WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
JMP JMP and data reconciliationand data reconciliation
Workshop on Millennium Development Goals MonitoringWorkshop on Millennium Development Goals Monitoring14-16 January 2009, Bangkok14-16 January 2009, Bangkok
Rifat HossainRifat Hossain
Public Health and Public Health and EnvironmentEnvironment
World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization
Rolf LuyendijkRolf LuyendijkStatistics and MonitoringStatistics and Monitoring
United Nations Children's FundUnited Nations Children's Fund
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
This presentation covers…This presentation covers…What is JMP
How JMP estimates Methodologies
JMP challenges Multiple data sources
JMP's approach to reconcile The ladder
JMP's reconciliation efforts
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEFWHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
MDG 7 Target 7c:Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people
without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Indicators: Proportion of the population that has access to an
improved drinking water source (urban and rural)
Proportion of population that has access to an improved sanitation facility (urban and rural)
JMP Monitors…JMP Monitors…
usesuses
usesuses
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
JMP definitions of improved/unimproved
Piped into dwelling, plot or yard
Public tap/standpipe
Tube well/borehole
Protected dug well
Protected spring
Rainwater collection
Flush/pour flush to: piped sewer systemseptic tank pit latrine
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine
Pit latrine with slab
Composting toiletUnprotected dug well
Unprotected spring
Cart with small tank/drum
Tanker truck
Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation canal)
Bottled water (unless 2nd Improved source)
Flush/Pour flush to elsewhere
Pit latrine without slab/open pit
Bucket
Hanging toilet/hanging latrine
Shared sanitation of any type
No facilities, bush or fieldUN
-IM
PR
OV
ED
IMP
RO
VE
D
Drinking Water Sanitation
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Côte d'Ivoire - rural -Access to sanitation
JMP93
DHS94
JMP96
WHO88
WHO90
DHS99
JMP99
EMP86
EMP85 MICS00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
% C
ov
era
ge
Reported data
Survey data
Coverage
distribution
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
JMP uses National survey/census JMP uses National survey/census because…because…
More objective and reliable Some facilities fallen out of order Avoid double counting by not considering
upgrading of improved facilities
Allows for analyses Disaggregated into wealth quintiles Comparable across countries Monitor trends over time
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
0102030405060708090
100
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YearYear
Cov
erag
e (%
)C
over
age
(%)
JMP cookbook !JMP cookbook !
- 2 data points scenario- 2 data points scenario- - ≤≤ 4 year apart 4 year apart- > 5 years extrapolation- > 5 years extrapolation
4 Years < 5 Years NO REGRESSION LINE !4 Years < 5 Years NO REGRESSION LINE !8 Years > 5 Years REGRESSION LINE !8 Years > 5 Years REGRESSION LINE !
2 Years max.2 Years max.4 Years max.4 Years max.
6 Years max.6 Years max.6 Years max.6 Years max.2 Years max.2 Years max.
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
X
X
DHS87
DHS96
DHS01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
% C
over
age
How JMP estimates
Estimated coverage
1990: 50%
2002: 77%
Estimated coverage
1990: 52% (new baseline)
2002: 75%
2006: 82%
XX
NFHS03
xx
X
X
Estimated coverage
2003 ≠ NFHS03
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
A bold step…A bold step…
Joint Monitoring ProgrammeBetween WHO and UNICEF
…and Country X
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WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
A complex sectorA complex sector
Data needs of a wide range of stakeholders
Multiple stakeholders with varying methodologies
Multiple data sources = Confusion
Reconciliation needed to bolster mutual cooperation and confidence building to
strengthen national monitoring
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Major reasons for discrepanciesMajor reasons for discrepanciesDiffering sources of data
NSO – user based data Sector – provider based data
Differing methodologies Even with user based data
• Countries sometimes use single data point
Differing population estimates Most recent census vs. UNPD estimates
Differing definitions of urban/rural NSO and Sectors not always agree
Differing definitions
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Reconciliation through Reconciliation through dialogue/cooperation/coordinationdialogue/cooperation/coordination
Key players National
• NSO • Sectoral ministries
International (IHSN etc.)
Reconciliation Development of framework and guidelines Help implement the framework
• JMP as a player• JMP as an honest broker
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Framework for reconciliationFramework for reconciliation
Fill data gaps (with NSOs, sectors, regional bodies, other int. orgs) Liaise with National authorities (in
collaboration with regional bodies)• NSO as national data clearing house
Liaise with other international organizations
For greater synergy Explain methodologies
• Website • Workshops• National stakeholders' meeting
Promote the use of standardized data collection tools
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Framework for reconciliation (cont'd)Framework for reconciliation (cont'd)
Data reconciliation Consultation with national bodies
• JMP website• Wiki style portal• Etc.
Reconcile sectoral and statistical datasets?
Agree on a single set of datasets• Construct a single ladder (possible?)• Show discrepancies through this ladder
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WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
JMP2008: The ladder approach…JMP2008: The ladder approach…
Open defecation
Unimproved
sanitation facilities
Shared sanitation facilities
Improved sanitation facilities
Other improved drinking water
sources
Unimproved drinking
water sources
Piped water in dwelling,
plot or yard
Moving from Improved/Unimproved dichotomy to a more
refined situation
Sanitation (4 rungs)
Imp
rove
Imp
rove
d a
s p
er
d a
s p
er
MD
GM
DG
Water (3 rungs)
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
MDG Definition With access
Sewer connection Septic tank VIP/improved pit
Without access Shared facilities Unimproved
facilities Open defecation
Reconciliation with a more refined LadderReconciliation with a more refined Ladder
Progress in Sanitation
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990 2006Year
Open defecation Unimproved
Shared Improved pit
Septic tank Sewer
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Progress in Sanitation
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990 2006Year
Open defecation Unimproved
Shared Improved pit
Septic tank Sewer
Comparing JMP and national definitions Comparing JMP and national definitions (after closing data gaps)(after closing data gaps)
MDG Definition With access
Sewer connection Septic tank VIP/improved pit
Without access Shared facilities Unimproved
facilities Open defecation
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Progress in Sanitation
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990 2006Year
Open defecation Unimproved
Shared Improved pit
Septic tank Sewer
National Definition
With Access Sewer connection Septic tank VIP/improved pit Shared facilities Unimproved facilities
Without Access Open defecation
52%
Differences due to differing definitions
80%MDG Definition With access
Sewer connection Septic tank VIP/improved pit
Without access Shared facilities Unimproved
facilities Open defecation
Comparing JMP and national definitions Comparing JMP and national definitions (after closing data gaps)(after closing data gaps)
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Bangladesh puzzleBangladesh puzzleUrban Sanitation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990 1995 2000 2006
Year
% C
ove
rag
e
Opendefecation
Unimproved
Shared
Improved pit
Septic tank
Sew erage
48%
Flush/pour flush to: piped sewer systemseptic tank pit latrine
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine
Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet Flush/Pour flush to elsewhere
Pit latrine without slab/open pit
Bucket
Hanging toilet/hanging latrine
Shared sanitation of any type
No facilities, bush or fieldUN
-IM
PR
OV
ED
IMP
RO
VE
DD
isaggregation D
isaggregation and ladderand ladder
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WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Can we agree on the ladder?Can we agree on the ladder?
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WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
JMP's Reconciliation effortsJMP's Reconciliation efforts Campaign to fill data gaps
Through workshops, Cooperation with NSOs Major International data gathering/disseminating institutions
(IPUMS etc.)
Through workshops (capacity building, stat+sector) Past workshops
• Anglophone Western Africa (Abuja, September 2007) Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
• Anglophone Eastern Africa (Nairobi, November 2007) Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
• South Asia (Kathmandu, August 2008) Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal (multiple data sources)
• Central America (Santo Domingo, November 2008) Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Panama• Francophone Africa (Bamako, December 2008)
Benin, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Mali, Senegal
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Through workshops (capacity building, stat+sector) Planned activities/workshops
• Follow-up to past workshops• South-east Asia (Jakarta, April 2009)• India (June 2009)• East Asia (to be decided)
Through national stakeholders meetings Follow-up to workshops (involving all actors)
• Bangladesh, Nepal
JMP's Reconciliation efforts (cont'd)JMP's Reconciliation efforts (cont'd)
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Through communication with country authorities
• Senegal, Madagascar Presentation in Stockholm
• India Through coordination with
international organizations Use of core questions through IHSN UNSD pilot project Reconciliation efforts by regional
commissions Joint workshops…
JMP's Reconciliation efforts (cont'd)JMP's Reconciliation efforts (cont'd)
WHOWHO UNICEFUNICEF
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Thank you!Thank you!
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