙SWm, TVu-T-”j-’-TY¨u ˘TVo, LP-‹f-˘NÙp (Password)
˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
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˙LÙ”-L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm
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R]’ ÿRp A˚NÓhPj ß˚WlTPmÿ › ˚ U V Ù ] ˙ T Ù ’ ˙ L Ù Ø d ˙ L Ù ”UÙYhPjßp LÙÆkRu G‡m UÙQY‡dœHtThP EtNÙLUÙ] U°rf£´u ®Lr‹RÙu˙U˙X RWlThP ˘Nnß. JuTRÙm Yœl◊RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTÆVp TÙPjßp"A˚NÓhPjßu WL£Vm' G‡m AX-°˚]T•jR˙TÙ’ "¥˙LÙml¨v' TVuT”jßC˙R˙TÙufl øeLfim J⁄ U°r‹kßtœ (Car)
A˚NÓhPm A∞jR’ ®˚]Æ⁄d°u\RÙ?
U°r‹kß˚](Car) SLoj’YRtœ øeLs˙Ut˘LÙiP ˘NVpTÙ”Ls G˚Y? EeLsL¶≤´p CkR Æ˚[VÙh˚P ¡i”mJ⁄ÿ˚\ Æ˚[VÙ•lTÙ⁄eLs. ©u◊ ∏˙ZRWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊˙YÙm.
♦ TPj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ LÙuYÙ≥pEhT”jß˙]Ùm
♦ RWlThP TPj˚R A˚]j’f NhPLeL∞¤m (Frame) EhT”jß˙]Ùm
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A˚NVÙl TPeL˚[ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[lTVuT”jß A˚N‹ ˘LÙ”lTRu Uo-UmCl˙TÙ’ T•lT•VÙLl ◊¨°\’ Cp˚XVÙ?
L¶≤´p Es[ TPj˚RjRÙu SÙmRt˙TÙ’ A˚Nj˙RÙm. B]Ùp SÙ˙U —VUÙLY˚WkR TPeLfidœ C’˙TÙufl A˚N‹A∞dL CVu\Ù˙XÙ? A˚NÓh”Y-Rtœ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[l TVuT”jß C’˙TÙu\˘RÙ⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnYRtœ SmUÙpCV¤m. SÙm LtT˚]´p LÙ‘m EX˚LdL¶≤´p ¡i”m T˚PdL CVu\˘Ru\Ùp ˙LÙÆkRu G‡m UÙQY‡dœHtThP A˙R A‡TYj˚R SÙÿm˘T\XÙ˙U? Smÿ˚PV CVdœ ÿ˚\˚U´pSUdœd °˚PdLl˘Tt\ © G‡m˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[ SÙm CRtLÙLl TVuT”jßlTÙol˙TÙUÙ?
TPm Y˚WVXÙm
A˚NÓhPm RVÙ¨lTRtœl TPeLs·”RXÙL Yi”m GuT’ SUdœj R¨Ÿm.ClTPeL˚[ A˚NÓhP ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞˙XY˚WV CV¤m. ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L∞u ERÆ˙VÙ” © ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p J⁄TPj˚R Y˚WŸeL˙[u.
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6 ˙LÙ”Lfidœ
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♦ Graphics Th•V≠p Tupi : 2D Magic Ijß\dL
♦ File → New → New Project Y¨˚NlT•LÙuYÙv NÙ[Wm ß\k’ Project Name,
FPS ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ A∞j’ OK °∞d˘NnV‹m.
TPm 6.1 ˛ ©-´u ÿd-°V NÙ[-Wm
A˚NÓhPm
��3�4� ����P� 6�������85�65� �6�#PQ����(� �M"�8��>��M"�8�� �)�� �6���2L!����� ���"����� ��)*������ ��/L�!���3j/���������4��I���&(�?� ���5�6�����>;A6�$��(���6+��!�$����L.4�I 5?#-� b1/16 Q��;e� I�� ���)�1�!� 6 �� ,#���4�� ������ =/;�(Persistance of Vision) �+���A6��#65�6��;����!���� �����6����3j/��� �+�� �6�`%W/��� �%Q� �3!%�����4�� �6�X1�� &� �M�3*1����� ���;��;�I�>��!����)��>���%�"�."�.��(����4I"�-�������3�4� ���%� �6��P��� 6�"��G%����;3������� ��A65�6�`%W/�5?#-5� 4����� -.56���� ��%/L/C��Q%�!��h����� �\�k����� ���������(���54���-2�L�A6�� �)���5�6A40����Gnu / Linux˛%D��>��!"���>��M"�8���3j/���"����(�6�� Tupi, Ktoon, Synfigstudio,Pencil ���������F6A? ��"����()%���������#��L�A6�>��M"�8��HC�6�`%W/� (Computer Graphic) ��3j/���"����(6��� ��0�������6��!���5?5�6!�M����/��D�>��!���3j/�5�?� ��� �6���$������H������/��/l���L��%���������
♦ L⁄ÆlTh•V≠≠⁄k’ ˘Tu£pL⁄Æ˚Vj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ LÙuYÙ≥pY˚WVXÙm.
YiQj’lÈf£dœ E´ÏhPXÙm
TPm Y˚WkæoLs ApXYÙ? SÙm
˙LÙ”-L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm
65
NhPLeL∞p EhT”jR‹m.
♦ NhPLj˚R SL˘X”dL ˛ SLp˘NnVlTP ˙Yi•V NhPLjßp Right
Click → Copy frame
♦ NhPLjßp Jh”YRtœ Paste JhPlTP˙Yi•V NhPLjßp Click ˘Nn’ Right
Click → Paste in frame
SÙm RVÙ¨dœm A˚NÓhPm J⁄Æ]Ù•dœ 6 NhPLeLs G‡m ÿ˚\´p˘Y∞´PlTP˙Yi”m G] C⁄dLh”m.Cmÿ˚\´p 3 Æ]Ù• LÙX A[‹s[A˚NÓhPm RVÙ¨lTRtœl TPeL˚[GjR˚] NhPLeL∞p EhT”jR SmUÙpCV¤m. EeLs SiToL˙[Ù” LXk’˚WVÙ•V ©u ˙R˚YVÙ] NhPLeL∞pTPeL˚[ EhT”jR‹m.
A˚]j’f NhPLeL∞¤m TPj˚REhT”jßÆhºoL[Ù? Rt˙TÙ’ A˚]j’NhPLeL∞¤m TPm J˙W CPjßpRÙuEs[’. ÿRXÙY’ Utflm 18˛Y’ NhPLjßpEs[ TPeLfim J˙W CPjßp RÙu Ei”.G]˙Y CR˚] A˚Ndœm ˙TÙ’ A˚N˘YÙuflm HtT”Yßp˚X. G¨˙LÙmlW≥pU°r‹kß˚] (Car) A˚NlTRtœ Gu]˘Nn˙RÙm? RWlTh”s[ Lt\p œ±l◊L∞uA•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ NhPLjߤmTPjßu CPeL∞p ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLs
˘Nn’ A˚NÓhPm ˘LÙ”j’l TÙ⁄eLs.
Y˚WkR TPj˚R A˚NlTRtœ Ju±tœ˙UtThP NhPLeL∞X˚UkR (Frame)TPeLs ˙R˚Y. øeLs Y˚WkR TPmRt˙TÙ’ GkRf NhPLjßp Es[˘RuT˚R© G‡m ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wjßp A”dœ (Layer)1˛≠⁄k’ Li”©•ŸeLs. GpXÙf NhPLeL∞¤m ClTPj˚R EhT”jR ˙Yi”m.Cp˚XVÙ? ©\ NhPLeL∞¤m ClTPj˚REhT”j’YRtœ SÙm ˘NnV ˙Yi•V’Gu]?
L¶≤´p Y˚WkR TPjßuSL˘X”dL Copy & Paste G‡m ÿ˚\TVuT”m GuT’ SÙm A±kR˙R. ©´pTPj˚R SL˘X”dLl TPUPe°V NhPLj˚Rl ©\ NhPLeL∞p Copy NnRÙp TÙ’m.øeLs Y˚WkR TPj˚Rd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[œ±l◊L∞u ’˚Q˙VÙ” AR]⁄°¤s[
?� ��� �)%�&(�Q��;*%���)*������3/�� �)�� b��3!��� �� �)�e���H����6���FPS (Frames PerSecond) &(�Q��;*%�9m� U� mc�>���� �� "�P�� ���46��� 3�6� 8���5?%�70�&(�?� �����7(����4�� 3/�� �)����H����!&O -��54�6�X1��I"�-5�?� ���5?�����5�6E��&O ��"��>;E��
Jq˘YÙ⁄ NhPLjߤm TPjß˚] CPUÙt\m ˘NnYRtœ
Tupi��+��3�0 5?%�Exposure Sheet % Layer�U%�70�Object ��/;* �(A4��"� �!�3/��5�65��6����3R!�����6�$�-��(Q���/;*�(A4�(Tool box)Object Selection Tool� S5� �6��� �3R4� �����V%�70� ��5?����5�6>���%�70�3/��5?����5?�(A4�L.4�"�#.�����������6��(Q�!��!���5?� ����>O��6E�� �6����3RE����4� ��5�62�F#.T�� �1Q6"��Selection nod-�� �6��P��6����81���� ���L%��(Q��!���54����4��5?%�&�������8������ ���;!�&'���(� �����K�� 6C56C�!� ���!� 6 �� ,#�6��%6����4� Z#����4�� �'����"A6����54�������0E��I�������356�%�"/��"���5�6�I�"�%���3���>;E����6#���Arrow����56������!���561����G��%�����&� �!�(�Selection�G��I��-�I���)%� "/��� 6 �*(��6��� �(�$���6�����3��6#-2� F/��≠���4"��4�� �'��P���3�-�� ���4� ���5�6�� �/����56�Ctrl, Shift���56����0�� �!���561���
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A˚NÓhPj˚Rf ˘NVpÿ˚\lT”jR
Player G‡m Th•V≠p °∞d ˘NnL. ARu©u ∏˙ZŸs[ Play G‡m ˘TÙjRÙ≤pd∞d ˘NnV‹m.
˙LÙl◊ ˙N™dLXÙm
© Project ˙LÙl˚Tf ˙N™lTRtœ File → Save Project
TPm 6.2
©-´p Tu-£p Tool TVu-T-”jß Y˚Wk-Rl TPm
♦ TPeLs CVp◊jRu˚UŸPu A˚NY’˙TÙp ˙RÙu\˙Yi”™p˚XVÙ?
♦ Jq˘YÙ⁄ NhPLeL∞¤m TPeLsC⁄dœm CPjßp Uh”mRÙ˙]UÙt\eLs ˘Nn˙RÙm!
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˙LÙ”-L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm
67
L⁄ÆL˚[j ˘R¨k’˘LÙs˙YÙm
©´p TPm Y˚Wk’ ARtœ A˚NÓhPÿm ˘LÙ”j’l TÙoj˙RÙm? C≤ Cf˘NVpTÙh•u ÍXm SÙm R¨k’˘LÙiP L⁄ÆLs G˚Y˘V] AhPY˚Q´p ®Wl◊˙YÙm.
˘NVpTÙ” : 1 L˚R˚Vj Ro‹ Nn- YÙm
L˚RlTX˚L RVÙ¨l˙TÙm
A˚NÓhPjß˚WlTPm RVÙ¨dL ™LfN¨VÙ] ÿu˙]tTÙ”Ls ™Lj ˙R˚Y.A˚RÆP ™Lÿd°Vm L˚Rl TX˚LRVÙ¨jRp. SÙm ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR L˚R˙Vß˚WdL˚RVÙL‹m ARu©u L˚Rl TX˚LVÙL‹m UÙt\ ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄LÙh£´u Æ[dLeLfim L˚Rl TX˚Ldœ™L ÿd°Vm. L˚R´u ©u]¶, A˚NVÙlTPeLs, A˚NŸm TPeLs LÙh£´u LÙXA[‹, E˚WVÙPpLs ©u]¶d œWpLsC ⁄ l © u A Y t ± u R L Y p L s
C˚YV˚]j’m R≤jR≤VÙ] LhPeL∞pRVÙ¨j’l TPeL∞u Sketch˛Ij RVÙ¨dL˙Yi”m. J⁄ LÙh£´p Y⁄m ®Lr‹LsA˚]j˚RŸm J˙W LhPjßtœs EhT”j’ Y ’ R Ù u G ∞ ’ G ≤ ‡ m ˙ R ˚ YHtT”UÙ´u J⁄ LÙh£´˚]˙V TXLÙh£L[ÙL Y˚WYßp RY±p˚X. CqYÙflÆ[dLUÙ] J⁄ L˚Rl TX˚L˚Vj RVÙo˘NnR ©u]o J⁄ A˚NÓhPj ß˚WlTPj˚Rj RVÙ¨dL ÿVpY˙R Sufl.
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ L˚RlTX˚L˚VÈojß ˘NnV‹m C˚Rl TVuT”jß KoA˚NÓhPj ß˚WlTPj˚R SÙm E⁄YÙdLXÙm Cp˚XVÙ?
L ˚ R l T X ˚ L ´ u ˙ Y ˚ X Ÿ m
♦ TPm Y˚WYRtœ Pencil (P)
♦ TPm Ro‹ NnYRtœ ...............................................................
♦ A•d˙LÙ” Line Y˚WV ...............................................................
♦ Zoom NnYRtœ ...............................................................
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n$*%� ������ �6#- BackgroundMode, Frames Mode ��� �(���!��� �������� I"�-���������P�����3!���� ���;!�� ��0 Frames Mode U%� 6���� !������� $��H�� ���,�1!���,#�6#- Background ModeUS5��6�A�6������
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TPm 6.3
RL-YpT¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
68
ÿ•Y˚Pk’ ÆhP’ Cp˚XVÙ? ÿu◊ SÙmRVÙ¨jR A˚NÓhPjßp TPeL˚[ Ju\ÙLCVd°VRÙp CVdLjßp HtThP CVp◊jRu˚U´u CZl◊ Tt± SÙm A±k˙RÙm?Rt˙TÙ’ SÙm RVÙo ˘Nn’s[ L˚RlTX˚L´u Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙh£´¤m L˚RUÙk-Ro-L˚[ Yq˙Yfl ÿ˚\´p CVdœ YRtœAdL˚RUÙk-RoL∞u EPp Efll◊L˚[R≤jR≤˙V E⁄YÙdœRp AY£Vm.CYt˚\ SÙm © ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞˙X
LÙh£ 3
LÙh£ 4
TPm 6.4
LÙh£ 2
E⁄YÙdL Yi”UÙ? SÙm ÿu◊ Lt\ C˙UwG•h•e /TPm T˚PjRp Uu˘TÙ⁄hL∞pTPm Y˚Wk’ ARu©u ©´p AR˚]EhT”jß]Ùp ˙TÙ’m Cp˚XVÙ?CqYÙflTPeL˚[ SÙm ÿu]˙W Y˚Wk’ ©uA˚NÓhPm RVÙ¨lT˙R ™L G∞VYØVÙœm.
ÿRtLÙh£ RVÙ¨lTRtœ SÙm Y˚WV˙Yi•V TPeLs G˚Y? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[Lt\p œ±l˚T BWÙnk’ AhPY˚Q 6.1. Iÿ›˚UlT”jR‹m.
C˙R ˙TÙufl ©\ LÙh£Lfidœj˙R˚YVÙ] TPeL˚[ Y˚Wk’ RVÙ¨dL‹m.CRtœ øÆo ÿuYœl◊L∞p ˘R¨k’˘LÙiP Cedv˙Ll, ¥ml, Gdv˘T´uh,Pdv˘T´uh ˙TÙu\Yt±p H˙R‡mJu˚\l TVuT”jß]Ùp ˙TÙ’UÙ]’.
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˙LÙ”-L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm
69
TPm 6.5
ÿ R t L Ù h £ d œ j ˙ R ˚ Y V Ù ]©u]¶lTPj˚R Background Mode˛¤m, ©\TPeL˚[ Frames Mode ¤m Es[ ÿRpNhPLjߤm Insert ˘NnV‹m. ARu ©\œT P j ß u © \ T Ù L e L s T P m 6 . 5 -pRWlTh”s[’ ˙TÙufl Ju\ÙL C˚Qj’ÿRp NhPLjßp CVdL Yi•V TPj˚RjRVÙ¨dL‹m.
CRu ©u]o œ±l©hP NhPLj˚RSUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] NhPLeL∞p (A˚]jߤm) EhT”jß Jq˘YÙ⁄ NhPLjߤmA˚NÓhPjßtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLsHtT”jß ˘NVpT”jßl TÙodL‹m.
ÿ R t L Ù h £ ˚ V f ˘ N V p T ” j ß lTÙojæoL[Ù? CdLÙh£´p L˚RUÙk-RoL∞uA˚N‹L∞p H˙R‡m UÙt\eLs ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi•V’iPÙ? CdLÙh£dœ øeLsA∞jR FPS GqY[‹? FPS p UÙt\m Nn’AR˚]f ˘NVpT”jßl TÙoj’, LÙh£dœl˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] FPS Id LiP±k’ ˙N™j’˚YdL‹m . Cf˘NVpTÙ” A˚]j’dLÙh£L∞¤m LY≤dLlTP ˙Yi•V’RÙ˙]? G]˙Y EeLs SiTo L˙[Ù”LXk’˚WVÙ• ©\LÙh£L˚[Ÿm C˙R˙TÙufl Y•Y˚UdLj RVÙWÙœeLs.
♦ ©u]¶ - 520x380 (A[‹)
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AhPY˚Q 6.1
RL-YpT¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
70
ÿRp LÙh£ ÿ›˚UV˚PkR©u New
Project ˙LÙl˚Tj ß\k’ ¡Rÿs[ LÙh£L˚[Ÿm C’˙TÙufl RVÙ¨j’ .avi Formate pHt\m ˘Nn’ H˙R‡m ˙LÙl◊j ˘RÙœl©pTÙ’LÙdL‹m.
˘NVpTÙ” : 2 ˙LÙl◊L˚[ Export˘NnV CV¤m
ÿRp LÙh£ ÿ›˚UV˚PkRRpXYÙ?Rt˙TÙ’ © ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p Uh”mRÙ˙]SmUÙp A˚NÓhPj˚Rf ˘NVpT”jRÿ•kR’. ˙Yfl Application L∞p CkRd˙LÙl˚T C’˙TÙufl ˘NVpT”jRÿ•ŸUÙ?C’ TÙu\ LÙl◊L˚[ ¡•VÙl˙[VoL∞p˘NVpÿ˚\lT”j’YRtœ Ht\ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Formate˛p Export ˘NnV˙Yi”mGuT’ œ±j’ ÿuYœl◊L∞p øeLsA±kR˙R. G]˙Y øeLs RVÙ¨jR ÿRpLÙh£´p RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L∞uA•lT˚P´p .avi Formate˛p Ht\m (Export)
˘NnV‹m Ht\m NnR ≈•˙VÙ LÙl©˚]ARt˙Lt\ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ¡•VÙ ©˙[V¨p˘NVpÿ˚\lT”jßl TÙodL‹m.
LÙh£ 1 LÙh£ 2 LÙh£ 3 LÙh£ 4
FPS 6 .................. ...................... ....................
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TPm 6.6
TPeL˚[l ˘T¨RÙdLXÙm
��3j/��� 6!�M�-�� ���4� ��6"�A6��)�� �!%���� ��3����(5?%� ������ ��5�6�&'���(3/��5?T�� �1� ?�3�)%� �! ������ ������� �6#��� insert�3R!��/�� ��5�6 Object Selection�(Q�!���!���5?5��6����3R!�������4 Selection U����"!��-?*%��8��������0,�����!�05?%�)���3R!����'��P��3RE�� ���4����I����6����81������6���5?%���)���3R6�%�q �)%���/L!)�-� nod U�S��!�����5�62�F#�2(Rotate) �3R!1�����'��� �)%��8���� Selection nod˛ % Drag �3R4��5?�� �0Q%� "�#��� �3R!���!T��
˙LÙl◊ Ht\m (File Export)
n$*�(A4� ����$��� r;�!����
�3D��6#- Project ������� >6≠%
Z#��� �3R6��� ������� Z#��
�3R�6#- File → Export Project �+�
�M�3� >����;� �)�� �3R!���
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Z#����3R!������;! Video File For-
mate Z#��� �3R!������;!� ��/L
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˙LÙ”-L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm
71
˘NVpTÙ” : 3 LÙh£L˚[
C˚Ql˙TÙm
LÙh£L˘[pXÙm RVÙWÙ°ÆhP’Cp˚XVÙ? L˚Rl TX˚L ÿ˚\lT•Ÿs[CkRj ß˚WlTPm ÿ›˚UV˚PV C≤Ÿm£t£X ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ·P Es[-’. CkRf˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ SÙm JuTRÙm Yœl©p
TPm 6.7
�3R!����6��5 �6���A4��3D��������;!�����5��6�-�����������!��
FPS ������#��E���)54 Save �)���3R!���
♦ LÙh£L˚[ Ju\ÙL C˚QdL‹m OPen shot Video Editor
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Lt\ Gk˘RkR Uu˘TÙ⁄hLs ’˚Q◊¨ŸmGu-T˚R Y¨˚NlT”j’L.
JuTRÙm Yœl©p I.C.T TÙPË≠p Es[
7, 9 AXœL∞u ’˚Q˙VÙ” CkRdLÙh£L˚[˘VpXÙm Ju\ÙL C˚Qj’AYt˚\ J⁄ R≤ ≈•˙VÙ ˙LÙlTÙL UÙt±
Ht\m (Export) NnV‹m (TPm 6.9),
J≤Vu v°u≤e (Onion Skinning)
��3j/�5?� ��� �)%� �!���56�����&(� 6 � `%W / � � 6 �� � &C!� � ���C ������V%��16 ��/��3/� ��0�&� ��I 5?%&��������/���@;!�>����3#P�>���%�"#P�$���%���"A40�3/�� ��0�������V%��/�����6��X1��&'���(�3/��5�?T��I����3R!���;!�"�#� �� �#.!��.�� I"�-���������P��� n$*%� >��!� 3�0 5?%� Onion Skin��/;*%�70����)%�"�#����3R4�>���%"#P��$���%�70�3/�� ����/��4����%I"�-�&O -��56>;E��
TPm 6.8
RL-YpT¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
72
n$*% Scene ManagerUS���!���5?�&�.#-��@�61�����/L��05�6!�M���!T�"���T����3j/��&≠�����2L!���6�1�� (Title) ������#���@����8��6#-�n$*��6#����6!� �?�$% (Version 0.1) �6#�����3?��%�1�� ��/L��0�&����� ��8��4� >6%�&'���(� �;,�1��0E�&��6����-�$%�I"�-��.>�"�� Video Editor / GNU Linux U%���������P�$��r;�!���;/; ��"����(/��0E���6#������!���561���
TPm 6.9
A˚N‹ ˙Yflÿ˚\´p
&'���(� 3/�� �)T�� ��5?���5�6� "�#.!�"5456���� I����5�6���3!2� �3R�6����G��%��5?����5�6�"�#��"%�&'���(3/��5?T�� ��5?�� $��H��5�6�"/���"�#.���/L�����(�0��3�4����%��6���2��3R!>;E��Q"���� ������,�1!��� �!8�?7��!� ���(/�)�� �!��5�6��>��*%��)�"!��� ��)���561���� �6#����� $��H*���15�65�6#���40������V� TPm 6. 10 - Zoom Out (50%) View
˙LÙ”-L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm
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TPm 6.11
�0��Q��� ���"� -���M6�� 6!�M5�6���%14�$��H*����15�6Drag� �3R4��6�����M6��� "�#.!�"5�6�� 6!�M���>;E����'��P�6!�M56$��H���5�6�Frames ModeU%�7/��5?������V��Z�6+��&(��-?*%"�#.���"�����
�6��4�$��H�7(�����3!���;!���6�?�3*%� I��5?���������'��P�I��54����4������� >O�4"��� ,��A?(��� ����������6� "���������� � ��6�$���!��� � � ; ! � � � 5 � 6 � > 6 %3/��5?%�7/��56���
�C�>6%� 3/��5�6� "#�� $�3/�� �)T�� Copy � �3R4� 6�� ! �� � 3 / � � ��07(�������
�'��P����542�3/�� ��0E��6!�M56$��&'���(�3/��5?+��!��$��H����5�6�"/����6����3R4�Q"�����!8���3RE��?�3�-��I���?�?�3*%�3M!�����15?%�"�#.!�"������$��H�!�I��54�6#- Arrow���56����� �!���54�4�I%14�
�C Player �/;! �%�(menu) X1"�����3j/�5�62��3!%>�����5?���( �����
˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls
♦ S[-‡d-œm RU-Vk-ßd-œm Au-]l-T-\˚YÁ’ ˘Nu-\˚R øe-Ls R™r CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p Lt-±-⁄l¿oLs. Au-]l-T-\˚YT\k’ Y⁄m LÙh-£˚V © TVu-T-”jßA≤-˙U-`-]ÙL £j-R-¨d-L-‹m.
♦ U≤R EP-≠p ˘Np-Æ-›e-œ-Rp (Phago-
cytosis) Gu\ ˘NVp-TÙ”, E´¨Vp TÙP-Ë-≠p "TÙ’-LÙl-◊m £°f-˚N-Ÿm' Gu\AX-°p RWl-Th”s[-’. C˚R Et-fl-˙SÙd° ˘NVp-TÙh-•u A≤-˙U-`u
TPj˚R ©-´p RVÙ-¨j’ Yœl-©pß˚W- -P-‹m.
♦ CVt-©-Vp TÙP-Ë-≠p J∞-´u Æk-˚R-Ls Gu\ TÙPj˚R Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’J∞-´u ®\l-©-¨-˚L˚V (Dispersion of
Light) © ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s TVu-T-”jßA≤-˙U-`u TPm RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.
♦ ˙TÙ˚Rl - ˘T Ù -⁄s ß] -Æ -Z Ù˚Yÿu≤h” Ts-∞- p SPd-œm ®Lrf-£-´p ß˚W- -Pl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] G∞V A≤-˙U- u ß˚Wl-T-Pj- Rj RVÙ- d-L‹m.
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
74
GhPÙm Yœl◊ TÙP-Ë-≠p "A±-Æ-VpÆWp ÷≤´p' G‡m AX-°p L¶≤C˚Ql◊Ls Tt± £X RLYpL˚[ øÆoA±kß⁄l¿oRÙ˙]? J⁄ L¶≤´p RVÙo˘NnR TPeL˚[ Ut˘\Ù⁄ L¶≤ YØVÙLjß\k’ Aßp UÙt\eLfim ˘NnæoLs.L¶≤ C˚Ql◊ ÍXm Jq˘YÙ⁄L¶≤˚VŸm Ut\ L¶≤Ls ÍXUÙLj˘RÙPo◊T”j’YRÙpRÙu C’ CVu\’.Smÿ˚PV CVdœÿ˚\˚U˚Vl (Operating
System) TVuT”j’m L¶≤L∞p C˚RGqYÙfl TVuT”jRXÙm GuT˚Rl Tt±RÙu ClTÙPlTœß´p SÙm A±k’˘LÙs[l ˙TÙ°˙\Ùm.
ÿuYœl©p Lt\Yt˚\ ®˚]‹·ok’ TÙ⁄eLs. EeLs Ts∞ L¶≤d·Pjßp A˚]j’d L¶≤L˚[Ÿm J⁄˙Xu (LAN - Local Area Network) ÍXmC˚QlTRÙp SUdœd °˚PdLl˘TflmYÙnl◊Ls G˚Y?
♦ L¶≤ C˚Ql◊ ÍXm C˚QdLlTh”s[ L¶≤Ls Rmÿs RLYpL˚[lT¨UÙ±d˘LÙs[XÙm.
♦ J⁄ L¶≤´p ˘TÙ⁄jRlTh”s[
Printer ˙TÙu\ L⁄ÆLs C˚QdLlT h ” s [ U t \ L ¶ ≤ L fi d œ mTVuT”jR ÿ•Ÿm.
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CqYÙfl RLYpL˚[j ReLfidœs
TPm 7.1
7 RLYpL˚[j
˘RÙPo◊T”j’˙YÙm
RL-Yp-L-˚[j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-˙YÙm
75
T¨UÙt\m Nn’ LÙs[ L¶≤Ls RmÿsA±kß⁄dL‹m ˙Yi”m GuT’ ™Lÿd°Vd ·flRÙ˙]? C’ GqYÙfl NÙjßVUÙ]’? SÙm BWÙVXÙm.
L¶≤´u ÿLY¨
J⁄ C˚Ql©p APe°Ÿs[A˚]j’d L¶≤L˚[Ÿm R≤j-R-≤-VÙLA±kß⁄dL (Address) ÿLY¨ A∞dL˙Yi”m. CkR ÿLY¨˚V I.©. ÿLY¨(I.P. Address) G] A˚ZlTo. I.©. ÿLY¨´uÿd°Vj’Ym, £\l◊Ls G˚Y˘V]j˘R¨ŸUÙ? Y⁄m TœßL∞≠⁄k’ CRtLÙ]Æ˚P˚Vd LiP±ŸeLs.
Ts∞ L¶≤d ·Pjßp Es[L¶≤L∞u I.P. ÿLY¨˚V GqYÙflLi”©•lT’ G]l TÙol˙TÙm.
L¶≤´u IP ÿLY¨
Li”©•l˙TÙm
˘NVp-TÙ” 1
A˚\´¤s[ L¶≤L˚[f ˘NVpT”jßl RVÙWÙdœeLs al, UÙPm TÙu\C˚Ql◊d L⁄ÆL˚[Ÿm Switch On
˘NnV‹m.
Panel˛p LÙQl-T-”m Network Monitor-
Applet)˛u IdL≤p Right Click YØVÙL Connec-
tion Information˛Id °∞d ˘NnV‹m. (TPm 7.2)
ß\k’ Y⁄m NÙ[Wj˚Rd LY≤ŸeLs.L¶≤´u I.P ÿLY¨˚V A±k’˘LÙs[XÙm. (TPm 7.3).
TPm 7.2
TPm 7.3
TCP / IP
��8��� X1"��5� 6��%��M"��������;!����54���HC�K��� &� � �I 5?%� �3!%�/������;(��� ���;!���L!D%�1����&'����P� Hardware, OperatingSystem ������#.%� ��P�/�6���(�-��� ����K������!� 6��%��0�� �M"�#��� �3R!� L1� ���4Q?>����7������6�!� NetworkProtocol ������ ;�L�$�oS�$. (TransferControl Protocol / Internet Protocol) ���4��8���`�6��%��6����I�54�6#����Q?>��!�-��� �A65� �6�`%W/�5?%����54�� �HC�K�-��3�A6"��� &( I.P. >��M� �(�������� I.P. >��M�!������� ���`>����7������� IPversion 4,IPversion 6, �������-��� ��#�.%>6%� �?����� IPv4� 6��������O4���8!5?%� ��(�"�0�� �!���56�����4�
Cmÿ˚\´p L¶≤A˚\´p Es[A˚]j’d L¶≤L∞u I.©. ÿLY¨˚VdLiP±k’ ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q´u CWiPÙY’d LhPj˚R ®Wl-T-‹m.(AhPY˚Q7.1) C≤ A˚]j’ L¶≤L˚[Ÿm Switch On NnV‹m. AYt˚\ Yfl
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
76
ÿ˚\´p Switch On ˘Nn’ ÿu◊ ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙh˚P ¡i”m ˘Nn’ TÙoj’ Íu\ÙY’LhPj˚R Y¨˚NlT• ®WlT‹m.
L¶≤ Gi ÿRp ÿ˚\ CVd°V
˙TÙ’ ˘Tt\ I.P. ÿLY¨
CWiPÙY’ ÿ˚\
CVd°V ˙TÙ’
˘Tt\ I.P. ÿLY¨
1. 192.168.1.21
2. 192.168.1.___
3. 192.168.1.___
4. 192.168.1.___
5. 192.168.1.___
TPm 7.1
IP ÿLY¨´u A˚Ul◊
192.168.1.12 �+��>��*%�� I��-��H���*% IP Address �)������A6�I��-���H��������54�mstU#-� D��4� �(56%� ������I�>��!�L.!���8��)%��%1��> 6% � � �� � ��H��� ����54�� 9fm�9tB� ��� ��"!������� X����4� ��H�����8���E�� b&(���8�$#-�&(��e�I�����4���H������HC�!E�� b&(� �HC�-� &(� ��e-.�$���4�� �3!%�/��� ����;(�-�� &(� ��8�$%� "/��" IP
Address 6-?� E��!6��� �(�-���HC���8�$%��(����4 DHCP
(Dynamic Host Control Protocol) �+��6�`%� W/�>����;� 6#��≠�"���)����@;!46���Automatic IP Address.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ L¶≤´u IP ÿLY¨˚VJl©h”l TÙ⁄eLs. øeLs LiP±kR˚YVÙ˚Y?
♦ CkR ÿLY¨Ls A˚]j’m L¶≤C˚Ql©p Y⁄m ˙TÙ’ RtLÙ≠LUÙLAYt±tœ A∞dLlT”m ÿLY¨L˙[Bœm.
♦ Jq˘YÙ⁄ÿ˚\ C˚QdLlT”m˙TÙ’mC’ UÙ±d˘LÙi˙P´⁄dœm.
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J⁄ ®˚XVÙ] C˚Ql©p RLYp˘RÙPo◊ ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi•V L¶≤dœA∞dLlTh”s[ ÿLY¨˚V Jq˘YÙ⁄ÿ˚\Ÿm SÙm T¨˙NÙßj’l TÙodL Yi”mGuT’ £dLpRÙu. CRtLÙ] æo‹RÙuGu]? ®˚XVÙ] IP ÿLY¨ A∞lTRuÍXm CkRf £dL¤dœj æo‹ LÙQÿ•Ÿm,A’ GqYÙfl NÙjßVUÙœm?˘NVp-T-”-ßlTÙol- TÙUÙ?
®˚XVÙ] IP ÿLY¨˚V A˚UjRp
˘NVp-TÙ” 2
˘NVpTÙ” Ju±p SÙm NnR’ TÙufl˙U˙X NhPjßp (panel) Network Moniter
Appletu IdL≤p Right °∞d YØVÙL Edit
RL-Yp-L-˚[j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-˙YÙm
77
Connections Id °∞d NnV‹m. ß\k’Y⁄mNÙ[Wjßp Wired G‡m Tab p ˘T\lT”mConnections˛Ij ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Edit˘TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d ˘NnV‹m.(TPm 7.4).
Cl˙TÙ’ ˙RÙuflm NÙ[Wjßp IPv4
Settings G‡m Tab -˛p Method G‡™PjßpManual Selection Nn’ Add TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d˘NnV‹m. (TPm 7.5)
Address : 192.168.1.___ (Ceœ 0 ÿRp255 Y˚WŸs[ GkR GiL˚[ ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m TVuT”jRXÙm. J⁄ XÙ≤p (Lan)
TPm 7.4
TPm 7.5
CWi” L¶≤Lfidœ J˙W ÿLY¨˚VA∞dLd ·PÙ’)
Netmask G‡™Pjßp 255.255.255.0 G]A∞dL‹m. Gateway, DNS Server ˙TÙu\Yt±p 192.168.1.1 G]‹m A∞jRÙp Apply
(Save) ˘NnVXÙm. (TPm 7.6).
Password ˙R˚YlT”m NÙ[Wm ˙RÙuflm˙TÙ’ Administration Password A∞jRÙp˙TÙ’m.
CqYÙfl EeLs Ts∞ L¶≤d·Pjßp Es[ A˚]j’ L¶≤LfidœmJ⁄ ®˚XVÙ] I.©. ÿLY¨ A∞dLXÙmCp˚XVÙ? L¶≤L˚[ Restart ˘NnYRuÍXm ◊ßV I.P. ÿLY¨Ls S˚Pÿ˚\´pYkß⁄dLXÙm. NÙßj’l TÙodL‹m. —⁄eLd·±]Ùp J⁄ L¶≤´u I.P. ÿLY¨ GuT’C˚QlTÙp —VUÙL A∞dLlT”Y˙RÙ,ApX’ Sm YNßd˙Lt\ ÿ˚\´pE⁄YÙdœY ˙RÙRÙu.
C’Y˚W SÙm L¶≤L˚[ C˚QlTRtLÙ] ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s ÿu˙]tTÙ”L˚[f˘Nn˙RÙm. CR‡Pu L¶≤ C˚Ql©tœj˙R˚YVÙ] Yu˘TÙ⁄s (Ha rdware )
G˚Y˘V]d LÙi˙TÙm.
TPm 7.6
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
78
Hardware ÿu˙]tTÙ”Ls
Smÿ˚PV L¶≤d ·Pjßp L¶≤L˚[C˚QlTRtœ TVuT”m Hardware L⁄ÆLsG˚Y˘V]j ˘R¨ŸUÙ? LiP ˚Pk’ ®WlTÿVt£ŸeLs.
♦ ˙L©sLs
♦ APÙlPo (Adaptor)
♦ ..........................................................
♦ ..........................................................
Jq˘YÙu˚\l Tt±Ÿm Æ[dLUÙ]œ±l◊Ls RVÙ¨dL‹m. ERÆdLÙLf £XRLYpLs ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[].
˙L©s-Ls (UTP Cables - UnshieldedTwisted Paid Cables)
B£¨V¨u ERÆ˙VÙ” UTP (TPm 7.7)Ju˚\ G”j’ ARu ˙Ut◊\m LÙQlT”m˙U¤˚\˚V ød° T¨˙NÙßdL‹m. ∏˙ZRWlTh”s[ Æ]ÙdLfidLÙ] Æ˚PL˚[dLiP±L.
♦ ˙L©∞u Es˙[ GjR˚] YVoLsLÙQlT”°u\]?
♦ CkR YVoL∞u ®\eL˚[d LiP±k’AYt˚\ ˙_Ù•L[ÙdL‹m.
♦ CqYÙfl GjR˚] ˙_Ù• YVoLsLÙQlT”°u\]?
APÙlh _Ùd-œ-Ls (Adapt Jake)
♦ U T P ˙ L © s L ˚ [ d L ¶ ≤ ´ p˘TÙ⁄j’Y˚R LY≤jæoL[Ù?
♦ J⁄ œ±l©hP Y˚L´XÙ] APÙlPoLsRÙ˙] TVuT”jRlT”°\’.
♦ RJ45 G‡m Y˚L˚Vf NÙokR APÙlPo_ÙdœLs RÙu C˚Y. (TPm 7.8)
♦ Cßp GjR˚] ©uLs (PIN) LÙQlT”°u\] G]l TÙodL‹m.
DRo-˘Sh LÙo” (Network InterfaceCard)
J⁄ C˚Ql◊ ˙L©s YØVÙL Y⁄mRLYpL˚[d L¶≤´u URo˙TÙo”Pu˘RÙPo◊T”j’m L⁄Æ˚Vd LY≤jæoL[Ù?C’RÙu DRo˘ShLÙo” ApX’ (Network
Interface Card) G]lT”°\’. TPm (7.9) CR˚]URo˙TÙo•p Add-on Card BL ˙NodL‹mÿ•Ÿm. B]Ùp Rt˙TÙ’ °˚PdLl˘TflmURo˙TÙo”L∞p Network Card˛L˚[j R≤˙V˙NodL ˙Yi•V AY£V™p˚X. A˚Y˙TÙo•˙X˙V TÙ⁄jRlTh•⁄dœm.
al/ vÆhf
J⁄ ˙L©˚[l TVu-T-”jß CWi”L¶≤L˚[ C˚QdL ÿ•-Ÿm. G≤p
TPm 7.7
TPm 7.8
TPm 7.9
RL-Yp-L-˚[j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-˙YÙm
79
÷hTd Li-”-©-•l-◊-RÙu A’! L©s-L-fid-œlTß-XÙ-Lj RL-YpLs T¨-UÙ-\l (Data Carriers)TVuT”j’-Y-’-RÙu Gu]? J⁄ Lm©´pXÙC˚Ql-©p NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL ˙L©s-Ls TVu-T”jß S˚P-˘T-flm ˘Sh˘YÙod-°p Es[GpXÙ YN-ß-L-fim °˚Pd-Ll ˘Tfl-°-\RÙ?LiP-±V ÿVt-£-Ÿe-Ls.
NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-Ld Lm-©-´pXÙ C˚Ql◊YNß °˚Pd-Ll- T-flm L¶-≤-Ls G˚Y?
♦ £X (Laptop) U•d-L-¶-≤.
♦ .................................................................................
♦ .................................................................................
TPm 7.12
°¨m-©e
UTP ��$�)��� ���>���)T��Connector Jack��0�����(54��6�!�M�$ ���P�@P�����6#����I����!���54���(Q�!��M�$ n%������bd�9:eUTP�70��!���&(�-.�$/���M�3�>��*%�RJ45�%����(56��/;(�-������d�9U%����$����/�04����%�RJ45US��$;54���D(A4��14�?�3*%]Y���u��>��*%��!������(56��/;�(��-��
Pin 1 - Orange White Pin 5 - Blue WhitePin 2 - Orange Pin 6 - GreenPin 3 - Green White Pin 7 - Brown WhitePin 4 - Blue Pin 8 - Brown
°¨m©e Âp (TPm 7.10) RJ45 ©u-Ls (TPm 7.11)
TPm 7.13
Íu˙\Ù ARtœd Aß-LUÙ] L¶-≤-LsC⁄k-RÙp? Jq-˘YÙ⁄ L¶-≤-´-≠-⁄k-’m˙L©s-L-˚[j Rm-ÿs C˚Ql-T-˘Ru-T’CVXÙR LÙ¨-Vm. G]-˙Y, RL-Yp-Ls ˘Nufl˙NW-˙Yi-•V L¶-≤dœ N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´pß˚N ß⁄l-T ER-Yd-·-•V J⁄ L⁄-Æ-´p˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. Ak-Rd L⁄Æ-RÙu al /vÆhf (TPm 7.12) G]lT”°\-’.
Lm-©-´pXÙ C˚Ql-◊-Ls (WirelessNetwork)
£X U•dL¶-≤-L∞p ˙L©s Cp-XÙ-U˙X˙V C˚Q-V-m YNß °˚Pd-Ll-˘T-fl-°u\-’, CRt-œl ©u-]Ùp Es[ ˘RÙØp÷hTm- Gu]? øe-Ls £k-ßj-R -’iPÙ?Lm©´pXÙ C˚Ql-◊-Ls G]l-T-”m RÙØp-
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
80
Desktop L¶-≤-L-∞-¤m Lm-©-´pXÙC˚Ql◊ YNß Ht-T-”jR ÿ•-ŸUÙ? CkRYNßdœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] L⁄-Æ-Ls VÙ˚Y?LiP±V ÿVt-£-Ÿe-Ls.
Lm-©-´pXÙ C˚Ql◊ ˛ L⁄-Æ-Ls
Jq- YÙ⁄ TPj-ß-¤m LÙQl-T-”m L⁄-Æ-Ls G˚Y-˘V] A±V ÿVt-£-Ÿe-Ls.
˘NV-p-TÙ” 4
YVo-Xv CVdœ ÿ˚\-˚U-´pL¶≤´u I.P ÿL-Y¨ A˚Ud-Ll -TP˙Yi”UÙ? Cq-YÙfl A˚Ul-T-RÙp Ht-T-”mTÙßl-◊-Ls Gu]?
♦ £X L¶-≤-L-∞p C˚Ql◊ °˚Pd-°u\’.B]Ùp, C˚Q-Vm °˚Pl-T-ßp- X.
♦ .................................................................................
TPm 7.14
TPm 7.16TPm 7.17
TPm 7.15
♦ YVo-Xv ˙UÙPm ♦ YVo-Xv ˘Sh-˘YÙod- Cu-Po ˙Tv LÙo”
♦ YVo-Xv Âp ♦ YVo-Xv ˘Sh-˘YÙod APÙl-T-Po
˘NVp-TÙ” 5
Ee-Ls Ts-∞-´p L¶≤d ·Pj-ßpL¶≤ C˚Ql-©p A•d-L• LÙQl-T-”m£dLpLs G˚Y? Y¨-˚Nl T”j’L.
♦ L¶-≤d ·Pj-ßp Es[ £X L-¶-≤-LsC˚Ql◊ YØ-VÙL LÙl-◊-L- [f N -VÙLT°o-Y-ßp˚X.
RL-Yp-L-˚[j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-˙YÙm
81
♦ .................................................................................
CYt -± - \ - L Ù -]j æ o‹ Gu]?Æ[dLUÙ] œ±l◊j RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.
˘NVp-TÙ” 6
L¶≤d ·Pj-ßp J⁄ L¶-≤-´u(Server) Pvd PÙl-©p J⁄ LÙoh-Âu ß˚Wl-T-Pm foolfox.mpg G‡m TV- p N™j’ Yd-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. CR˚] Ee-Ls L¶-≤-´uDesktop˛p Gq-YÙfl ˘Y∞-´”-≈o-Ls? ∏˙ZRWl-Th-”s[ ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pf ˘Nn’TÙ⁄eLs.
♦ System → Preferences YØ- Remote Desk-
top ß\d-L-‹m. Allow other users to view your
Desktop GuT˚R •d ˘Nn’ Close
˘NnV‹m.
♦ A˚]j’d L¶-≤-´-¤m C˙R ˘NVp-
TÙhP˚Pj ˘RÙP-W-‹m.
♦ Ee-Ls L¶-≤-´-¤s[ C˚Q-V-R[lTh•V≠-≠-⁄k-’(Internet Menu) RemoteDesktop Viewer˛Ij ß\k’ Connect°∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m.
♦ ß\k’ Y⁄m NÙ[-Wj-ßp Protocol VNC˛Ij
˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Host G] LÙ‘m CPj-ßp
Server-u I.P ÿL-Y¨˚V A∞d-L-‹m.
TPm 7.18
♦ Cl-˙TÙ’ Server System˛jßp
˘Y∞VÙœm NÙ[-Wm G˚Rd œ±d-°u\-’?
♦ Ee-L-s L¶-≤- p Server˛u Desktop˛IdLÙQ-ÿ-•-V-Æp-˚X-VÙ.
CkRd ˙LÙl˚T Sm-ÿ-˚PV L¶-≤-´pTßdL ÿVt-£-Ÿe-Ls. CV-¤-°-\RÙ? CRtœGu] æo‹?
˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[l T°o˙YÙm
˘NVp-TÙ” 7
˙LÙl-◊-L˚[l T -UÙt-\m NnV L¶-≤-´p C≤-Ÿm Gu-˘]u] Ht-TÙ-”-Ls S˚P-ÿ˚\lT”j-Rl-TP Yi-”˘Uufl TÙol˙TÙm?
SÙm TVu-T-”j-’m L¶-≤-´p Places→
Connect to Server °∞d ˘Nn-RÙp. ˙RÙuflmConnect to Server NÙ[-Wj-ßp ∏rdLÙ‘mÿ˚\´p A˚Ud-L-‹m. (TPm 7.19).
Service type Gu-T’ SSH G] Select
˘NnV‹m.
Server p SÙm C˚QdL Æ⁄m-◊m L¶-≤´u
I.P. ÿL-Y-¨˚Vj Rh-Pf—f ˘Nn-V-‹m.
TPm 7.19
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
82
Folder G‡-™-Pj-ßp C˚QdL ˙Yi-•V
Folder-u Path A∞d-L-‹m. (G”j’d-LÙh-PÙL its
G‡m User˛u Desktop˛I C˚QdL /home/its/
Desktop G]d ˘LÙ”d-L ˙Yi”m).
User Name G‡m CPj-ßp SÙm C˚QdLÆ⁄m-◊m L¶-≤-´u User ˘TVo A∞j’Connect ˘Nn-V-‹m.
L¶-≤-´p ˙RÙu-\d-·-•V NÙ[-Wj-ßuA±-‹-˚W-L-fid˙Lt-T Option˛Ij ˙Rok-˘R-”d-LXÙm. AkR NÙ[-Wj-ßp Password (LP‹f-˘NÙp)Gu-‡m CPj-ßp SÙm C˚QdLÆ⁄m◊m L¶-≤-´u Password A∞j’C˚Qd-L-‹m.
Cl-˙TÙ’ Server˛p LÙoh-Âu ß˚Wl-TPj˚R Ee-L-fi-˚PV L¶-≤-´p Tßl-©dLÿ•°-\RÙ? C˚Ql◊ YØ ˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[l T¨-UÙ-flm- TÙ’ Pendrive TÙu\ L⁄-Æ-Ls TVu-T-”j-’-Y-˚R-ÆP Gu-˘]u] Su˚ULsSUdœd °˚Pd-°u-\]? AhP-Y-˚Q-˚Vl®Wl◊-L.
♦ J˙W NU-Vj-ßp Ju-±t-œd ˙Ut-ThPL¶-≤-L∞p TßdL ÿ•-°-\-’.
♦ ................................................................................
♦ ................................................................................
C˚Ql◊ YØ-VÙLd L¶-≤-LsRUdœs Printer ˛I Gq-YÙfl T¨-UÙ±d˘LÙs°\’ G]d LÙi-˙TÙm.
©¨u-Po T -UÙt-\m
I.T Uu-\j -ßp Efll-©-]o -L -˚[f˙NolTRtœ J⁄ Æi-Ql-Td L•-Rj-ßuUÙߨ Jufl RVÙo-˘Nn-’ ©¨uh ˘Nn-V-‹m.©¨u-Po Server L¶-≤-´p RÙu C˚Qd-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. UÙß-¨˚V Gk-Rd L¶-≤-´pRVÙ¨j-RÙ-¤m C˚Ql◊ YØ-VÙL A˚R Print˘NnV CV-¤m GuT’ SUd-œj ˘R¨k-R-’-RÙ˙]? Cm-ÿ-˚\l-T• ©¨u-P˚WlT¨UÙflY’ GqYÙfl? Ee-Ls Nk- R-Le-L- [jæol-T-Rtœd ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ ˘NVp-TÙh•˚]f Nn’ TÙ⁄e-Ls.
˘NVp-TÙ” 8
♦ L¶-≤d · P j - ß p C ˚ Q l ˚ T f˘NVp ÿ˚\dLÙLj RVÙo-T-”j-’e-Ls.
♦ Server˛p Printer-I T -UÙt-\m Nn-Y-RtœS e r v e r L ¶ - ≤ - ´ p S y s t e m →
Administration → Printing G‡m Y¨˚NlT•Printing NÙ[-Wj˚Rj ß\dL‹m.
Server → Settings G‡m ÿ˚\-´p °∞d˘Nn-Ÿm˙TÙ’ ß\k’ Y⁄m NÙ[WjßpA˚]j’ Checkbox ˛ L˚[Ÿm •d ( � )˘Nn’ OK °∞d ˘NnV-‹m. (TPm 7.20).
øe-Ls TVu-T-”-j-’m L¶-≤- -¤m C˙R˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pf ˘Nn-’, øe-Ls RVÙ-¨jRÆiQl-Td L•-Rj-ßu UÙß-¨˚Vj ß\k’Print ˘Nn’ TÙ⁄e-Ls. Gu], Ee-Ls ÿVt£˘Yt±-V- Pk-RRÙ?
Cl-˙TÙ’ øe-Ls ◊¨k-’ -˘LÙiP˘ N n ß L s T s ∞ L ¶ - ≤ d · P j - ß pC˚Ql˚T ™Lf-£ -\l -TÙLd ˚LVÙ[EeL˚[j Rœ-ß-Ÿ-˚P-V-Yo-L-[Ùd°Æh-P’.Al-T-•- RÙ˙]? L¶≤ C˚Ql-TÙ] ˘Nn-ß-L˚[ C≤-Ÿm A±k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-•-V’AY-£-Vm. AYt˚\l ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ YÙnl◊d°˚Pdœm-˙TÙ’ TÙod-L-XÙm.
˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls
1. C˚Ql-˙TÙ” ˘RÙPo -◊ -˚PV, SÙmAßLUÙLl TVu-T-”j-’m Yu-˘TÙ-⁄s(Hardware) L⁄-Æ-L -∞u TPe-L -˙[Ù”A˚UkR Directory RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m..
TPm 7.20
RL-Yp-L-˚[j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-˙YÙm
83
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2. Ts-∞-L-∞p L¶≤ C˚Ql◊l TVu-T”jß SÙm Nn-Vd-·-•V NVp-TÙ-”-L- [Y¨˚NlT-”j-’L. Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-”-L˚[EeLs Ts-∞-L-∞p Cl- TÙ’ Gm-ÿ- \- p˘NVp-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls G]l T¨˙NÙßdL‹m.
3. Lm-©-´pXÙ C˚Ql◊d °˚Pd-Ll-˘T-\d-·•V J⁄ U•d-L-¶-≤-´p ®˚X-VÙ] I.PÿL-Y¨ A˚Ud-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. CR-]ÙpHtT-Pd-·-•V £d-Lp-Ls VÙ˚Y?
4. TX ’˚\-L-∞-¤m L¶≤ C˚Ql◊ Gq-YÙ-˘\p-XÙm TVu-T-”j-’-°u-\’ Gu-T˚RC˚Q-V-R-[j-ßu ER-Æ-˙VÙ” AX£BWÙn-L. (E-RÙ. Ye-°-Ls, Tj-ß-¨˚L®flY]e-Ls)
5. Ee-L-[’ Ts-∞d L¶≤d ·Pj-ßp J⁄L¶-≤-´u Desktop˛p Nh-Pj-ßp (Panel)
C⁄k’ Network Monitor Applet˛u IdLuU˚\k’ Æh -P -’ . C˚R Gq -YÙfl¡hLXÙm? Li-P-±-L.
6. L¶-≤d ·Pj-ßp Server L¶-≤-´uDesktop˛p Ts-∞- u I.C.T L⁄-Æ-Ls Tt±VJ⁄ A±-ÿ-Lm (Presentation) RVÙo ˘Nn’˙N™j’ ˚Yd-L -‹m. Gtk VNC Viewer
(Application→Internet→Gtk VNC Viewer) G‡m˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s TVu-T-”jß C˚Ql-©pEs[ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ L¶-≤-´u Desktop - - -˛pCkR A±-ÿ-Lj˚R (Presentation) Etfl˙SÙd-L-‹m.
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷hTm
84
School Wiki, Æd°¿•VÙ, ˙LW[ AW—Utflm LpÆj’˚\´u C˚QVR[eL˚[lTÙo˚Y´h•⁄l¿oLs. C˚Y RÆW ˙YflGu˘]u] C˚QVR[eLs Es[]? SmTs∞´u L¶≤ ˚UVjßp J⁄ C˚QVR[j˚Rj ß\dœm˙TÙ’ ˘Yœ ˘RÙ˚XÆpGe˙LÙ Es[ J⁄ L¶≤´≠⁄k’ TPeLs,ß˚WlTPeLs, TÙh”Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y SmL¶≤˚V A˚PY’ GqYÙfl? Gl˙TÙ˙R‡m£kßjß⁄d-°-»o-L[Ù? C˚QVR[jßuLhP˚Ul◊ Utflm ˘NVpTÙ” CYt˚\ÿ›˚UVÙLl ◊¨k’ LÙs[ Yi”˘U≤p,SÙÿm A’ ˙TÙu\ J⁄ R[j˚R E⁄YÙd°lTÙodLXÙm. Sm Ts∞ L¶≤ UVjßp Es[L¶≤´p Uh”˙U °˚Pdœm J⁄C˚QVR[j˚R ÿR≠p E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm.
J⁄ C˚QVR[m Jufl ApX’ ARtœ˙UtThP C˚QVl TdLeL˚[d ˘LÙi•⁄dœm. HTML Tag Il TVuT”jß C˚QVlTdLeL˚[ E⁄YÙdœm ÿ˚\ øÆoHt˘L]˙Y A±kR˙R. SUdœj ˘R¨kR˙PœL˚[Ÿm AYt±u TVuTÙ”L˚[ŸmAhPY˚Ql T”j’˙YÙm. (AhPY˚Q 8.1)
ÿu˙]tTÙ”Ls
SU’ Ts∞´p, SPdœm Tp˙Yfl NVpTÙ”L˚[l ˘TÙ’UdL∞u TÙo˚Ydœ˚YlTRt˙Lt\ J⁄ C˚QVR[j˚RE⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm. C’ J⁄ œ›f ˘NVpTÙ”SU’ Ts∞ C˚QVR[m GlT• C⁄dL˙Yi”m? CRtœj ßhP™Pp ˙Yi”˙U!£X œ±l◊Ls ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[].
♦ C˚QVR[m GjR˚]l TdLeLs˘LÙiPRÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m?
♦ Jq˘YÙ⁄ TdLjߤm CPm ˘T\˙Yi•V˚Y Gu-˘]u]?
♦ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Td-Lj -˚R-Ÿm Gk-Rdœ›RVÙ¨dL ˙Yi-”m?
♦ ..................................................................................
Tag C˚QVl TVuTÙ”
<html> Y˚XlTdLm RÙPeœYRtœ
<h1> ...................................................... G›j’L˚[d R•U]ÙdL
<marquee> ............................................................. ...........................................
Ah-P-Y˚] 8.1
8 SUd˘L] Ko C˚QVR[m
SUd-˘L] J⁄ Y˚X-R-[m
85
C˚QVl TdLm RVÙ¨lTRtLÙ]
˙LÙl◊ A˚Ul◊ ÿ˚\
C˚QVl TdLm RVÙ¨dœm ˙TÙ’
Aßp CPm˘Tflm Tp˙Yfl RLYpL˚[f
£\lTÙ] ÿ˚\´p ∫oT”jRp ˙Yi”m.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›-‹m RVÙ-¨d-œm C˚QVl
TdLe-Ls Jufl Nok˙R Ts∞ C˚Q-V-R[m
E⁄-YÙ-°-\-’. G]˙Y GpXÙd œ›dLfim
˙R˚YVÙ] TPeLs, ≈•-˙VÙdLs, J≠d
˙LÙl◊Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ J⁄ ˘TÙ’-YÙ]
ÿ˚\-´p ˙NL¨jRp ˙Yi”m. CRtœ ∏˙Z
RWlTh”s[’ ˙TÙu\ J⁄ UÙߨ˚Vl
©uTtflRp Sufl. (TPm 8.1)
C˚QVR[m RVÙ-¨l-T-Rt-œj ˙R˚Y-
VÙ] ßh-P-™-Pp ÿ•k-R-’. C≤ SÙm Sm
œ›Æ-‡-˚PV C˚QVl Td-Le-L -˚[j
RVÙ¨l˙TÙm.
˘NVpTÙ” 1
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm °˚PjR R˚Xl©u A•lT˚P´p C˚QVl TdLeL˚[jRVÙ¨j’ MyWebsite Gu\ LÙl◊j RÙœl©p˙N™dL-‹m ˙Yi”m. TPeL˚[ “images”
Gu\ ˙LÙl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˙N™dLXÙm.TPeL˚[ C˚QVl TdLjßp EhT”jR<img src=“images/Imagename.extension”> Gu\˙P˚Ll TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. TPjßu C⁄l©Pj˚Rf NÙo◊l TÙ˚RVÙLd (relative path)
LÙh”R˙X Sufl.
Relative and Absolute Path
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Path ��!��� ����������� ‘My Web Site’
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TPm 8.1
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q UÙߨ˚Vl ©uTt±j ßhP™P˚X ˙UmT-”j-R‹m.
œ› CPm˘T\ ˙Yi•VRLYpLs
œ› RVÙ¨dœmTdLjßu ˘TVo
’˚Ql TdLeL∞u ˘TVo(˙R˚Y˘V≤p)
œ› 1 Ts∞ Æ˚[VÙh”ÆZÙ
* ˙TÙh•Ls* LXk-’-˘LÙi˙PÙo* ÿ•‹Ls
œ› 2
œ› 3 A±ÆVp Uu\m
œ› 4
AhPY˚Q 8.2
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷hTm
86
tive Path���!��Relative Path�T����(��� ��)��� ��;�� �� �(� ���� �8��������� ���� �+,������� ������� �+�,���� � ���� ���� �����<���)��!� '� ��)�(����)����;�8��!� (Link)������ ������ !�
C˚QVlTdLjßp ≈•-˙VÙ˚Y
EhT”jRXÙm
SÙm E⁄YÙd°V C˚QVl TdLjßpRLYpL˙[Ù”, J⁄ ≈•-˙VÙ˚YŸm EhT”jß]Ùp A⁄-˚UVÙL C⁄dœm. ≈-•-˙VÙ˚YEh-T-”j-’Y’ Gq-YÙfl? Video editing NnY’Gq-YÙfl Gu-T-˚R HtL]˙Y T•j’s˙[Ùm.Ts∞´p SPdœm H˙R‡m J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚P J¸ılTß‹ ˘NnV‹m. ˙R˚YVÙ]ß⁄jR¤dœl(R-¶d-˚L) ©\œ, Videos Gu\
˘RÙœl©p N™dL‹m. G.LÙ. L˚XÆZÙ˙YÙ”˘RÙPo◊˚PV dance.flv Gu\ ˙LÙl©˚]EhT”jR <embed. src =“videos/dance.flv”> Gu\˙P˚Ll TVu-T -”j -R -XÙm. embed Tag
J≠d˙LÙl◊L˚[ EhT”jR‹m CV-¤m.ÿVt£ ˘Nn-≈o-L[Ù?
C˚QVR[m RVÙ¨dL ER‹m KompoZer
HTML Tags TVuT”jß, C˚QVl TdLmE⁄YÙd°V˙TÙ’ øeLs HWÙ -[UÙ]C˚PÎflL˚[f Nkßjß⁄l¿oLs. TXC˚QVl TdLeLs APe°V C˚QVR[eLs E⁄YÙdL Gq-Y-[‹ TagLs TVu-T”jR ˙Yi-•-´-⁄d-œm? HTML Tag L˚[lTVu-T-”j-RÙ-Up C˚Q-Vl-Td-Le-Ls RVÙ- dL˘Uu-˘TÙ -⁄h-Ls Es-[-]. A˚Y html
ß⁄jßLs (HTML editor) G] A±VlT”°u\].
KompoZer TVuT”j’YRtLÙ] £X œ±l◊Ls.
TPeLs EhT”jR
�(Q�� �/��*% (Toolbar) Image n%��)���3R�4��7/��56� ���;!� ��5�6$ ����3R�!�����$�- Alternate text ��+���-?*%���5?#-����!���)54 OK���56�����O56���
TPjßu A[˚Yd ·hP
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Icon / Text (G-›j-’d-Ls) ÿR≠V˚YLfidœ Hyperlink ˘LÙ”dL
Icon / Text S5��6M���3R6$�-�“Link’'��(Q*%��)���3R!����$����7/��56���;!�����$���$ �����3R�4� OK����56�����O56���
AhPY˚Q˚V EhT”jR
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Html Tags�RhPf—f ˘Nn’ TdLeL˚[ J›e-œ-T-”jR
KompozerU%���1������7(���-��3�0 5?��]���“Source” Tab�U%��)���3R4�6��!���"�#� ��02��3R!1���
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87
TPm 8.2
KompoZer, Quantaplus ˙TÙu-\˚Y HTML
editor Ls. HTML TagLs TVuT”jß GpXÙ
˙Um-TÙ”L˚[Ÿm CYt±u ERÆ ŸPu ™L
G∞RÙLf ˘NnVXÙm. TagLs TVuT”jßd
·”-R-XÙ-Lf Nod-L-‹m CkR-G•h-Po-L-∞p YN-
ß-Ÿm Es-[-’.
KompoZer ÍXm C˚QVl TdLjßp
Gu˘]u] UÙt\eLs ˘NnV CV¤m?
Th•V-≠-”-L.
♦ G›j’L∞u ®\m, A[‹ CYt˚\
UÙt\XÙm.
♦ TdLeLfidœl ©u]¶ ®\m
˘LÙ”dLXÙm.
♦ TPeL∞u A[˚Y Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTUÙt\XÙm.
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TdLeL˚[d LYof£LWUÙdL
KompoZer TVuT”jß Sm C˚QVlTdLjß˚] AßLd LYof£ E˚PVRÙLUÙt\XÙm. Internet ˘U‡Æ≠⁄k’ KompoZer
Ij ˘R¨k˘R”j’ NÙ[Wj˚Rj ß\dL‹m©u]o File → Open Gu\ Y¨˚N´p EeLsC˚QVl Td-Lj˚R ß\dL‹m. (TPm 8.2)
G›j’Ls, TPeLs CYt-±u A[‹,©u]¶ ®\m, CPm ˙TÙu\Yt±p ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\j˚Rf ˘Nn’, Ck-Rd ˙LÙl-˚Tf˙N™j’, ˘Yl©W-‹-N-¨p ß\k’ TÙo-dL-‹m.Cl˙TÙ’ SU’ C˚QVl Td-Lm ·”-Rp LYof-£-Ÿ-˚P-V-RÙL C⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ?
Sm-ÿ-˚PV C˚QVR[j-ßtœA⁄- U-VÙ] J⁄ ÿLl-◊l Td-Lm
Jq-˘YÙ⁄ œ›-‹m RVÙ-¨jR C˚QVlTd-Le-L˚[f ˙Noj’ SU’ C˚QV R[j˚RE⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm. TX C˚QV R[eL∞u
ÿLl◊l TdLj˚Rl TÙojß⁄l-¿o-Ls. (G.-LÙ
TPm 8.3) AYt-±p Es-[’˙TÙp, Smÿ˚PV
I T C l u b
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷hTm
88
R[jßtœm J⁄ ÿLl◊l TdLm ˙Yi-”m.
£X C˚QV R[e-L-∞u ÿLl-◊l Td-Le-
L˚[l TÙo-˚Y´P‹m. ÿLl-◊l Td-Lj-ßp
C⁄dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y? Jq-˘YÙ⁄
œ›‹m CYt˚\l Th-•-V-≠-P-‹m.
ÿLl-◊l TdLj-ßtœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-
Yt˚\d Li-”-©-•j-æo-L[Ù? C≤ SU’ ÿLl-
◊l Td-Lj˚Rj RVÙ-¨l-˙TÙm. CRt-LÙ] J⁄
UÙߨ TdL A˚Ul-◊ (Th-•-Vp 8.3) RWl-Th-
”s-[’. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] TPe-L-˚[-Ÿm, ˙XÙ˙LÙ-
˚Y-Ÿm ˙Noj’ EeLs Ts-∞-´u ÿLl-◊l
Td-Lj˚Rj RVÙo ˘Nn-L. Jq-˘YÙ⁄ œ›-‹m
RVÙ-¨jR ÿLl-◊l Td-Le-L-∞p £\kR˚Rj
˙Rok-˘R-”dL-‹m. AR˚] SU’ C˚QV
R[j-ßu ÿLl◊l TdL-UÙ-L A˚Ud-L-‹m. ∏˙Z
RWl-Th-”s[ œ±l◊-L-˚[l ©u-Tt-\-XÙm.
♦ KompoZer˛p J⁄ ◊ßV TdLj˚Rj ß\k’AR˚] index.html Gu\ LÙl◊l TV¨p,My Website Gu\ ˘RÙœl©p ˙N™dL‹m.
♦ AhPY˚Q Id-LÙ˚]d °∞d ˘Nn’Íufl ®WpLfim Íufl ®˚WLfim Es[J⁄ AhPY˚Q˚V E⁄YÙdL‹m.
♦ Ts∞´u TV˚W ÿRpY¨´u CWi”Utflm Íu\ÙY’ ˘NpL˚[ C˚Qj’Ju\Ùd° Aßp G›R Yi”m. ARtœ˘NpLs CWi˚PŸm ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR©u]o Table → Join Selected Cells Gu\ÿ˚\˚Vd ˚LVÙs-L.
♦ AhPY˚Q´u ˙LÙ”Ls ˘R¨VÙU-≠-⁄dL Yi”m. CRtœ AhPY˚Q˚Vj˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ ©u]o, Table → Table
PropertiesI G”d-L -‹m. Al-˙TÙ’˙RÙuflm NÙ[Wjßp AhPY˚Q´p(Tab) Es[ Boarder, Spacing, Padding
˙TÙu\ Ti◊L˚[ ÈwVm Bd°V ©uOK ˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›jR‹m.
♦ ˘Np-≠p °∞d ˘Nn’ TPm, G›j-’-Ls(function) ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.
TPm 8.3
SUd-˘L] J⁄ Y˚X-R-[m
89
♦ œ›d-Ls RVÙ- jR C˚QVl Td-Le-L˚[ÿLl-◊l Td-Lj- RÙ” C˚QdL YQ-”m.
A˚]j’d œ›dLfim RVÙ¨jRR[eL˚[ Jl©h” £\kR˚Rj Rok˘R”j’Ts∞´u R[m E⁄YÙdœm ˘TÙfll©˚]
SSITC Pm JlT˚PdL‹m.
SÙm RVÙ¨jR C˚QV
R[j˚Rd LÙi-T-Rtœ
øe-Ls E⁄YÙd°V R[j˚R @T-Vp£v-Pj-ßp Var/www Gu\ LÙl-◊j RÙœl©pB£-¨-Vo ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu JhP‹m. ©u]o ©W-‹-N-¨u ÿLY¨l Th˚P´p localhost/index/.html
Gu\ ÿLY¨˚Vd ˘LÙ”j’j ˙R•]ÙpR[jßu ÿLl◊l TdLm ˙RÙuflm. CRtœSU’ L¶≤´p ARtLÙ] ˘Yl No-Yo(web
server) ®fl-Æ- -⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
C˚Q-V-R-[m ˘NVp-T-”-°-\RÙ? C’L¶≤d ·Pj-ßp Es[ A˚]j’d L¶≤L∞¤m °˚PdL Yi”˘U≤p Gu- ]u]Ht-TÙ-”-Ls Nn-V- Yi-”m? LXk-’- W-VÙ-”L.Ut\ L¶≤´u ©W-‹-No (browser) ÿLY¨l
Th˚P´p No-Yo L¶≤´u I.P. ÿLY¨˚V/index.html RhPf—f ˘NnRÙp ˙TÙ’m. G.LÙ.No-Yo L¶≤´u I.P. ÿLY¨ 192.168.1.4 G≤pAßp RVÙ¨dLlTh”s[ R[m ©\L¶≤L∞p °˚PdL 192.168.1.4/index.html G]jRhPf—f ˘Nn’ ß\jRp ˙Yi”m.
Ts∞´u˙XÙ˙LÙ
Ts∞´u TVo
Ts∞´u TPm
ÿd°Vf
˘NnßLs
•••••
œ›dLs RVÙ- jRC˚QVl TdLeLfidœ
C˚Ql◊d (Link)
˘LÙ”dL‹m
• L˚X ÆZÙ
• A±ÆVp Uu\m
• LpÆf —tflXÙ
• L¶≤ Uu\m
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Ts∞ Tt-±V RL-Yp-Ls
AhPY˚Q 8.3
Server and Client�%��P��!v/��0���&� ��I 5?%6� ��Q(���"�P�/��,�Y2L��0&� ��HC*�(A4���#P�����0�!T����56��!��HC��0�w3����x��� �.!��������� &�P�-�"#�/�� �3!≠�� (processor)7/��56��/��� 6C��/�� �!����/�;#������;��"����/�0�G#�%�D���H�C���0������� -�� I�>��!��8!60� � � 3D54 � ������/�0��HC�!�Server �G��������6�+������8������/��$���HC��0� Clients� G����� �(61���3��M%�70����545�?�����E�3���� �HC�K��-�� �!���5?����01���
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷hTm
90
˘NVp-TÙ” 2
Jq-˘YÙ⁄ œ›-‹m RVÙ-¨jR C˚QVR[j˚R Rj-Rm L¶-≤- p N™d-L-‹m. NoYo-L-∞u I.©. ÿL-Y-¨-L-˚[d ˘LÙi” Ut\œ›d-L-∞u C˚QV R[e-L˚[l TÙo-˚Y-´h” ®˚\-œ-˚\-L˚[ ÆYÙ-ßd-L-‹m. ARuA•l-T-˚P-´p J⁄ A±d˚L RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.
C˚Q-Vj-ßp SU’ C˚Q-V-R-[m
SÙm J⁄ L¶≤´p E⁄YÙd°V
C˚QVR[jß˚]l Ts∞´p Es[
A˚]j’d L¶≤L∞¤m LÙQ ÿ•k-R-’.
CR˚] EX-˘Le-°-¤m Es-˙[Ùo C˚Q-Vm
YØ LÙQ SÙm Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?
CRtœ SU’ No-Y˚W Gk-˙S-W-ÿm C˚Q-Vm
YØ °˚Pd-œm. ÿ˚\-´p A˚Ud-L˙YÙ
ApX’ Aq-YÙfl ®fl-Yl-Th-”s[ J⁄ Yl
No-Y- p ®fl-Y˙YÙ Yi-”m. SÙm SU’ °˚[-
Vuh L¶-≤- -≠-⁄k’ I.P. ÿLY- - Vl TVu-
T-”jß No-Y-¨-¤s[ C˚Q-Vl Td-Le-L-˚[l
TÙoj-R’ TÙp, C˚QV I.P. ÿL-Y¨ Ap-X’
C˚QV ÿL-Y- - Vl TVu-T-”jß ©\-⁄d-œm
SU’ C˚QV R[j-˚Rd LÙQ-ÿ-•-Ÿm.
Gp˙XÙ ˚WŸm LÙQf ˘NnRÙp £\lTÙL
C⁄dœ˙U? CqYÙfl ˘NnV SUdœ HWÙ[m
˘RÙØp ÷‘dLeLfim ß\uLfim C˚QV
Td-Le-L-∞u J⁄e-°-˚Ql-◊, Y•-Y-˚Ul◊
GuT]j R˚YlT”m. CRt˘L] Y•Y˚Ud
LlTh”s[ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄sL˙[ Content
Management System Software Bœm.
C˚QVR[j˚Rj RVÙ- d-Lj
˘RÙPeœ˙YÙm
SU’ C˚Q-V-R-[j-ßu œ˚\L˚[ ød°
A˚]Y⁄dœm °˚PdœmT• ˘Nn-V-XÙUÙ?
CRt-˘L] J⁄ ˘Yl Li-Puh ˙U˙]w-
˘Uuh £v-Pj˚Rj Rok-˘R-”dL Yi-”m.
•⁄-Tp (Drupal) Gu-T’ —RkßWUÙ]’m
CXYNUÙLd °˚PdLd ·•V’UÙ-]-’UÙ]
J⁄ Web Content Management System Software.
C’ GNU GPL˛I A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi”
RVÙ¨dLlThP’. GpXÙ C.M.S˛ L∞¤m
°˚PdLd ·•V A˚]j’ YNß Lfim Cßp
Es[]. EX-˘Le-°-¤m Es[ TX C˚QV
R[e-L-fid-œl ©u-]Ùp C’ ˘NVp-T-”-°-\-’.
˘Yl-No-Y˙WÙ Ut\ ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄s ®fl-‹-R˙XÙ
Cu± —Rk-ß-W-UÙL J⁄ C˚QVR[j˚Rj
RVÙ-¨dL •-⁄-Tp LÙoPu≥v YNß Es-[-’.
C˚Rl TVu-T”jß SU’ C˚Q-V-R-[j-˚Rj
RVÙ- l-T’ Gq-YÙfl G]l TÙol- TÙm.
♦ ©W-‹-N¨p www.drupalgardens.com Gu\ÿL-Y-¨˚Vj Rh-Pf—f ˘Nn’ •⁄TpC.M.S˛u C˚QVR[j-ßp ÷˚ZV-‹m.
TPm 8.4
C˚Q-V-R-[j-ßp ˘Tfl-Y-Rtœ ÿu]o
©\ C˚QVR[eL˙[Ù” Smÿ˚PV R[j˚R
Jl©h”l TÙodL-‹m. C˚R Cu-‡m ˙Um-
T”jR ˙Yi-”-˘U-]j ˙RÙu-fl -° -\RÙ?
œ˚\Ls CpXÙR, LYof£LWUÙ] £\kR J⁄
R[UÙL CR˚] ˙Uu˚UlT”jßV ©\œ,
SUd-˘L] J⁄ Y˚X-R-[m
91
♦ Create a free site ˘TÙjRÙ≤p A›jßd°˚Pdœm NÙ[Wjßp (TPm 8.5) SU’R[jßu URL, C˚QVR[j߇s÷˚ZYRtLÙ] TV]Ù[o ˘TVo, LP‹f˘NÙp (User name and Passw o r d ) , S ÙmT V u T ” j ß Y ⁄ m ™u]gNpÿLY¨ CYt˚\ YZeL‹m
♦ “Continue” ˘TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ (TPm 8.6) °˚Pdœm NÙ[WjßpSU’ R[jßp EhT”jR Æ⁄m◊mY N ß L s A ˚ ] j ˚ R Ÿ m ˙ R o ‹˘NnVXÙm.
♦ Comments, Mailinglist, webforms, rotating
banner, Media gallery ˙TÙu\ YNßLfim
Web Content Management System (WCMS)
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92
FAQ, Forums, Blog, Contact Us ˙TÙu\ TdLUÙߨLfim Cßp °˚Pdœm.
♦ C˚YL∞p “ON / OFF” ˘TÙjRÙ≤pA›jß Media gallery, Blog, Contact us, About
ÿR≠V YNßL˚[ Uh”m EhT”jRXÙm.“Create” ˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›jß]Ùp˙Rok˘R”jR A˚]j’ YNßLfimAPe°V C˚QVR[m LÙh£ V∞dœm.
C˚QVR[j˚Rl Tß‹ NnYRtLÙLLd˘LÙ”jR ™u]gNp ÿLY¨˚V Efl-ßl-T”jR ™u]gNp ÿLY¨dœ AgN≠uC˚Ql©p °∞d ˘Nn’, Tß‹ ˘NnR˚X®˚\‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
˘NVpTÙ” 3
CkR Bi•u Ts∞ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ÆY¨dœm J⁄ C˚QVR[j˚R Drupal
Garden Il TVuT”jßj RVÙ¨dL‹m.
C˚QVR[j˚Rd LYof£LWUÙdL-XÙm
˙R˚Y-VÙ] YN-ß-L-fim, Aj-’-Pu AZ-˙LÙ-”-·-•V J⁄ C˚Q-VR[m E⁄-YÙ]RpXYÙ? Smÿ˚PV C˚QVR[jßpGl˙TÙ’ ˙Yi”˘Uu\Ù¤m UÙt\e-Ls˘NnV CV¤m.
Appearance
C˚QVR[jßp login ˘NnRÙp
UÙt\eLs ˘NnV‹m AZ·hP‹m ˘NnVj
˙R˚YVÙ] YNßLs APe°V, ˘U‡-TÙo
APe-°V J⁄ NÙ[-Wj- Rd LÙQ-XÙm (TPm8.7)
C ß p A Z · h P E R ‹ m “Appearance”
TPm 8.6
TPm 8.7
SUd-˘L] J⁄ Y˚X-R-[m
93
˘U‡Æ˚]j ˙Rok˘R”dL ˙Yi”m.
Al˙TÙ’ U˙X Y⁄m £±V NÙ[Wjßp TPm
(8.8) Styles, Brand, Layout, Advanced, Themes, Tab
L˚[l TVu-T-”jß C˚QVl Td-Lj˚R
AZ·hPXÙm.
Ht˘L]˙Y RVÙ¨dLlThP (Default)
Themes Æ⁄l-T-™p˚X˘Vu\Ùp UÙflThP
LhP˚Ul◊Ls Es[ ©\ Theme˛Lfim
Ce˙L °˚Pd-œm. Choose a new theme
C˚Ql©p °∞d ˘Nn’, SÙm Æ⁄m◊m
Theme˛L˚[j ˙Rok˘R”dLXÙm. Choose
˘ T Ù j R Ù ≤ p ° ∞ d ˘ N n ’ ◊ ß V
A˚Ul©tœl ˘TVo A∞j’ ˙N™dLXÙm.
C˚QVR[jßu HRÙY’ J⁄
œ±l©hP Tœß˚V LYof -£ -L -W -UÙL
UÙt\˙Yi”˘Uu\Ù¤m UÙt\XÙm. G.-LÙ.
R[jßu R˚Xl©u (Site header) ®\m
UÙt\˙Yi”˘Uu\Ùp R˚Xl©u˙Up °∞d
˘NnRÙp TPjßp (TPm 8.9) LÙhPlTh”s[’
˙TÙp ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR Tœß Gp˚X´h”
LÙhPlT”Y˙RÙ” you are styling: Gu\
CPjßp The site-name the header region Gufl
—h•d LÙhP‹m Nn-Ÿm.
TPm 8.8
TPm 8.9
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷hTm
94
Style˛≠p HtT”jßV UÙt\eLsGp˚Xdœ EhThP Ti◊L∞p UÙjßWmHtT”m. CqYÙfl GkR J⁄ Tœß˚VŸm
(Block) ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ AZ·hPXÙm.
SÙm ˘NnŸm UÙt\eLs RÙ]ÙL˙Y
˙N™dLlT”m Gu\Ù¤m C˚QVR[j˚Rl
TÙo˚Y´”m ©\⁄dœm CqYÙfl LÙQ
˙Yi”˘Uu\Ùp Publish TÙjRÙ˚]d °∞d
˘NnV ˙Yi-”m (TPm 8.10). AZ·hPp
ÈojßVÙ]’m, “Appearance” NÙ[Wjßu
Í”˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›jß NÙ[Wj˚R ÍP
˙Yi”m.
˘NVpTÙ” 4
Ee-Ls Ts∞ C˚QVR[jßpInkscape˛p RVÙ¨jR ˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Y (logo)
EhT”jR‹m. R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLs Nn’LYof£LWUÙdL‹m
RLYpL˚[f Nojß Um-T-”j-R-XÙm
J⁄ C˚QVR[jßu LYof£˚VdLÙh•¤m Aßp NodLlT”m RLYpLfidœAßL ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞jRp ˙Yi”m.RLYpL˚[j RdL NUVjßp EhT”jR‹m
◊’l©dL‹m ˘NnRÙp Uh”˙U A’ J⁄£\kR R[UÙL C⁄d-œm. SU’ Ts∞ C˚QV-R-[j-˚R-Ÿm Ts∞´u Au\ÙP ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm EhT”jß J⁄ £\kR R[UÙLUÙt\XÙm.
˘NVpTÙ” 5
Ts∞´p SPdœm ˘NVpTÙ”Ls,TÙo˚Y-VÙ -[o RL -Yp-Ls, UÙQY⁄mB£¨VoLfim E⁄YÙd°V •¥h-PpT˚Pl◊Ls, Ts∞´u NÙR˚]Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\f ˙Noj’ Ts∞ C˚QVR[j˚Rf£\lTÙdL‹m.
RL-Yp-Ls C˚Q-V-R-[j-ßtœ
C˚QVR[ E⁄YÙdLjßu ˙TÙ’˙R˚Yd-˙Lt\ YN-ß-L-[Ù] Home, About, Blog,
Contact us, Gallery ˙TÙu\ TdLeL˚[f˙Noj˙RÙm. C˚Y Jq˘YÙu±tœm˙R˚YVÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ C≤f ˙Nod-L-XÙm.
AboutTdLjßp C˚QVR[jßu˙SÙdLj˚Rd œ±j’m Sm˚Ul Tt-±VRLYpLfim APe°´⁄dL Yi-”m. CßpUÙt\eLs ˘NnV ˙Yi”˘U≤p login˘Nn’ About TdLj˚R A˚PRp ˙Yi”m.©u]o About R˚Xl©tœd ∏˙Z A˚Uk’s[ Edit Gu\ Tab˛p °∞d R˚YVÙ] RL-YpL˚[f NodLXÙm. (TPm 8.11) Edit Gu-T’TV-]Ù∞ login ˘Nn-ß-⁄d-œm-˙TÙ’ Uh”˙ULÙQ CV-¤m.
Es[PdL ©[ÙdœLs (Content Blocks)
&(���8!605?%� �3���� ���;!� �1�����!���6���%���$0���-���0��
$M����/�0���Main menu, Site Logo, Site Name, Main banner, Main Page Content,
Search form� ��������� ��'���P� $0���-���G-��� ?!� $0���-���0
7(����1����&(�$0�����������"�$%�� -������"���T������1���
Navigation Block�b���54����� �K�-"�����8�e��6���(�$�5�6�Side
barU�1���%14�PreheaderU�1����"��1���
TPm 8.10
TPm 8.11
SUd-˘L] J⁄ Y˚X-R-[m
95
RLYpLs ˙NolTRtLÙL CWi”ß⁄jßLs Es-[]. A˚Y HTML editor,
WYSIWYG editor˛Gu-T]. (TPm 8.12).
TPeL˚[f ˙NodLXÙm
Ee-Ls C˚QVR[j-ßp Ts-∞-´uÿd°Vf ˘NVp-TÙ -” -L -∞u TPe-Ls˙R˚YVÙ? TPe-Ls C˚QVl Td-Le-L˚[dLYof-£-L-W-UÙd-œ-˘U] ◊¨k-RRÙ? WYSIWYG
G•h-P-¨p U‡l-Th-˚P-´p “Add media” Y°∞d ˘Nn’ Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.
¡•VÙ LÙX¨
H˙R‡m J⁄ ©¨Æu ∏rY⁄m TXTPeL˚[ Jufl ˙Noj’d LÙQ ER‹m÷hT˙U LÙX¨. øeLs LXk-’-˘LÙiPH˙R‡m J⁄ L˚X-Æ-ZÙ ®Lrf£´u, Lp-Æf—t-flXÙ ˙TÙu-\ TPeL˚[d LÙX¨´pEhT”jR ÿVufl TÙ⁄eLs.
Navigation Th˚P´p LÙX¨ Tab˛I °∞d˘Nn’ Rt-˙TÙ -’s[ Es[ LÙX¨dœs÷˚ZVXÙm. Ce˙L UÙߨdLÙLj RWlTh”s[ LÙX¨ Utflm TPeL˚[ ød°Æh”EeLs TPeL˚[f ˙Nod-L-‹m. Add Media
˘TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d Nn’ U¤m TPeL˚[EhT”jRXÙm.
Cedv-˙Ll, ¥ml ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±p E⁄-YÙd-°V TPe-L˚[ J⁄ ◊ßV LÙX-¨˚VE⁄YÙd° Aßp ˙Nod-L-‹m. Add Media
˘TÙjRÙ-≤p °∞d ˘Nn’ ˙U¤m LÙX-¨-´pTPe-L-˚[f ˙Nod-L-XÙm.
J⁄ ◊ßV TdLm
Ts∞ ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p EeL∞u Teœ,LpÆf —tflXÙ ÆYWeLs CYt˚\f˙NodLl ◊ßRÙL J⁄ TdLm ˙R˚YlT”m.˘U‡-Th-˚P-´p Content → Add Content →
Basic Page Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Jq˘YÙ⁄© ¨ ‹ d œ m J q ˘ Y Ù ⁄ T d L e L ˚ [E⁄YÙdLXÙm.
C˚QVl Td-Lj-ßp UÙt\eLs
HtT”jR
˙Ut·±V C˚QVR[jßp ˙NojRJq˘YÙ⁄ RL -Yp - L -˚[ -Ÿm ( TdLm ,L h ” ˚ W L s , ˙ T Ù v h ) E s [ P d L lTdLeL∞≠⁄k’ ødL˙YÙ ß⁄jR˙YÙ˘NnVXÙm.
Nn{Xw 8.12
WYSIWYG editor
What You See Is What You Get ���6��F(���"�WYSIWYG���?%��3�#�3!��!�
������3�0� �>��?(546%��(Q�K��(Editing Tools)�7�0����A62�3�0� 5�?%
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RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷hTm
96
CPUÙt\m
J⁄ C˚QVl TdLjßp R˚Xl◊, ©\TdLeLfidœ Es[ C˚Ql◊Ls, TdLlTh˚PLs, Es[PdLeLs G]l TXTœßLs Es[]. CYt-±t-œl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ]A˚UÆPj˚R WCMS æoUÙ≤j’Æ”m.CqYÙfl E⁄YÙdLlThP TdLeL∞pPre header, Navigation, Banner, Pre content, Page
Content, Side bar, Pre footer, Copyright TÙu\˚YL˙[ CPm˘Tfl°u\]. AR]Ùp GkREs[PdL ©[Ùd˚LŸm GkR CPj-ßp˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m UÙt-±-V-˚UdL ÿ•Ÿm.
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
♦ EeLs Ts∞´u A˚N-ÓhPj ß˚WlTPj RVÙ¨l◊d œ›Æu NVpTÙ”L˚[˘Y∞´”YRtLÙ] J⁄ C˚QVl
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TdLj˚R HTML ˙PœLs TVuT”jßE⁄YÙdL‹m. G›j’Lfidœm TdLjßtœm LYof£LWUÙ] ®\m ˘LÙ”j’AZ·hP‹m. TPeLs, A˚NÓhPjß˚WlTPeLs ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ ˙NL¨j’EhT”jR‹m.
♦ Tp˙Yfl Yœl◊L∞p RVÙ¨dLlThPTdLeL˚[ Jufl ßWh• J⁄ C˚QVR[m ®flY‹m. AZLÙ] ÿLl◊l TdLmE⁄YÙd°, R[jß˚]d LYof£LWUÙLUÙtfleLs. Ts∞´u A˚]j’d L¶≤L∞¤m CjR[m °˚Pdœm Y˚L´pJ⁄ No-Y-¨p ˚YdL‹m.
♦ Drupal Gardens ’˚QŸPu E⁄YÙdLlThP R[jßp Ts∞ ÆZÙdLs ˘RÙPo-TÙ] RLYpL˚[ EhT”jR‹m.
EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p
97
YÙ]j-ßp LÙh-£-V-∞d-œm Æi-¡u KÆ-Ve-Ls At-◊-R-UÙ-]- Y, AZ-LÙ-]- Y. Cj-RœÆk-˚Rd-LÙh-£-L-∞u AÿR —W-©-VÙ-°VYÙ]j-˚Rl Tt± C≤l-T-•l-˙TÙm..
YÙ]j-ßp TÙp--≈-ß-˚Vl Tt± Aß-LmA±k-’-˘LÙs[ ˘LvPÙo, v˘Pp˙X¨Vm,˘NXv•VÙ ˙TÙu\ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄hLs TVu-T”-°u-\]. 8˛m Yœl©p YÙ]-Ui-P-XdLÙh£Ls Gu\ AX°p KStars Gu\ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[l Tt± A±k-ß-⁄l-¿o-Ls. C’˙TÙX,ShNjßWd ·hPeL˚[l Tt±V BrkRT•l©tœ v˘Pp˙X¨Vm ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s
TVu-T-”-°-\-’.
Cm˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p ÷˚Zk’ J⁄Æi˘Y∞l TVQj˚R ˙Ut˘LÙs[XÙm.ÿR≠p SÙm Uu˘TÙ⁄∞¤s[ YNßL˚[l
Tt± A±k’ ˘LÙs˙YÙm.
♦ Science ˘U‡Æp Es[ v˘Pp˙X¨Vj˚Rj ß\dL‹m.
♦ ÿd-°Vf NÙ[Wjßu CP’ TdLjßtœ—h˘P≠˚V SLojßd ˘LÙi” ˘Nu\ÙpL⁄ÆlTh˚P RÙuflm.
♦ —h-˘P-≠d œ±-˚Vd ∏rl Tœßdœd˘LÙi” ˘Nu\Ùp, Status Bar ˙RÙuflm.
♦ C˚Y CWi”m C˚QŸm CPjßpLÙQlT”m ÿd˙LÙQeL∞p °∞d˘Nn’, CYt˚\ AkRkR CPjß˙X˙V®˚X®fljRXÙm.
♦ Page Up, Page down ˘TÙjRÙuL˚[ApX’ —h˘P≠´u —⁄s TÙjRÙ˚]lTVuT”jß Zoom In, Zoom Out NnVXÙm.
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9 EXLm Es-[e- L´p
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
98
♦ Am◊œ±l ˘TÙjRÙuL˚[l TVuT”jßl Tp˙Yfl ß˚NL∞¤m LÙh£L˚[d LÙQXÙm.
♦ —h˘P≠˚V C›j’ Field of View
(FOV)˛Æp UÙt\m HtT”jRXÙm.
Bn-‹d L[m R¨‹
˘NnŸm ÿ˚\
°WLQeL˚[l È™´p GpXÙl Tœ-ß-L∞≠⁄k’m LÙQ ÿ•VÙ’. Hu? Jq˘YÙ⁄Tœß´≠⁄k’m °˚Pdœm BLÙ-VdLÙh£Ls Yfl-Th-P- Y. SÙm Ge-°-⁄k’ BLÙ-Vj -˚Rl TÙodL ˙Yi-”m? Al˙TÙ’v˙PhPv TÙ¨p LÙhPlT”Y’ GkRl TœßG]d Li”©•dL‹m.
v˘Pp˙X¨Vm ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p J⁄œ±l-©hP CPj˚R J›e-L- Ul-T’ Gl-T•G]d LÙi-˙TÙm. L⁄-Æl-Th-˚P-´u ˙UpTœ-ß-´p LÙQlT”m Location Tool˛p (F6)
(TPm9.1) °∞d ˘Nn’ Location NÙ[Wj˚Rj
TPm 9.1
Status Bar
Too
l Bar
ß\dL‹m. NÙ[-Wj-ßp Es[ ◊Æl-T-Pj-ßp(TPm 9.2) J⁄ œ±l-©hP Tœ-ß-˚Vd °∞d˘Nn’ Ae-œs[ BLÙ-Vd LÙh-£˚V A˚Ud-L-XÙm.
Tp˙Yfl CPeL∞p C⁄k’ ß⁄m-Tj-ß⁄mT Bn‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”˘U≤p, AkRCPeL˚[ SÙm CfNÙ[Wjßp EhT”jR˙Yi”m. AhN˙W˚L, æodL˙W˚L A[‹L˚[d ˘LÙi” KStar˛p CPe-L-˚[d œ±j-˙RÙm. v˘Pp-˙X-¨-Vj-ß-¤m CPe-˚[dœ±dL C˚Y ˙R˚Y. CPeL-∞u Ah-Nd-˙LÙ” æod-Ld-˙LÙ -” -L˚[ Marble ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄∞u ERÆ-Ÿ-Pu LÙQ-XÙ-˘U] SÙmA±˙YÙm. Marble ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞u ERÆŸPu EeLs Tœß´u AhfN, æodLd˙LÙ”L˚[d Li”©•j’f NÙ[-Wj -ßpœ±dL‹m. TPm 9.2˛p CPeL-∞u AhN,æodLd ˙LÙ”L∞u A[‹ CPjßu ˘TVo,SÙh•u ˘TVo C˚Y œ±l©PlTh”s[].(Altitude Th•´p UÙt\m R˚Y´p˚X) Add
to List TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d Nn-L. EeLs CPm
EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p
99
˘XÙd˙L-`u NÙ[Wjßp ˙NodLl ThPRÙ?©u]o ∏˙Z LÙQlT”m Use as Default
˘Th•´p N¨ Gu\ A˚P-VÙ-[d-œ±˚VCP‹m. Smÿ˚PV Fo, Default TœßVÙLA ˚ U d L l T h ” Æ h P ’ . C ≤ ˘ U u˘ T Ù ⁄ ˚ [ j ß \ d œ m ˙ T Ù ’ , C k R
CPjߤs[ LÙh£˚V SÙm LÙi˙TÙm.
˙Rß-˚VŸm ˙SWj˚RŸm
J›e-L-˚Ud-L-XÙm
J⁄ œ±l©hP SÙ∞p œ±l©hP˙SWjßp BLÙVm GlT• C⁄dœm
GuT˚Rd LÙiTRtœ AkR ˙SWj˚R SÙm˘Uu˘TÙ⁄fidœ A∞jßPp ˙Yi”m.ARtœd L⁄Æl ˘Th•´p Es[ (F5) Date/
Time window˛˚Yl TVuT”jRXÙm. (TPm 9.3)
Æi-˘Y-∞-´p A˚]j’d ˙LÙ[e-Lfim Rj-Rm TÙ˚R-L-∞p —Zp-°u-\-].B]Ùp A˚Y È™-´-≠-⁄k’ ˘Yœ-˘RÙ-˚X-Æp C⁄l-T-RÙp, øiP SWm LY-]-UÙL Etfl-˙SÙd-°-]Ùp Uh-”˙U AYt-±u A˚N˚YEQWÿ•Ÿm. LÙX-®-Wd˚L Yfl-T-”jß Uu-˘TÙ-⁄-∞p AYt-±u A˚N˚Y EQ-W-ÿ-•-Ÿm.LÙX-®Wd°p UÙfl-Rp ˘Nn-Y’ Gl-T•?
TPm 9.2
TPm 9.3
TPm 9.4
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
100
v˙PhPv TÙ¨p LÙQl-T-”m Time
Toolbox p Es[ LÙX-®-Wd-˚Ld ·h-”mL⁄Æ˚Vl (Time Speed Tool) (TPm 9.4)TVuT”jß ˙SW Æ°Rj˚R AßL¨j’d˙LÙsLs Utflm ShNjßWeL∞u A˚N‹˙YLj˚Rd ·hPXÙm. Pm Â≠u Jq- YÙ⁄°∞d-°-¤m LÙX-®Wdœ Æ°-Rl-T•d ·”m. Set
Time to Now ˛ L⁄Æ´p °∞d ˘NnRÙpL¶≤- u CVpTÙ] SWjßtœj ß⁄mTXÙm.
BLÙVjßp ˙LÙ”Ls
ShNjßWeL˚[ JuflPu JuflC˚Qdœm LtT˚]d ˙LÙ”Ls AYt±tœAt◊RUÙ] Y•YeL˚[j R⁄°u\].C˚Y SU’ ÿu˙]ÙoLs ˘RÙPok’ ™LEu≤lTÙL BLÙ-Vj˚R Et-fl -˙SÙd°Bnk’ E⁄YÙd°V˚Y˙V.
U˚XVÙ[ UÙReL∞u ˘TV⁄dœmÆi¡u ·h-Pj-ßu Y•Yjßtœm ˘RÙPo◊C⁄d-°-\RÙ?. £eLjßu Y•Yjߤs[ (Leo)
Æi¡u ·hPj˚Rl TÙojß⁄l¿oLs. C’£m-Um G] A˚Zd-LlT”-° -\ -’. ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p CkR Æi-¡u ·h-Pj-˚RdLÙiT’ GqYÙfl G]l TÙol˙TÙm.
♦ L⁄ÆlTh˚P´p Search NÙ[Wjßp˘Nufl Leo G]j RhPf—f ˘Nn’Search˛Id °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m.
♦ A’ TÙo˚Y Gp˚Xdœ Al-TÙp C⁄l-©u,AR- ]l TÙo˚Y Gp˚Xdœs ˘LÙi”YW, ˙SWj˚R UÙt± A˚UdL ˙Yi”m
♦ vPÙhPv L⁄Æl Th˚P´p Es[ 3 con-
stellation L⁄ÆL˚[l (Constellation Line,
Label, Art) TVuT”jß, J⁄ œ±l ©hPÆi¡u ·hPjߤs[ Æi¡uL˚[C˚Qdœm ˙LÙ”Ls, Æi¡uL∞u˘TVoLs, Æi¡u ·hPjßu LtT˚]Y•Ym TÙu-\-Yt- \Ÿm LÙQXÙm. (T-Pm 9.5)
♦ TLp ˙Y˚[´p BLÙVjßp Æi¡uL˚[d LÙiTRtœ Status Bar˛p Es[N i g h t M o d e , A t m o s p h e r e ˙ T Ù u - \L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm. (T-Pm 9.5)
„¨V˚]f —t±
„¨V˚] È™ —t±Y⁄m TÙ˚R˚VfÈ™-´u —tfll TÙ˚R Gu°u˙\Ùm. CR˚]SÙm ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄-˚[l TVu-T-”jß A˚PVÙ[lT”j’Y’ GlT• G]l TÙol- TÙm.
L⁄ÆlTh˚P´p View Options (F4)
Tab˛Id °∞d Nn-RÙp View NÙ[Wm ß\dœm.Aßp Markings Tab˛p Celestial Sphere
Th•V≠≠⁄k’ Ecliptical line Ij Rok˘R”jRÙp È™´u —tfllTÙ˚R LÙh£V∞dœm.
(TPm 9.6)
TPm 9.5
Sh-Nj-ß-Wd ·h-Pd L⁄-Æ-Ls
YÙ≤-®- Xd L⁄Æ
EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p
101
Date/Time L⁄Æ˚Vl TVuT”jßUÙReL˚[ UÙt\‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRjߤm—tfll TÙ˚R´p „¨V≤u ©u]-¶´pLÙh£ A∞dœm Æi¡u ·h-Pe-L-˚[dLY≤d-L-‹m. (TPm 9.7)
£mUj-˚Rj RÆW „¨-V-≤u ©u-]-¶-´p È™-´u —t-fll-TÙ-˚R-´p LÙQd-·-•VÆi-¡u ·h-Pe-L-s G˚Y G]d Li-P-±-V-‹m. Jq-˘YÙ⁄ UÙRj-ß-¤m ˙SWj˚R UÙt±A˚Uj’f —t-fll-TÙ- R- p LÙQl-T-”m Æi-
¡u ·h-Pe-L-˚[ (-„-¨-V-≤u ©u-]-¶-´pLÙQl-T-”m) AhPY˚QlT”j-R-‹m. (TPm 9.7).
Æi¡uLs ˙RÙuflm ÿ˚\
Æi¡u ·hPeL∞p Y•YjRÙpSm˚Ud LYoY’ K¨˙VÙu Æi¡u·hP˙U. ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞u ’˚QŸPuCR˚]d Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?
♦ Search NÙ[Wjß-Ú˙P CR˚]j ˙RP‹m.
♦ Constellation L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”jßK¨˙VÙ≤u Y•Yj˚Rd LiP-±V‹m.
TPm 9.6
„¨Vd L⁄m-◊s-∞-Ls
{M!C%� ��8����� �(�)��0
{M�!���(���)������������������
����������{M!C%�3�?��RA6
��A6��1 ����8������� �)%
70���3�?���RA6���A6��15?�
��?���%��6��P����E��O?�!��4�
������ -����%� �4� �(��
��8���� ���4�� �|��!�� 9t9mU%
�6���� ���� $;56���� {M!��
Zoom� �3R4� ���56�%� {M!�� �(��
)���0����8>;E��
TPm 9.7
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
102
♦ ˙Yh˚PdLÙW≤u Y•-Yj-˚Rd Li”©•dL ÿ•k-RRÙ?.
♦ ˙Yh˚PdLÙW≤u Ljß˙TÙXd LÙQl-T-”mÍufl Æi¡uL∞p S”Æp Es[˚RdLY]UÙLl ˘T¨RÙd°l TÙodL‹m.
♦ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[j Ro‹ NnVf —h˘P≠´pCPl˘TÙjRÙ˚]Ÿm(°∞d), ˙RoÆ˚]ÆXdL(Deselect) YX’ ˘TÙjRÙ˚]Ÿm(YX’°∞d) A›jR ˙Yi”m.
♦ Auto Zoom ˘NnV J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[j ˙Ro‹˘NnR ©\œ Forward Slash (/) ˘TÙj-RÙ˚]A›j-R‹m.
♦ Zoom out ˘NnV Back Slash (/) TÙj-RÙ˚]A›j-R‹m.
♦ Close Zooming tœ —h˘P≠´u E⁄s˘TÙjRÙ˚]l TVuT”jRXÙm. (Ctrl+ Up
Arrow).
♦ Zoom ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi•V ˘TÙ⁄˚[(Focus) ˘NnV vPÙhPv TÙ¨p Es[Center on selected object L⁄Æ˚Vl TVuT”jRXÙm.
©\ Æi-¡u-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ C’ GqYÙflUÙflTh”d LÙQlT”°u\’?
�G�'����
Q�<��K��� ����!
G��!5?%� ��E� �"�
�0��� ��8��������!
�I1����� �?�(A�6
Q�<��� 7(��������$���I1��
��0�����$;54���#.��L��$!%
��0��/������8���5�6����
i���I1� (Eagle Nebula)
�� ���I1� (Garren Nebula)
/� a$/��I1��(Trifid Nebula)
YØLÙh•VÙLj ’⁄Y ShNjßWm
’⁄-Y-Sh-Nj-ß-WeLs, TZeLÙXm ÿR˙XLlTp UÙ¤-™-L -fidœ YØLÙh•VÙLÆ[e°]. Hu? C’ GkR ShNjßWd·hPj˚Rf ˙NokR’? (TPm 9.8)
Ao^Ù ˚U]o (Ursa minor) ShNjßWd·hPj˚Rj R•l©•ŸeLs. L⁄-Æl-Th-˚P-´p Search Window (F3) CRt-œd L⁄-Æ˚Vl-TVu-T-”j-R -XÙm. CRu Y•Ym Gu]?Cd·hPjß ˙X˙V ™L-‹m ©W-LÙ-N-UÙ] Sh-Nj-ß-W˙U ’⁄Y ShNjßWm (Polaris). LÙX-®-Wd˚L Aß-L-¨j’ ShNjßWeL∞u NX]˙YLj˚R AßL¨j’l TÙ⁄eLs. ©\ Sh-Nj-ß-We-L -˚[l˙TÙp ApXÙUp, C’ J˙WCPjßp ®˚Xj’ ®tT˚Rd LÙQXÙm. GpXÙSÙh-L-∞-¤m C’ J˙W CPjßp LÙQlT”Y’Hu?
TLp Aß-L-¨d-°-\’
’⁄Y ShNjßWm, YP ’⁄Yjßtœ
˙U˙X ®˚X˘LÙs°\’. Location L⁄-Æ-˚Vl
TPm 9.8
���.1����(Black holes)
�4�Q�<��)���M8�"5?%��P?,�1!�-��� �A,�1*%�����D�3�?��RA6� i���Q�3��"! �0��"�P�������� ��+�� G �RA4���$;��� ���;!� �1� ?����#.%��� �E0��� ��#����#.!� �%Q�-� I"4� I�����15�6��� ��a�}a���h����� -.�$�56��� �)��$����� ��E0���
’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm
EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p
103
TVu-T-”jß Bn-ÆPj˚R È™-´u YP-’-⁄-Y-UÙd-L-‹m. L⁄Æl Th˚P´p Location
NÙ[Wjßp È™lTPjßp YP’⁄Yj˚Rd
°∞d ˘NnV‹m. ˙SW Æ°Rj˚R AßL¨j’
HtT”m UÙt\j˚Rd LY≤dL‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’
YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßp CW-YÙ? TLXÙ? C’ Gj-R˚]
SÙh-Ls øi” ®tœm? ∏˙Z LÙQl-T-”m
vPÙh-Pv TÙ¨p SÙh-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L UÙfl-
Y˚Rl TÙoj-æo-L[Ù? „ -Vu Gj-ß- N- p SLo-
° -\Ùu? CP YX Am◊dœ-±l ˘TÙj -
RÙuL˚[l TVuT”jß, „¨V˚]l ©u
˘RÙPok’ ˘NpX‹m. øeLs LY≤jR
£\l©Vp◊Ls VÙ˚Y? œ±l©P‹m. TLp
Utflm CWÆu A[˚Yd Li”©•dL‹m.
™u]‘f —tflLs E⁄YÙdLXÙm
™u-]-‘f —tflL∞u ERÆ´u±˙V,
AYt±u ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l Tt± A±k’
˘LÙs[‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙflRp-Ls ˘Nn’
™u—t-fld-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m C’-˙TÙu\
˘Uu- TÙ-⁄h-Ls TVu-T-”-°u-\-].
EU’ A±-Æ-Vp Hh-•p Es[ £X
™u—t-flL˚[, Ktech lab TVu-T -”j -ßj
RVÙ¨jR, TPm � ����� p RWl-Th-”s-[-’.
CYt˚\ SÙÿm RVÙ-¨d-L-XÙm.
� ��+��-0+�
Q�<��)���`�� -.54� 9:U�� �-��� ���(0.Q!%� mU�� �6�-�$%
wwI�>��!�����xx������1�%�Q�M����/�04��G#�%�7#�5?�-��E�
���4�Q�<���L���� ����0���7("�P������ � ��H� (Aldeberan),
?(��?� (Betelgeuse), F��?
����������� �������� L��
� �����0�� G#�%� 7#�5?
>#.T"��� ,�PQ�����4
�����0Q%�F( �� ww���
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��/��� D ���� �"����� �(
�!��� �� ��5?5� �6;�� ���
$;������ ��1�������%� �4
-)�A4� 7��A4� �(��
-0����7("�P����4�TPm 9.9
™u —tflLs E⁄YÙdL‹m, ˘NVp
T”j’YRtœm ER-‹m @˘Th No-°h Luvh-
Wd-bu °h (PhET Circuit Construction kit)
Gu‡m £ÿ-˙X-`u ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄˚[ SÙm
Ju-T-RÙm Yœl-©p T•j-˙RÙm. A’ ˙TÙu\
J⁄ ˘Uu ˘TÙ⁄˙[ Ktech lab. Ei-˚UVÙ]TPm 9.10
˚P˙VÙ”
™u-Æ-[dœ
TÙh-P¨
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
104
RWlTh”s[]. CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß C⁄™u—tflL-∞u £\l-◊-L-˚[ Jl-©P-‹m.
♦ C⁄ ™u—tflL∞p, Tp◊ G¨Ÿm ™u—tflG’?
♦ Settings → Configure Ktechlab → Animate
wires to show current or power flow Gu\J›e°˚]l TVu-T-”jß GkR ™u-—tflYØVÙL ™u˙]ÙhPm HtT”°\’GuT˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.
♦ ™u˙]ÙhPm Es[ —t±p ™uLX‡m˚P˙VÙ”m GqYÙfl C˚QdLlTh”s[]? CYt±u R≤j-Ru˚ULsGu˘]u]? C’ Gq-Y˚L NÙo◊(bias)?CYt˚\d Li”©•dL‹m.
♦ C⁄ ™u—tflL∞u £\l-◊-L˚[ Jl©h”,J⁄ œ±l◊j RVÙo ˘NnV‹m.
Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TVoL˚[
A˚PVÙ[lT”jRXÙm.
SÙm E⁄YÙd°V ™u—t±p C˚QdLlTh”s[ Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hLs Jq˘YÙu±u
Education ˘U‡Æ≠⁄k’ K-Tech lab NÙ[Wj˚Rj ß\dL-‹m. ©u]o, File → New → Circuit
˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnL. OK ˘TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d ˘NnRÙp, ™u—tfl E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ÿd°-V-f
NÙ[Wj˚Rd LÙQXÙm. (TPm 9.11)
♦ Components Tab-≠⁄k’ TÙh-P¨, £d-]pÆ[dœ(Tp-◊) , ˚P˙VÙ” CYt˚\lT¶lTWl©tœ C›j’ YW‹m.
♦ Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ (Component)
C˚QdL ER-‹m ƒ”-L˚[f —h˘P≠VÙpJu±≠⁄k’ Ut˘\Ùufldœ C›j’ÆP‹m. Cq-YÙfl TPm 9.10p LÙi-T-’-˙TÙu\ C⁄ ™u-—t-fl-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL‹m.
♦ H˙R‡m Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ™u—t±≠⁄k’ ødL, AR˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’Delete ˘TÙj-RÙ˚] A›jR‹m
♦ Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Ußl◊L˚[UÙtflRtœ Item Editor˛p °∞d ˘Nn’,©\œ Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄∞u Es˙[ °∞d˘NnV‹m.
♦ ™u—t˚\ E⁄-YÙd° N™j’ YdL‹m.
£\l©Vp◊L˚[ A±VXÙm.
™u-—t-flL˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°-…o-L[Ù? CkR™u —t-fl-L-∞u £\l-©Vp-◊-L- [l Tœl-TÙn‹˘Nn-Vj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] £X œ±l-◊-Ls ∏˙Z
TPm 9.11
ComponentTab
•WÙ L⁄Æ
Ih-Pm G•h-Po
B≥- XÙv- LÙl
EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p
105
˘TV˚WŸm AYt±u A⁄˙L œ±l-©PXÙm.CRtLÙL Draw L⁄Æ´≠⁄k’ TextIj Ro‹˘Nn’ œ±l-©P ˙Yi•V CPjßp °∞d˘NnV Yi”m. Al˙TÙ’ Text G]j RÙuflmCPjßp P©s °∞d ˘Nn’ ˘TV˚Wj Rh-Pf—f ˘NnVXÙm. (TPm 9.12)
™u-—tfl Y˚W-T-Pe-L- [l
TPd- LÙl-◊-L-[Ù-Lf ˙N™d-L-XÙm
KTech lab p RVÙo ˘Nn-R ™u—tfllTPeL˚[, Smÿ˚PV C˚QVR[jß˙XÙ◊˙[Ù-°˙XÙ (blog) EhT”jR ˙Yi-”- U-≤p,CYt˚\l TPd˙LÙl◊L[ÙLf ˙N™jR ©\˙L,AqYÙfl NnV ÿ•Ÿm. HtL]˙Y E⁄YÙd°˚Yj’s[ ™u—tfld ˙LÙl◊L˚[ KTech lab
NÙ[Wjßp ß\dL‹m. ©u]o File - Export as
image Gu\ ÿ˚\-´p °∞d ˘Nn’˙LÙl©tœl ˘TVo ˘LÙ”j-’f ˙N™dL-‹m.Cl˘TÙ›’ SÙm E⁄-YÙd-°V ™u—tfl J⁄TPd˙LÙlTÙL UÙ±´⁄dœm. C˚R SUdœ logo
Ut-flm C˚Q-V-R-[j-ßp Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.
˘NVpTÙ” 1
TPm 9.13˛p LÙhPlTh”s[’ ˙TÙp,Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ C˚Qj’ J⁄ ™u-]‘f—t˚\ E⁄YÙdL‹m. Oscilloscope˛p°∞d ˘Nn’, Aßp ˙RÙuflm A˚XL˚[dLY≤dL‹m.
E⁄-YÙd-°V ™u—t˚\l TP-UÙ-Lf˙N™dL‹m. CkRf —t±p ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th”s[ UÙt\eL˚[ HtT”jß øe-Ls
LiP-±k-R-Yt-˚\d œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.
♦ CkR ™u-—t-±p ˚P˙VÙ” Gufl œ±l-©h”s-[- T-œ-ß-´p J⁄ ˚P˙VÙ˚P
TPm 9.12
TPm 9.14
TPm 9.13
C˚Qd-L-‹m. Cl- TÙ’ E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T”mA˚X-L∞p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\eL˚[d LY-≤d-L-‹m.
♦ CkR ˚P˙VÙ•u ÿ˚]L˚[ Gßo-ß-˚N-´p UÙt±V˚Ud-L-‹m. Cl˙TÙ’ A˚XL∞p HtT”m UÙt\j˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.
♦ °˚PjR A˚XL∞u Ru-˚U-´uA•lT˚P´p, ˚P˙VÙ•˚]f —t±pC˚QjR ˙TÙ’ HtThP UÙt\m, A˚WA˚Xß⁄jRXÙ? G] ÆYÙ-ßd-L-‹m.
♦ CkRf —t±˚] Export ˘Nn’ TPd˙LÙlTÙLf ˙N™dL‹m.
˘NVpTÙ” 2
TPjßp (9.14) LÙhPlTh”s[’ ˙TÙX
J⁄ ™u—t˚\ E⁄YÙdL‹m. Oscilloscope Id
LY≤j’ A’ LÙh-”m A˚X Y˚W TPjßu
(Graph) A•lT˚P´p, ÿ›A˚X ß⁄j’Rp
œ±jR J⁄ œ±l◊j RVÙ¨dL‹m. CkR ™u-—t˚\ Export ˘Nn’ TPd- LÙl-TÙLf ˙N™d-L‹m.
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
106
TPm 9.15
SÙm Y˚WkR A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßp J⁄◊s∞˚V A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m. CR˚]A˚W-Yh-Pm Y˚W-Vl -T-Vu-T-”j-ßV C⁄Gp˚Xl ◊s∞LfiPu C˚Qj’l TÙod-L-‹m. °˚Pdœm ˙LÙQjßu A[‹ Gu]?
A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßp ˙U¤m J⁄ ◊s∞˚VA˚PVÙ[lT”jß ÿu˙TÙX˙Y NnV‹m.°˚Pdœm ˙LÙQjßu A[‹ Gu]?¡i”m ˙Yfl J⁄ ◊s-∞-´p ˙NÙßj-’l-TÙodL‹m.
øeLs ◊¨k-’˘LÙiP’ Gu]?
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SÙm LY≤jR Cf£\l◊l Ti◊, A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßp Es[ GpXÙl ◊s∞Lfidœm˘TÙ⁄k’UÙ? CR˚] Gq-YÙfl NÙßd-L-XÙm?A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßp Es[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ◊s∞´u˙LÙQj˚RŸm R≤j-R -≤-VÙL Y˚Wk’TÙodL Yi-•-´-⁄d-œm. Cl-˙TÙ-’, Geogebra
NÙ[Wjßp ÿRp Tool Set˛≠⁄k’ Move
L⁄Æ´˚] G”j’ ˙LÙQm A˚PVÙ[lT”jRlThP ◊s∞´˚]f Ntfl SLojßlTÙ⁄eLs. Gp-XÙl ◊s-∞-L-∞-¤m LÙQj˚RjR≤j-R-≤˙V Y˚W-VÙ-U-˙X˙V CkR Y•-Y-L¶R £\l-©-Vp˚T A±V CV-¤m.
˘NVpTÙ” 3
˙Ut-LiP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p, A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßtœl Tß-XÙL J⁄ Æp Y•-Æp Gu-\Ùp..?J⁄ TPm Y˚Wk’ ˙NÙßj’l TÙod-L-‹m.
˘NVpTÙ” 4
Circle with Center and radius L⁄Æ˚VG”j’ J⁄ YhPm Y˚WV‹m. Aßp Íufl◊s∞L˚[ A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m. ÿu]o˘NnR’ ˙TÙXl ◊s∞L˚[ C˚QjRÙp°˚Pdœm Eh˙LÙQeL˚[ A[k’TÙodL‹m. (TPm 9.16)
A”j’, YhPjßtœ Es˙[ J⁄◊s∞˚V A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-R-‹m. LÙQjßuC⁄ Gp˚Xl ◊s∞L˚[Ÿm CkRl ◊s∞ŸPu C˚Qj’d °-˚Pd-œm ˙LÙQ
™u]‘f —t-fl-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m,
AYt-˚\l TPd˙LÙl--TÙL UÙt-\-‹m SÙm Lt-
˙\Ùm. C’˙TÙp SÙm Ht-L-]˙Y Lt-\ ™u
—tflL˚[ E⁄YÙd°, AYt±u ˘NVp
TÙh˚Pl Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn-V-‹m. Ei- U-VÙ]
™u-—tfl Ap-X’ ™u-]‘f —t˚\
E⁄YÙdœm ÿu]o A’ N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p
CVe-œ-UÙ Gu-T˚R KTech labp Nod-°h˚P
E⁄-YÙd°, ˙NÙßj’l TÙodL-XÙm. Nod-°h•-
¤s[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL-∞u
Ußl◊L∞p UÙt\m HtT”j’m ˙TÙ’m,
™u—t±u ˘NVpTÙh•p HtT”m UÙt\e
L˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m K-Tech lab Il
TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.
YhPeLfim Y•Y˚Ul◊Lfim
J⁄ C˚Q-V-R-[j˚R Gq-YÙfl E⁄-YÙd-LXÙm GuT˚R -ÿk˚RV Aj-ß-VÙ-Vj-ßpLt˙\Ùm. Ts∞ C˚QVR[jßp L¶RY•Y˚Ul◊L˚[Ÿm EhT”jß]Ùp £\lTÙLC⁄dœm. ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[l TVu-T”jßd L¶R Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL SÙmHt-L -]˙Y T•j’s˙[Ùm. CqYÙflE⁄YÙdœm Y•Y˚Ul◊L˚[ C˚QV
R[jßp EhT”j’Y’ Gl-T• GuT-˚R-Ÿm -
TÙol- TÙm.
C˚QVl Td-Lj-ßp Eh-T-”jR, J⁄
L¶R Y•-Yj˚R E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm. ÿR-≠p J⁄
A˚W Yh-Pm Y˚W-V-‹m. Yh-Pm Y˚W-Y-Rt-
LÙ] Tool set ≠⁄-k’ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] L⁄-Æ˚Vj
˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.
EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p
107
A[˚Yd LÙQ‹m. SÙm Y˚WkR CkR C⁄˙LÙQ A[‹Lfid°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊Gu]?
YhPjßu Es˙[ Es[ ◊s∞˚VSLojß, YhPjßu UVj’Pu C˚QjRÙp˙LÙQ A[‹Lfidœ HtT”m UÙt\m Gu]?
E⁄-YÙd-°V Y•Y A˚Ul˚T ˙N™dL
U\dL Yi-PÙm. N™jR LÙl-©u Formate G’?
L¶R Y•Y˚Ul◊Lfim ¥˙VÙ
¥lWÙ‹m
L¶R Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jßY•Y˚Ul◊Ls (Pattern) E⁄YÙd°V’iPÙ?¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ TVuT”jß At◊RUÙ]Y•Y˚Ul◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•Ÿm. ∏˙Z˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ G”j-’d-LÙh-˚Pd.LY≤dL‹m.
♦ J⁄ ˙LÙ” Y˚Wk’ Aßp J⁄ ◊s∞˚YdL‹m.
♦ 0 ÿRp 5 Y˚W A[‹ Ußl◊s[ J⁄slider E⁄YÙdL‹m
♦ ˙LÙh•p œ±dLlThP ◊s∞˚V UVUÙL‹m slider ÍXm Lh-”l-T-”jR CV-Xd-·•V BWÿm Es[ J⁄ YhPm Y˚WV‹m.
♦ CkR YhPÿm ˙LÙ”m Nkßdœm◊s∞L˚[ A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m. CRtœET˙VÙ°dL ˙Yi•V Tool : Intersect two
objects Bœm.
TPm 9.17
TPm 9.16
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
108
♦ CkR CWi” Nkßl◊l ◊s∞Ls˚UVÙUÙL‹m LÙh-•u YØVÙLd LPk’˘NpY’m B°V C⁄ ◊ßV YhPeLsY˚WV‹m. (TPm 9.17)
♦ CkR YhPeL∞u ˙Up —h˘P≠A˚PVÙ[j˚R ®fljß YXlTdLm °∞d˘Nn’ °˚Pdœm Th˚P´≠⁄k’ Trace
ON I ˘NVpT”jßl TÙodL‹m.
©\œ Slider˛I SLojßl TÙodL‹m. Gu]®Lr°u\’? Slider˛u A˚NÓhPj˚R- CVd-°-]Ùp Gu] ®L›m? R˚Y Gu\Ùp ÿRpYhPj˚Rd LÙh£´≠⁄k’ U˚\j’m˚YdLXÙm.
˘NVpTÙ” 5
T P m 9 . 1 8 ˛ p L Ù h P l T h ” s [Y•Y˚Ul◊l TÙp A˚Ul◊Ls E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] œ±l◊Ls ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[].
♦ T¶lTWl©p A, B Gu\ C⁄ ◊s∞L˚[A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m.
♦ A Gu\ ◊s∞´p Slider˛Il TVu-T-”jßCVdL CV¤m J⁄ ˙LÙQm Y˚WV‹m.Scroll Increment 50 BL C⁄dLh”m.
♦ ˙LÙQm Y˚WŸm ˙TÙ’ °˚Pdœm◊s∞˚V ˚UVUÙd° A YØVÙLd LPk’˘Np¤m ÿ˚\-´p J⁄ YhPm Y˚WV˙Yi”m. Slider˛I ød -œm ˙TÙ’°˚Pdœm YhPjßu Trace˛Id œ±j’˚YdL ˙Yi”m.
Slider˛I ˘U’YÙL SLojßl TÙodL‹m.◊s∞ Adœl Tß-XÙ-Ll ◊s∞ BYØVÙLf˘NpY’ ˙TÙp J⁄ YhPm Y˚Wk’TÙodL‹m. °˚PlT’ J⁄ UÙflThPY•Y˚UlTÙL C⁄dœm. CRu ˘TV˚WdLi”©•dL ÿVX‹m.
TPm 9.18
N�!�N� ����Drupol CWMS
Jave�G�85�6��M���3?��0�� �!���5?�!�Geogehgra� �3!%�����4������Jave�G�85��6�����0���!���5?�7(������/��AppelletteU��0G6M�-��Drupal� ������CMS� �"����(�)%� ���� f�mm�%� ����$5�6��;� jar��������K��Appellette �K�����(��������"����/��!D%�1���6#-���?1���;� �)��Program Code U��0� "/��"� I�%� �3R6�%���4����6#-�� ]��� ��5�?%��8�������`>���!���!�����5�6����
(File: html ���6#-�� �?1��Clipboard: html ��� "�#.E�ClipboardX%��(A4 Drupol X��-I�%��3R!1��)
TPm 9.19
EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p
109
Geogehra Appellettes
¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄˚[l TVu
T”jß E⁄YÙdœm Y•YeLs .ggb G]lT”m
˙LÙl◊ A˚Ul◊L∞p N™dLlT”-°-\’ G]
S Ù m A ± - ˙ Y Ù m . B ] Ù p C R ˚ ]
C˚QVR[jßp ˘Y∞-´P CkR Y•-Ye-
L˚[ J⁄ C˚QVl Td-Lj-ßp C˚QdL
.html ˙LÙl◊ A˚Ul©tœ UÙt\˙Yi”m.
TPm 9.20
TPm 9.21
CqYÙfl UÙtflm˙TÙ’ ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙÆp
LiP A˚]j’ YNßLfim Cߤm Sx-Pm
A˚P-VÙ-Up CPm˘T\ ˙Yi”m. J⁄
˙LÙl˚T AR-‡-˚PV Formate •tœ UÙt-fl-
Y˚R SÙm Export ˘Nn-Rp Gu-°˙\Ùm.
ARÙY’ .ggb ˙LÙl©˚] .html ˙LÙlTÙL Ex-
port ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m. TPm 9.20 IdLY≤dL‹m.
RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm
110
(File → Export → Dynamic worksheet as webpage).
˙ U t ˘ L Ù i ” ¥ ˙ V Ù ¥ l W Ù Æ uGu˘]u] YNßLs C˚QV TdLjßpYW˙Yi”m GuT˚R ®oQVm ˘NnRp˙Yi”m.
♦ C˚QV TdLjßp Es[ Y•Y˚Ul©u˙U¤m ∏›m A˚Rl Tt±V Æ[dLeLsG›R ˙Yi”˘U≤p, General Tab pG›ß ˙NodL ÿ•Ÿm. (TPm 9.21)
♦ Advanced Tab˛p SU’ Y•Y˚Ul©tœl˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ø[ÿm ALXÿm Ut-flm©\ YNßL˚[Ÿm A˚UjßPp Yi”m.
C≤ ˙LÙl˚T Export ˘NnVXÙm
CqYÙfl ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ ERÆŸPu
E⁄YÙd° A˚R C˚QV TdLjßtœ
Export ˘Nn’ °˚Pd-œm J⁄ Y•Y˚Ul
TPm 9.22
©˚]˙V Geogebra Appellette G] A˚Zd
°˙\Ùm. ¥˙VÙ ¥l-WÙ-Æp E⁄-YÙd-°V £X
˙LÙl-◊-Lfim CYt˚\ Export ˘NnR ©\œ
°˚PjR Appellette ˙TÙu\ C˚QV Td-Le-L-
fim, ER-Æ--◊- -Ÿm Jar LÙl-◊-L-fim J⁄ LÙl-
◊j ˘RÙœl-©p J›e-œl-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].
(T-Pm 9.22) EU’ C˚QVR[-jßu Home
Page˛p C⁄k’ Ck-Rl Td-Le-L-fidœ Hyperlink
˘LÙ”d-L-‹m. CjR˚LV Appellette Lfim AYt-
±tœj ’˚QVÙL Es[ Jar ˙LÙl◊Lfim
APe°V C˚QVl TdLm TPm 9.22p
LÙhPlTh”s[’.
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
♦ Æi¡uLs A˚]j’m J˙W ®\jßXÙLÙQlT”°u\]? ß⁄YÙß˚W´u ®\mGu]? ˙WÙ°¶ (Aldebaran), √Lp (rigel),
v¿LÙ (Spica), —YÙß (areturus) ß⁄-YÙ-ß˚W(Betelgeuse) ˙TÙu\ Æi¡uL˚[d
EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p
111
���
Li”©•j’ AYt˚\ ®\eL∞uA•lT˚P´p Ah-P-Y-˚Ql T”jR‹m.
♦ 8/11/2189 Aufl 16.45.54 U¶-˙S-Wj-ßœ˙LÙh-Pj -ßp ˙RÙu-flm J⁄ „¨V°WLQj˚R BWÙn- YÙm Gufl Yj’d-˘LÙs-˙YÙm. „¨V˚] zoom ˘NnV‹m.
˙ S W Æ ° R j ˚ R U Ù t ± V ˚ U j ’°WLQjßu UÙflThP ®˚XL˚[dLY≤dL‹m. A”jRT•VÙL CPj˚RLu≤VÙœU¨VÙL UÙt± „¨V˚] zoom
˘Nn’ A˙R °WLQj˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.CWi•tœm Es[ ˙YflTÙ”L˚[dLi”©•dL‹m.