World English Vs. World World English Vs. World EnglishesEnglishes
Wednesday Sharing SessionWednesday Sharing Session
December 2, 2009December 2, 2009Presented by: Sonny SoentantoPresented by: Sonny Soentanto
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Definitions & ExplanationsDefinitions & Explanations World English:World English:
is the concept of the is the concept of the English language as a global as a global means of communication in numerous dialects, and also means of communication in numerous dialects, and also the movement towards an international standard for the the movement towards an international standard for the language. It is also referred to as Global English, World language. It is also referred to as Global English, World English, Common English, Continental English or English, Common English, Continental English or General English. General English. Sometimes "international English" and the related terms Sometimes "international English" and the related terms above refer to a desired standardisation, i.e. above refer to a desired standardisation, i.e. Standard English; however, there is no consensus on ; however, there is no consensus on the path to this goal.the path to this goal.
World Englishes:World Englishes: „ „Any language variety of English including those Any language variety of English including those
developed by communities in which English was not developed by communities in which English was not indigenous in modern history.“ ( The Routledge indigenous in modern history.“ ( The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, 2007, p. 234)Companion to Sociolinguistics, 2007, p. 234)
Why English Has Become a World Why English Has Become a World LanguageLanguage
Historical reasons: spread through trade and colonization, Historical reasons: spread through trade and colonization, wars, and cultural dissemination.wars, and cultural dissemination.
Educational reasons: English is much more developed than Educational reasons: English is much more developed than other languages.other languages.
Political reasons: Language of super power and language of Political reasons: Language of super power and language of political institutionpolitical institution
Intellectual reasons: scientific, technological, and academic Intellectual reasons: scientific, technological, and academic info available in Englishinfo available in English
Economic reasons: working language in mncsEconomic reasons: working language in mncs Practical reasons: international air traffic, emergency Practical reasons: international air traffic, emergency
servicesservices Entertainment reasons: language of popular music, cultures, Entertainment reasons: language of popular music, cultures,
broadcastingbroadcasting
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World (New) EnglishesWorld (New) Englishes
Forms of New Englishes not uniform in Forms of New Englishes not uniform in characteristics, but share criteria:characteristics, but share criteria:
• developed through education systemdeveloped through education system
• developed in an area where English was developed in an area where English was not spoken by majority of peoplenot spoken by majority of people
• has become „nativised“ by own language has become „nativised“ by own language features features ( after J.Jenkins, World Englishes,2003,p 22/23)( after J.Jenkins, World Englishes,2003,p 22/23)
55May 2007May 2007May 2007May 2007
The Concepts of ENL, ESL & EFLThe Concepts of ENL, ESL & EFL
Three distinct forms of usersThree distinct forms of users
increasingly difficult to classify speakers increasingly difficult to classify speakers belonging to only one groupbelonging to only one group
but important starting point to understand but important starting point to understand distinctions and spread of New & World distinctions and spread of New & World EnglishesEnglishes
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ENLENLEEnglish as nglish as NNative ative LLanguageanguage
language of people born &raised in countries, language of people born &raised in countries, where English is (historically) the first languagewhere English is (historically) the first language
countries like: UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New countries like: UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New ZealandZealand
-> as „traditional, cultural & linguistic bases“-> as „traditional, cultural & linguistic bases“ around 350 million ENL speakers around the around 350 million ENL speakers around the
worldworld Not one single variety, differences in territories Not one single variety, differences in territories
(e.g. UK and US)(e.g. UK and US) Norm providing and spoken in the Inner CircleNorm providing and spoken in the Inner Circle
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ESLESLEEnglish as nglish as SSecond econd LLanguageanguage
people living in territories like India, Bangladesh, people living in territories like India, Bangladesh, Nigeria and SingaporeNigeria and Singapore
Countries former colonised by BritishCountries former colonised by British
->English gained importance in administration->English gained importance in administration English serves official purpose within the country English serves official purpose within the country
in law, education and governmentin law, education and government also worldwide around 350 million speakersalso worldwide around 350 million speakers Norm developing and labeled as non-standard, Norm developing and labeled as non-standard,
illegitimate, interlanguage, bad, deviant, half illegitimate, interlanguage, bad, deviant, half bakedbaked
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EFLEFLEEnglish as nglish as FForeign oreign LLanguageanguage
For speakers of EFL English serves no purpose in own For speakers of EFL English serves no purpose in own countrycountry
Historically learned for communication with ENL Historically learned for communication with ENL speakersspeakers
Nowadays used for communication with other non-native Nowadays used for communication with other non-native speakersspeakers
Norm dependent and used in Expanding CircleNorm dependent and used in Expanding Circle
Example for EFL: IndonesiaExample for EFL: Indonesia
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Kachru‘s three cirlce model Kachru‘s three cirlce model of world Englishesof world Englishes
most influential model describing spread of most influential model describing spread of World EnglishWorld English
Connected to the ENL, ESL, EFL conceptsConnected to the ENL, ESL, EFL concepts
Kachru divides World Englishes in three Kachru divides World Englishes in three concentric circlesconcentric circles
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Kachru‘s three cirlce model Kachru‘s three cirlce model of world Englishesof world Englishes
The Inner CircleThe Inner Circle Countries: UK, USA, Countries: UK, USA,
Canada,Australia, New Canada,Australia, New ZealandZealand
-> ENL countries-> ENL countries
Spoken English as „norm Spoken English as „norm providing“providing“
English-language English-language standards determined by standards determined by ENL speakers (Inner ENL speakers (Inner Circle)Circle)
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Kachru‘s three cirlce model Kachru‘s three cirlce model of world Englishesof world Englishes
The Outer CircleThe Outer Circle Countries: Bangladesh, Countries: Bangladesh,
Singapore,Singapore, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Lanka, Tanzania, Malaysia,…Tanzania, Malaysia,…-> ESL countries-> ESL countries
Spoken English regarded as Spoken English regarded as „norm developing“ „norm developing“ (developing own standards)(developing own standards)
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Kachru‘s three cirlce model Kachru‘s three cirlce model of world Englishesof world Englishes
The Expanding CircleThe Expanding Circle Countries: China, Egypt, Countries: China, Egypt,
Indonesia, Taiwan, Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Korea, Israel,…Israel,…
-> EFL countries-> EFL countries
Spoken English regarded as Spoken English regarded as “norm performing“ “norm performing“
-> standards from Inner & Outer -> standards from Inner & Outer Circles are performed / taken Circles are performed / taken overover
But no official status, therefore But no official status, therefore dependent on standards set by dependent on standards set by Inner Circle Inner Circle
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Kachru‘s three cirlce model Kachru‘s three cirlce model of world Englishesof world Englishes
CriticismCriticism Model implies uniformity of Model implies uniformity of
countries within one circle countries within one circle -> not true: even in Inner Circle -> not true: even in Inner Circle
differences in amount of differences in amount of liguistic diversityliguistic diversity
todays Immigration left out of todays Immigration left out of accountaccount
grey area between Outer and grey area between Outer and Expanding Circle -> countries Expanding Circle -> countries in transition from EFL to ESL in transition from EFL to ESL status, like: Argentina, status, like: Argentina, Belgium, Denmark…Belgium, Denmark…
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Mc Arthur‘s circle of World EnglishMc Arthur‘s circle of World English
Inner Circle:Inner Circle: World Standard EnglishWorld Standard English-> but not existing in identifiable -> but not existing in identifiable
formform
Outer Circle:Outer Circle: Band of regional varieties of Band of regional varieties of
EnglishEnglish
standard standardising standard standardising forms formsforms forms
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Mc Arthur‘s circle of World EnglishMc Arthur‘s circle of World English
„„crowded fringe“crowded fringe“
Dividing the world into 8 seperate Dividing the world into 8 seperate regionsregions
Describe subvarieties of the Describe subvarieties of the standard & standardising formsstandard & standardising forms
Examples: Welsh English, Examples: Welsh English, Quebec English,…Quebec English,…
Summary example:Summary example: WSE WSE
American Standard English American Standard English
MidlandMidland
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Singapore English - Short Singapore English - Short Overview About HistoryOverview About History
Singapore was originally part of the Sri Vijaya kingdom of Singapore was originally part of the Sri Vijaya kingdom of SumatraSumatra
in 1819 the British trader Sir Stamford Raffles leased the in 1819 the British trader Sir Stamford Raffles leased the island from the Sultan of Johoreisland from the Sultan of Johore
it became the 'Straits Settlements' with Malacca and it became the 'Straits Settlements' with Malacca and Penang in 1826 (under the East India Company)Penang in 1826 (under the East India Company)
1867 British colony1867 British colony taken by Japanese in 1942 (WW II) but became British taken by Japanese in 1942 (WW II) but became British
again in 1945again in 1945 self-government in 1959self-government in 1959 part of the Federartion of Malay from 1963 to 1965 part of the Federartion of Malay from 1963 to 1965 then independent statethen independent state
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Singapore English - General Singapore English - General FactsFacts
four official languages in Singapore English, four official languages in Singapore English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay and TamilMandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil
English is the language of the law courts, English is the language of the law courts, government administration and educationgovernment administration and education
1947 31,6 percent of students attended English-1947 31,6 percent of students attended English-medium schools (others attended Chinese- and medium schools (others attended Chinese- and Tamil-medium schools)Tamil-medium schools)
since 1987 English is the exclusive medium for since 1987 English is the exclusive medium for primary, secondary and tertiary educationprimary, secondary and tertiary education
main language of commerce and businessmain language of commerce and business main feature: wide social range of its usersmain feature: wide social range of its users
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The Concept of basilect and The Concept of basilect and acrolectacrolect use of Englishuse of English
Social dialectic conceptSocial dialectic concept Acrolect (standard):Acrolect (standard):• Used for international communicationUsed for international communication• And for formal & public intranational And for formal & public intranational
interactioninteraction Basilect (colloquial):Basilect (colloquial):• Used for informal intranational Used for informal intranational
communicationcommunication
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Singapore English - General Singapore English - General FactsFacts
at the higher level there's a at the higher level there's a government-backed normative government-backed normative variety based on British variety based on British EnglishEnglish
spoken with a near-RP spoken with a near-RP accentaccent
used by Singapore used by Singapore Broadcasting CorporationBroadcasting Corporation
influenced by American influenced by American usageusage
on the other hand home-on the other hand home-grown colloquial style - so grown colloquial style - so called Singlishcalled Singlish
serves the young as a serves the young as a means of solidarity, relaxing means of solidarity, relaxing and being oneselfand being oneself
vigorous, slangy and vigorous, slangy and creative languagecreative language
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Singapore English - Particular Singapore English - Particular FeaturesFeatures
Chinese influence Chinese influence
Chinese particles la(h) and aa/ah used to express Chinese particles la(h) and aa/ah used to express emphasis and emotionemphasis and emotion
la(h) as a token of informal intimacy → la(h) as a token of informal intimacy → Can you come Can you come tonight? Can lah/Cannot lahtonight? Can lah/Cannot lah
aa/ah in yes-no questions → You wait me, aa? aa/ah in yes-no questions → You wait me, aa? instead of instead of Will you wait for me?Will you wait for me?
I come tonight, ah? I come tonight, ah? instead of instead of Should I come tonight?Should I come tonight?
You think I scared of you, ah?You think I scared of you, ah?
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Singapore English - ParticularSingapore English - Particular FeaturesFeatures
Chinese-style interjections Chinese-style interjections
ay yaah!ay yaah! to express surprise or exasperation to express surprise or exasperation
ay yor! tay yor! to express pain or wonder or botho express pain or wonder or both
ay yer! ay yer! indicating a reaction to something indicating a reaction to something unpleasant and maybe unexptectedunpleasant and maybe unexptected
che! eche! expressing irritation or regret xpressing irritation or regret
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Singapore English - Singapore English - PronounciationPronounciation
vowels in words such as vowels in words such as taketake, , soso and and daredare are often single are often single vowels as in Scottish English and not diphthongs as in RPvowels as in Scottish English and not diphthongs as in RP
reduction of final consonant clusters to one spoken reduction of final consonant clusters to one spoken consonant consonant
jussjuss for ' for 'justjust''
toltol for ' for 'toldtold''
slepslep for ' for 'slept'slept'
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Singapore English - GrammarSingapore English - Grammar
tendency of omitting tendency of omitting
articles articles You have pen or not?You have pen or not?
plural inflection -s plural inflection -s I got two sister and three brother.I got two sister and three brother.
present-tense inflection -s present-tense inflection -s This radio sound good.This radio sound good.
past-tense inflectinon -ed/-t past-tense inflectinon -ed/-t ask ask for for askedasked and and slepslep for for sleptslept
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Singapore English - GrammarSingapore English - Grammar
direct and indirect objects are often placed first direct and indirect objects are often placed first
→ → Me you don't give it to.Me you don't give it to. instead of instead of You didn't You didn't give it to me.give it to me.
also used more often than too, especially at the also used more often than too, especially at the end of a sentenceend of a sentence
→ But we are supposed to learn Chinese also.→ But we are supposed to learn Chinese also.
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Singapore English - GrammarSingapore English - Grammar
ways of checking if someone agrees or disagrees or ways of checking if someone agrees or disagrees or can or cannot do something are pretty informalcan or cannot do something are pretty informal
Are you coming? Yes or not?Are you coming? Yes or not?
Like it or not?Like it or not?
Are you going? Can or not?Are you going? Can or not?
Enough or not?Enough or not?
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Singapore English - VocabularySingapore English - Vocabulary
English words with re-applied meaningsEnglish words with re-applied meanings
send send meaning 'meaning 'taketake' ' → → I will send you home.I will send you home.
openopen meaning ' meaning 'put onput on' ' → → Open the light.Open the light.
closeclose meaning ' meaning 'put offput off' ' → → Close the light.Close the light.
taketake suggesting ' suggesting 'eat, drink, likeeat, drink, like' ' → → Do you take hot Do you take hot food?food?
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Singapore English - VocabularySingapore English - Vocabulary formal and informal style are less distinct from each formal and informal style are less distinct from each
other than in British and American usageother than in British and American usage
that results in a mix of highly colloquial and highly that results in a mix of highly colloquial and highly formal use formal use
→ → her deceased hubbyher deceased hubby rather then rather then her dead husbandher dead husband
words taken from regional languageswords taken from regional languages
for example the Malayan word for example the Malayan word makanmakan (food) (food) → → Let's have some makan.Let's have some makan.
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The Implication for LIAThe Implication for LIA
No need to bother about World Englishes No need to bother about World Englishes if you teach EC, ET, EA.if you teach EC, ET, EA.
Expose the students to World Englishes if Expose the students to World Englishes if you teach CV, CIB etc. to raise their you teach CV, CIB etc. to raise their awareness and tolerance and provide your awareness and tolerance and provide your students with cross-cultural students with cross-cultural communication strategies.communication strategies.