What Kind of MetrologyDo We Need in 2010?Developments in Germany and Europe
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Manfred KochsiekVice PresidentPhysikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltBraunschweig and Berlin
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Why 2010?Why 2010?
The world is changing! ... and:
• National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) have to be1-2 years ahead of trends and developmentsin trade, industry and science
• High investments need a lead time of ~ 5 years
Planning for 2010 has to start now!
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QuestionsQuestions
• How can we maintain high-quality metrology whilenational budgets are decreasing? Extend cooperation Strategic planning
• What has to be harmonized in metrology? WTO: “Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade”
updated all 3 years
• What are the challenges for European metrology? Support “Free trade, single market” Identify “metrology customers” ...
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Europe in 2010Europe in 2010
• Europe will have grownto ~ 30 member states
25 EU states+ Bulgaria, Romania (2007)+ Turkey, Croatia (?),4 EFTA states(Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland)
European cooperation becomes increasingly important!
Metrology has tobe maintained
or even extended
National budgets are
decreasing“Metrology dilemma”
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Planning in Metrology Planning in Metrology
Former “academic-oriented” approach:
Expand NMI´s capabilities by– lowering measurement uncertainty– extending measurement range– developing new measurement methods
Modern “efficiency-oriented” approach:
Follow customers´ needs...
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Who are our CustomersWho are our Customersand What can we do for Them?and What can we do for Them?
• Politics consulting of governments maintaining metrological infrastructure dismantling of trade barriers
• Science fundamental research measurement and calibration
on highest level
• Trade + Industry
measurement and calibration testing and certification applied research standardization and harmonization
• Society consumer protection occupational health, environment
and safety
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Metrology in GermanyMetrology in Germany
Realization of the unitsRealization of the units
85 verification bodies
350testing centres
> 120 Mio. measurement
units
85 verification bodies
350testing centres
> 120 Mio. measurement
units
Traceability
Dissemination of the units Dissemination of the units
10 000 000 calibrations within industry
250 000 calibrations by DKD for industry
3500 calibrationsby PTB for DKD
Ruhrgas AG
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PTB -PTB -The National Metrology Institute of The National Metrology Institute of GermanyGermany
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt• highest technical authority under the auspices of the
Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour (BMWA)
• founded 1887 as Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt
• annual budget of ~ 125 Mio. Euros
• ~ 1400 staff members (+ 300)
Mission PTB stands for progress and reliability in metrology for the benefit of society, trade, industry, and science.
VisionPTB wants to be the worldwide highest center of competence in the field of metrology as a partner and service provider.
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History of PTBHistory of PTB
Hermann von Helmholtz
1887 Foundation of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) inBerlin (H. v. Helmholtz and W. v.Siemens)
1923 Incorporation of the Reichsanstalt fürMaß und Gewicht(Weights and Measures Office)
1946 Rebuilding of PTR in Berlin1950 Foundation of PTB in Braunschweig1953 Affiliation of PTR to PTB as
“Berlin Institute”1977 Foundation of DKD (German Calibration
Service) by government and industry 1990 Incorporation of the metrology section of the ASMW of the former GDR into PTB2002 Close-down of ASMW site in Berlin
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Sites of PTBSites of PTB
Braunschweig
Berlin+
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Profile of TasksProfile of Tasks
• Fundamentals of metrology Realization and dissemination of the SI units
• Metrology for economyIncreasing the efficiency of economy, safeguarding of employment
• Metrology for societyPromotion of consumer protection, safeguarding of living conditions
• International affairsRemoval of technical barriers to trade, unification of metrology
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What Makes PTB DifferentWhat Makes PTB Different
• PTB is not a typical authority 60 % research / development
25 % calibration / services15 % consultation
• PTB is not a typical research institute fundamental research work is necessary for
development, calibration, services, consultingto be done on highest level
PTB´s tasks are stipulated by ~ 30 laws and regulations
• PTB is not a typical authority 60 % research / development
25 % calibration / services15 % consultation
• PTB is not a typical research institute fundamental research work is necessary for
development, calibration, services, consultingto be done on highest level
PTB´s tasks are stipulated by ~ 30 laws and regulations
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Legal Tasks of PTBLegal Tasks of PTB
Staff resources15 % for the legally regulated field
Total revenues 5,5 Mio. € / year
plus 1,5 Mio. € / year (approvals of gambling machines)
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Customers´ NeedsCustomers´ NeedsExample “Time”Example “Time”
quartz clock
10 -8
process control
10 -11
state-of-the-artatomic clock
10 -14
navigation by satellite ± 1 m
initial fundamental research
advancedatomic clocks
10 -17
Reducing Measurement Uncertainty
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> 20 MNlittle need
Customers´ NeedsCustomers´ NeedsExample “Force”Example “Force”
Textile industry
Metrology in medicine
1 N10 N
100 N1 kN
10 kN100 kN
1 MN10 MN
100 MN
Aircraft industry
Surface mining
Space technology
Off-shore industry
Materials testing / Safety engineering
Automobile industry
Material-handling industry
Automatic control
Force scale of PTB1 N 16.5 MN
< 1 N down to µNgrowing need: micro actors forces for micro assembly
Extending Measurement Range for dissemination / traceability
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AFM
Typical applications of small forces
Force in Newton
10-9 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10310-2 10-1 100 101 102
Stylus systems
Atomic Force Microscopes
New PTB FacilityPTB ForceStandard Machines
Hardness measuring
Coordinate measuring
Customers´ NeedsCustomers´ NeedsExample “Force”Example “Force”
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Piezoelectrical adjustment device
Force transducer(to be investigated)
Electrodynamic force compensation balance
Levermecha-
nismCoil
Magnet
Positionsensor
Equipment for force range 1 mN to 5 N
Customers´ NeedsCustomers´ NeedsExample “Force”Example “Force”
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Metrology ForesightMetrology Foresight
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Predictions may Fail...Predictions may Fail...
because
1. Innovation is not accepted:“Adaptive light”, moving automobile headlight,
~ 1955 invented by Citroen, re-invented 2005
2. Innovation is misjudged:"You could put in this room... all the radiotelephone
apparatus that the country will ever need”W. W. Dean, President Dean Telephone Company (1907)
"I think there is a world market for about five computers”
Th. Watson, Chairman of IBM (1943)
"640k ought to be enough for anybody” Bill Gates (1981)
“Prediction is very difficult,especially about the future”
Nils Bohr
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How to Recognize ChallengesHow to Recognize Challenges
• Political guidelines
• Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”)
• Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international)
• Co-operations
• Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
• Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
• Strategic and foresight studies
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How to Recognize ChallengesHow to Recognize Challenges
• Political guidelines
• Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”)
• Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international)
• Co-operations
• Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
• Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
• Strategic and foresight studies
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Modernization of Legal Metrology in Modernization of Legal Metrology in GermanyGermany
Political guidelines• Entrust private bodies with technically orientated tasks• Implementation of the MID• Globalization (MAA of the OIML)
Necessary steps• Market surveillance in Europe• New technologies, i.e. assessment procedures for
measuring systems• New measuring devices, i.e. in deregulated fields: gas,
electricity• Sampling test procedures
Political guidelines• Entrust private bodies with technically orientated tasks• Implementation of the MID• Globalization (MAA of the OIML)
Necessary steps• Market surveillance in Europe• New technologies, i.e. assessment procedures for
measuring systems• New measuring devices, i.e. in deregulated fields: gas,
electricity• Sampling test procedures
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How to Recognize ChallengesHow to Recognize Challenges
• Political guidelines
• Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”)
• Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international)
numerous personal contacts
publications, conferences, fairs collaboration in bodies (standardisation etc.) internet investigation new internet-based platform for PTB services,
especially for SMEs
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Communication about our workCommunication about our workPTB-own publicationsPTB-own publications
• Annual Reports
• PTB Reports
• PTB Testing Instructions
• PTB Texts
• Monographs
• Annual Reports
• PTB Reports
• PTB Testing Instructions
• PTB Texts
• Monographs
• “PTB-Mitteilungen”
• “PTBnews”
• “maßstäbe”
• Press releases
• Divers brochures
• “PTB-Mitteilungen”
• “PTBnews”
• “maßstäbe”
• Press releases
• Divers brochures
• Internet homepagewww.ptb.de
• Internet homepagewww.ptb.de
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How to Recognize ChallengesHow to Recognize Challenges
• Political guidelines
• Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”)
• Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international)
• Co-operations
• Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
• Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
• Strategic and foresight studies
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Co-operations: PTB and PartnersCo-operations: PTB and Partners
About 270 co-operations between PTB and
• universitiesi.e. prototype of a balance together with theTechnical University Ilmenau
• industryi.e. nanometer comparator together with thecompany Heidenhain
• research institutes
i.e. use of synchrotron radiation @ BESSY II GmbH
About 270 co-operations between PTB and
• universitiesi.e. prototype of a balance together with theTechnical University Ilmenau
• industryi.e. nanometer comparator together with thecompany Heidenhain
• research institutes
i.e. use of synchrotron radiation @ BESSY II GmbH
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Chip LithographyChip Lithography RoadmapRoadmap
Structure sizes and wavelengths of the projected light
Wavelength
Structure Size
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Industry Co-operationIndustry Co-operation PTB Synchrotron Radiation FacilitiesPTB Synchrotron Radiation Facilities
PTB Radiometry Laboratory@ BESSY II
PTB Willy-Wien-Laboratory@ Metrology Light Source
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Industry Co-operationIndustry Co-operation@ @ BESSY IIBESSY II
EUVL collector mirror
Co-operation with the Carl Zeiss SMT AGCharacterization of mirrors for extreme-UV lithography (EUVL) for the next chip generations
EUV lithography
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Industry Co-operationIndustry Co-operationProject „ABBILD“Project „ABBILD“
Aim:Development of new technologiesfor the mask lithography of the future
Aim:Development of new technologiesfor the mask lithography of the future
A 220 Mio. € project of 20 partner from industry and, research institutesA 220 Mio. € project of 20 partner from industry and, research institutes
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How to Recognize ChallengesHow to Recognize Challenges
• Political guidelines
• Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”)
• Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international)
• Co-operations
• Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
• Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
• Strategic and foresight studies
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ReportsReports / Advice / AdviceEvaluation of PTBEvaluation of PTB
2002: An international commission under management ofH. Weule evaluate PTB
Interactive process, sub-commissions
16. Dez. 2002
April until August
April, August, November
3 Meetings with laboratory inspections
Handing over of the evaluation report
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Evaluation of PTBEvaluation of PTBCommission SuggestionsCommission Suggestions
• PTB-internal issues, i.e.- strengthen customer orientation- specify short-, medium- and long-term needs in metrology- sustain high level of of research work, education and
training• Relation between PTB and ministry, i.e.
- improve resources for PTB- allow more flexibility and autonomy for PTB
• PTB and industry, i.e.- promote technology transfer
• Sustain / improve activities in the metrology fields ofradiometry, primary clocks, quantum electronics,lithography, ionizing radiation, molecular medicine, chemistry, and IT
• PTB-internal issues, i.e.- strengthen customer orientation- specify short-, medium- and long-term needs in metrology- sustain high level of of research work, education and
training• Relation between PTB and ministry, i.e.
- improve resources for PTB- allow more flexibility and autonomy for PTB
• PTB and industry, i.e.- promote technology transfer
• Sustain / improve activities in the metrology fields ofradiometry, primary clocks, quantum electronics,lithography, ionizing radiation, molecular medicine, chemistry, and IT
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How to Recognize ChallengesHow to Recognize Challenges
• Political guidelines
• Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”)
• Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international)
• Co-operations
• Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
• Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
• Strategic and foresight studies
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Strategy & ForesightStrategy & Foresight““Health” as the Engine of GrowthHealth” as the Engine of Growth
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Strategy & ForesightStrategy & ForesightKey Technologies Key Technologies 20102010
Microsystems- and Nanotechnology
IT, Mobile Communication, Networking
Biotechnology, Life Science
Electronic/ Microelectronic
Optical Technologies
Internet, Software, Computing
Production engineering
8057
4650
7347
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4636
4538
2418
30
university/researchall
Technologies with the highest innovation potential (VDE 2002)
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Strategy & ForesightStrategy & Foresight Weighing Technology Weighing Technology
Future technology of balances (Delphi Study 1997)
Assessment after “halftime”
1997 – 2005 – 2010
- Gravimetric and volumetric measurement
- Force and weighing sensor
- Online weighing technology
- Accuracy
- New areas: e.g. automotive engineering
- Consumption area: No new development
Assessment after “halftime”
1997 – 2005 – 2010
- Gravimetric and volumetric measurement
- Force and weighing sensor
- Online weighing technology
- Accuracy
- New areas: e.g. automotive engineering
- Consumption area: No new development
Many things are possible! Is there a need?
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How to Recognize ChallengesHow to Recognize Challenges
• Political guidelines
• Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”)
• Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international)
• Co-operations
• Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
• Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
• Strategic and foresight studies in metrology, i.e.- Kaarls Report (BIPM)- Legal Metrology 2020, Birch Study (OIML) - - MERA / iMERA (EU)
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Strategy & ForesightStrategy & ForesightBIPM - Kaarls ReportBIPM - Kaarls Report
Evolving Needs for Metrology in Trade, Industry andSociety and the Role of the BIPM (2003)
Current and new requirements:• Metrology related to the quality of life• Metrology related to monitoring environmental pollution• Metrology in monitoring climate change
New approaches and technologies:• Traceability to SI or internationally agreed references• Application of information technology• New optical/microwave applications (femtosecond lasers)• Lab-on-a-chip, nanotechnology, microbiology• Commercially available quantum-based primary standards
Evolving Needs for Metrology in Trade, Industry andSociety and the Role of the BIPM (2003)
Current and new requirements:• Metrology related to the quality of life• Metrology related to monitoring environmental pollution• Metrology in monitoring climate change
New approaches and technologies:• Traceability to SI or internationally agreed references• Application of information technology• New optical/microwave applications (femtosecond lasers)• Lab-on-a-chip, nanotechnology, microbiology• Commercially available quantum-based primary standards
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Strategy & ForesightStrategy & Foresight Legal MetrologyLegal Metrology - - OIMLOIML
Workshop “Legal Metrology in 2020”(2002, 150 participants, 45 countries)
Visions for social and political developments and technologies
Results for legal metrology
• More harmonization and world wide acceptance is necessary• New technical challenges are caused by the internet• Global market surveillance is necessary• Participation of developing countries• OIML-Mutual Acceptance Agreement (MAA)
Workshop “Legal Metrology in 2020”(2002, 150 participants, 45 countries)
Visions for social and political developments and technologies
Results for legal metrology
• More harmonization and world wide acceptance is necessary• New technical challenges are caused by the internet• Global market surveillance is necessary• Participation of developing countries• OIML-Mutual Acceptance Agreement (MAA)
„Birch Study“ (2003) http://www.oiml.org/publications/birch_study.html
“Benefit of Legal Metrology for the Economy and Society“
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Strategy & ForesightStrategy & Foresight
MERA StudyMERA Study
= “Metrology in the European Research Area”
FP5 project, 2002-2004, 11 NMIs
Main project tasks:• Inventory control of metrological activities• Develop perspectives for European co-operation• Understand various options for the future of the metrology infrastructure in Europe
Main project tasks:• Inventory control of metrological activities• Develop perspectives for European co-operation• Understand various options for the future of the metrology infrastructure in Europe
Motivation:• Necessity to begin with new fields of work• Growing complexity of tasks• Decreasing budgets• Growing number of NMIs in Europe
Motivation:• Necessity to begin with new fields of work• Growing complexity of tasks• Decreasing budgets• Growing number of NMIs in Europe
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Do we need 30 NMIs in Europe?Do we need 30 NMIs in Europe?Possible Future ScenariosPossible Future Scenarios
A - Comprehensive national provision
C - Specialized centers of excellenceB - Selected standard holders
D - Single European Institute
at present
MERA: future situation
www.euromet.org/docs/pubs/docs/Mera_final_report.pdf
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Main tasks:
• Co-ordinate European metrology research in strategicareas
• Establish an ERA outside the Framework Programme, but with the EC, through “Article 169” action (EU treaty)
• Develop structures for execution of a common EuropeanMetrology Research Programme
• Reappraise EUROMET
Main tasks:
• Co-ordinate European metrology research in strategicareas
• Establish an ERA outside the Framework Programme, but with the EC, through “Article 169” action (EU treaty)
• Develop structures for execution of a common EuropeanMetrology Research Programme
• Reappraise EUROMET
MERA follow-up:MERA follow-up:iMERAiMERA
www.euromet.org/projects/imera
“implementing Metrology in the European Research Area”FP6 project, 2005-200720 partners from 14 countries + IRMM
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Where are we now? Where are we now?
Continue with / improve
• Key technologies (Nano- / micro-, optical , energy, ...)
• Fundamental metrology (Quantum electronics, ...)
• “Quality of life” (Metrology in chemistry, medicine physics, ...)
• Industrial use of quantum standards
• Traffic control (Breath alcohol,...)
Started with • Online and Inline measurements
• Metrological information technology (software testing,...)
• Calibration via internet
• Cross linking with other NMI (e.g. NPL) via internet
Continue with / improve
• Key technologies (Nano- / micro-, optical , energy, ...)
• Fundamental metrology (Quantum electronics, ...)
• “Quality of life” (Metrology in chemistry, medicine physics, ...)
• Industrial use of quantum standards
• Traffic control (Breath alcohol,...)
Started with • Online and Inline measurements
• Metrological information technology (software testing,...)
• Calibration via internet
• Cross linking with other NMI (e.g. NPL) via internet
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New Activities - TNew Activities - To Come? o Come?
• Metrology for biotechnology• Genetic engineering• Dimensionless or “soft” metrology (customer satisfaction): Measurement techniques and models which enable the
objective quantification of properties which aredetermined by human perception. The human response may be in any of the five senses: sight, smell, sound, taste and touch.
– Nobel Price 2004 (research on smell)– Request of automobile industry– Issues: Electronic nose, air design, melodiousness– Helmholtz-Symposium 2002 „To Feel or to Measure“
• Metrology for biotechnology• Genetic engineering• Dimensionless or “soft” metrology (customer satisfaction): Measurement techniques and models which enable the
objective quantification of properties which aredetermined by human perception. The human response may be in any of the five senses: sight, smell, sound, taste and touch.
– Nobel Price 2004 (research on smell)– Request of automobile industry– Issues: Electronic nose, air design, melodiousness– Helmholtz-Symposium 2002 „To Feel or to Measure“
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• Biotechnology and biomedical information technology
• Health care and molecular medicine• Dimensional metrology and in-line
measuring technique• Dynamic measurements• Metrology in chemistry• Software validation and data
security• Quantum metrology and
fundamental constants• Nanotechnology and microsystems
Today & Tomorrow Today & Tomorrow New Activities - ExamplesNew Activities - Examples
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IMEKO
CIPM ILAC/IAF
Global Measurement SystemGlobal Measurement System
GlobalMeasurement
SystemTraceability
to the SI
Harmonizedstandards
Harmonizedlegal regulations
Competence of test laboratories and
certification bodies
Exchange ofknowledge
WTO/OIML ISO/IEC
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National Quality InfrastructureNational Quality Infrastructure
ISO 9000, ISO 14000,HACCP, etc
Product Certification,CE, GS, etc
National Standards
International Standards
Testing, Analysis
Investigation
AccreditationISO Guide 62,65, etc
IAF ILAC
ISO 17025
StandardizationISO CODEX
TestingLaboratories
Intercomparisons
Proficiency tests
Metrology
BIPM
traceability
- NMIs- Calibration Labs
National MSTQ System
Reference MaterialsCalibration of Equipment
Certificate
Certification
- products- processes
NationalValue Chains
Legal Metrology
InternationalMSTQ System
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Thank You!Thank You!
„Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so (yet).”
Linked to Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642)
http://www.ptb.de
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Physikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltNational Metrology Institute of Germany
www.ptb.de