World Shrimp Farming today: Disease, Disruption, and Change
Robins McIntosh Charoen Pokphand Foods, Public Company Bangkok Thailand
This is a 40 gram shrimp cultured in 100 days It was harvested with 28 tons/ha of the same In less than 100 days July 2016, after EMS had destroyed Thailand
Disruptions drive beneficial change
Another typical 38 gram shrimp harvest 100 day culture FCR 1.7
This is a 160 gram shrimp cultured in 160 days: Johor Malaysia, 5 tons/hectare (final harvest)
2016- post EMS
R² = 0,9459
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World Shrimp Production
Trend line since 1986 does interesting job of predicting weakening and strengthening of price
Overcoming the Challenges: Evolution of an Industry
With periodic spikes from disease pandemics
Domestication
Shrimp Price History: The trend line is down with efficiency; but sometimes during a “crisis” supply is reduced below demand and prices spike until supply is re-established
There has always been “Evolution” in response to shrimp market economics Extensive Semi-Intensive Intensive Hyper-intensive
Land availability/ low land cost
Land Cost/ Elevations
Land Cost/ Availability
Resource Availability/ Sustainability
1987 %
2017 %
50 35 15 0
21 15 60 2
290.000
3,300,000
Ecuador and India Emerge as new Production Leaders As Asia/Mexico sank: world prices increase and investment is incentivized
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500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
India + Ecuador
ems countries-600,000 tons
2003-2010: Feeling Un-stoppable
A cautionary tale:
2009-2013?: Wipe-out
Why???????
CMNV
Covert Mortality Sydr.
Shrimp
Bad management
Highly virulent Vibrio
From Jie
Was it New Pathogens
Or Newly Emerged Pathogens
History of the Success 2003-2010
1999: The year where domestication became a dominant theme in Shrimp
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monodon
vannamei
Wild Domesticated
Triggered by the use of SPF shrimp on a wide commercial
scale plus Pond Bio-security
Modernization of Shrimp Hatcheries
The Old The New
Bio-secure, more efficient
Broodstock development / Multiplication (SPF and Nucleus Breeding Concepts)
18 generations of breeding
Family Individuals Breeding Centers: Inland, Enclosed, zero exchange
Breeding has resulted in significantly lower cost production
150 gram shrimp in 160 days
18
Target = 24 g
Target = 26 g
Target = 28 g
Target = 30 g
And not just GROWTH; but tolerance to specific issues like TSV developed
18
350/gram 40/gram
Visually you can see the changes in the Animal
17 grams 100 Days
38 grams 85 Days
2002 2016
2004 2017
SPF stocks are important for Bio-security
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Introduction of Virus Free stocks
% C
rop
Lo
ss t
o W
SSV
Interaction with APHNS
Reduction of WSSV in Thai Farms
And with “healthy shrimp” antibiotics are not necessary
POST –SPF DOMESTICATION PRE- DOMESTICATION
Re-designoffarms,pondsandmanagement(PondandFarmBio-securitydeveloped)
The Old The New
Re-design of farms, ponds and management (Pond and Farm Bio-security developed)
Sometimes around 2009: subtle changes!
Chlorine
Blue Green Algae
Molasses/ probiotics
Environment/Climate
Normal
Strangulated 1
Strangulated 2
Farms had early mortality and hatcheries began reporting strangulated HP tubules– also seen in farm shrimp
Die Early
High Mortality
Low Mortality
Loss of Aquaculture and Pond Ecology Fundamentals Microbial Diversity is Important for Healthy Pond Systems
A new Life; Re-Learning to Grow Shrimp
Not abandoning the principals: SPF and Biosecurity
AHPNS is a Toxicosis from the environment
Pir Toxin I and Pir Toxin 2
=
Produced on plasmids in Vibrio bacteria: not a virus
EMS is complicated Not a singular infection in a test tube
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+
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EHP + AHPNS
AHPNS + WSSV
Shewanella + AHPNS
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We now understand that Aphns and EHP occur in The Real world and not in a test tube.
Pir I and II required: 5 ug vs 10 mg toxin
Flegel,et al.
collapsed sloughed
VPA and WSSV VPA and other Bacteria
VPA and EHP
WSSV- AHPNS Interaction
29.5C
7 day challenge
P<.0002
Learning about Quorum Sensing: Bacterial Density is important– not exclusion
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Quorum Sensing in V. P causing APHNS
Hours
Nu
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Strain: P1/1
Bacteria have an ecology: “temperature and salinity effects the bacteria growth”
Temperature: seasonality of APHNS
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Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct
Salinity: effect on AHPNS
Fujian, China Failure Rate: 2010
Nutrients effects on APHNS bacteria growth and survival of shrimp
Survival 72 hours
24 Hrs 48 Hrs 72 Hours
Seawater 80 <10x3 10x4 10x3
TSB/20ppt
20 10x3 10x6-7 10x7
SW, Moll, NH3
25 10x4 10x7 10x6
SW, Moll, NH3, Fe
12 10x5 10x6 10x6
Where is the lethal toxin: sludge, molts, old feed, dying plankton
And Vannamei Shrimp will ingest this material
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei spores
<1 micron HP oil immersion
EHP causes losses through slow growth and high FCR
The APHNS (EMS), EHP Pandemic More Culture Control, New Genetics
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Breeding has significantly increased pond survivals
Generation
Surv
ival
% 2014
2018
Smaller Ponds
Shrimp Toilets
More Aeration
Pond innovations: solutions for specific Issues
EHP APHNS
Health and Growth Health and Growth
The flush The Toilet:
Use of Shrimp Pond Toilet to quickly flush sludge, old feed and molts from Pond
Bad
Better Good
Use SMALLER PONDS, HIGHER AERATION, CLOSED, with more bottom Flushing
Nursery Technology: More toxin tolerance, larger size harvests
18 day - 0.4 gms 28 day - >1.0 gms
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Nursery 0.5Nursury 1.0Direct pl 12
DOC in Pond
MB
W (
gms)
Many successful Farms today in Thailand: Toilets, Flush, Aeration, Feeders
2016
CP Lamae Farm Layout
2010
14.49 RAI 10%
18.84 RAI 13%
CULTURE POND 115.20 RAI 78%
148.53
RESERVOIR (RV)
TOTAL FARM AREA PRIMARY TREAT(PT) 23.00 RAI 16%
67.00 RAI 46%
CULTURE POND 54.50 RAI 38%
144.50
TOTAL FARM AREA PRIMARY TREAT(PT)
RESERVOIR (RV)
With Change; todays farm has greater profits than before AHPNS
2010 2014 2016
% Culture Pond 77 77 38
DOC 87 59 81
Stock Density /m2 110 79 135
Failure Rate % 0.00 58 0.00
Survival 91 30.5 89
ADG gm/day 0.175 0.28 0.30
MBW 15.5 16.5 25.0
Yield (kg/ha/day) 190 156 333
Pl Efficiency tons/mill 13.6 5 21
Total tons 940 108 728
Cost USD/kg (direct) 2.80 13.90 3.25
Farm Profit mill. USD 1.6 -0.80 2.1
Vietnam Improved pond systems:
-Smaller ponds, more efficient water exchange -Shading -Trend to shallower; not deeper ponds -Higher aeration
And the Americas: Guatemala, Brazil, Peru
0.5 ha Ponds
35 tons/ha crop
Ground water
50 HP/Ha
Summary of trends to “pond efficiency”
• Smaller Ponds: 1000-4000M2
• Central Sumps for continuous removal of wastes
• Higher water exchanges
• Higher aeration
• Depth- more reducing depth than increasing depth
• Temperature stabilization: shade cloth
• Use of settling, treatment, fish for recycle of exchange water
• Use of Ground water when available (no need disinfectants, etc)
• Liners- reduced pond down time, cleanup ease
• Nurseries- faster growth in pond; more cycles per year
• Diets formulated for the higher growth potentials
Without Healthy Post Larvae: Genetics don’t mean very much
Healthy
AHPNS Toxin: Atrophy EHP
Necrosis
Careful what we call Genetic
Parameter
SPR I
SPR II
SPR III
SPF
SPF +
AHPNS CHALLENGE
21 60 55 62 78
MBW DOC 35
3.6 2.5 2.2 4.8 4.8
MBW DOC 80
17.5 15.5 13.5 29.6 29.6
Spf + = up-regulated
Expression of the Genes already in the Shrimp effects Survival and challenges!!!
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SR (
%)
No HSP
HSP
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
LvproPO LvALF Lvcrustin LvA2M LvKazal
Fam26 ( 63%) Fam31 ( 30%) Fam37 ( 6 %)
DOC
SR %
Exp
ress
ion
Comparison of WSSV Tolerance and Resistance
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Drop temperature To 24C
Inoculate WSSV virus Temperature 27C
DOC
% S
urv
iva
l
Tolerance is not Resistance
CP Normal Line
Development on WSSV Tolerance (SPF only)
New CP WSSV Line CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC
CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC
CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC
Conditions within the pond (stresses) effect gene expression!!!
Increased Performance through genetics?
MBW: 14.5 GMS YIELD: 10.4 MTONS/HA ADG: 0.18 GMS/DAY
MBW: 24.1 GMS YIELD: 21,300 KGS/HA ADG: 0.31 GMS/DAY
2012
2016
Fcr: 1.15
Biomass: 11 kg/m2
The Industry will evolve towards “Sustainable Intensification” Producing more from Less
Less Land, more shrimp; Higher water efficiencies Higher Feed Efficiencies Higher Survivals LOWER COSTS
Small Pond, Super Intensive