What is Finno-Ugrian in What is Finno-Ugrian in Finnish?Finnish?
Sagadi Manor 27.8.2010Sagadi Manor 27.8.2010Kaisa HäkkinenKaisa Häkkinen
Professor of FinnishProfessor of FinnishUniversity of TurkuUniversity of Turku
The Uralic Language Family The Uralic Language Family (from west to east)(from west to east)
Saami (South S., Ume S., Pite S., Lule S., North S., Inari S., Saami (South S., Ume S., Pite S., Lule S., North S., Inari S., (Kemi S.), Skolt S., (Akkala S.), Kildin S., Ter S.(Kemi S.), Skolt S., (Akkala S.), Kildin S., Ter S.
Finnic ((Livonian?), VFinnic ((Livonian?), Võro-Seto,õro-Seto, Estonian, Vote, Estonian, Vote, FinnishFinnish, , Ingrian, Karelian, Olonetsian, Lude, Veps) Ingrian, Karelian, Olonetsian, Lude, Veps)
Mordvinian (Erzya, Moksha)Mordvinian (Erzya, Moksha)Mari (Western M., Eastern M.)Mari (Western M., Eastern M.)Permian (Udmurt, Komi incl. Permyak and Yazva K.)Permian (Udmurt, Komi incl. Permyak and Yazva K.)Hungarian*Hungarian*Mansi (Northern M., Eastern M., (Western M.), (Southern Mansi (Northern M., Eastern M., (Western M.), (Southern
M.))M.))Khanty (Northern Kh., Eastern Kh., (Southern Kh.))Khanty (Northern Kh., Eastern Kh., (Southern Kh.))Samoyed (Nganasan, Enets incl. Tundra E. and Forest E., Samoyed (Nganasan, Enets incl. Tundra E. and Forest E.,
Nenets incl. Tundra N. and Forest N., Selkup incl. Nenets incl. Tundra N. and Forest N., Selkup incl. Northern S., Central S. and Southern S., (Kamas), Northern S., Central S. and Southern S., (Kamas), (Mator).(Mator).
Distribution of the Uralic Distribution of the Uralic languageslanguages
Some central questions of the Some central questions of the Uralic prehistoryUralic prehistory
►Where was the oldest centre of Where was the oldest centre of expansion of the language family expansion of the language family (”homeland”)?(”homeland”)?
►Was there a continuum of several Was there a continuum of several successive protolanguages?successive protolanguages?
►When did the protolanguages break up?When did the protolanguages break up?►How, exactly, are the Uralic languages How, exactly, are the Uralic languages
related to each other?related to each other?►How can we know, what is old and what How can we know, what is old and what
is new?is new?
The Uralic ”Urheimat”The Uralic ”Urheimat”
The traditional tree modelThe traditional tree model
Basic idea: Basic idea: shared innovations shared innovations bear evidence for shared bear evidence for shared developmentdevelopment
Criticism:Criticism:Evidence for the most intermediate Evidence for the most intermediate
proto-langues very scanty (= proto-langues very scanty (= Proto-Finno-Saami equals to Proto-Finno-Saami equals to Proto-Uralic)Proto-Uralic)
Only some branches (e.g. Balto-Only some branches (e.g. Balto-Finnic) really well-establishedFinnic) really well-established
Areal/later contacs ignoredAreal/later contacs ignoredConvergence (= parallel Convergence (= parallel
developments) ignoreddevelopments) ignored
The tree can not serve as basis The tree can not serve as basis for dating of elements or for dating of elements or properties.properties.
An alternative modelAn alternative model(according to Jaakko Häkkinen, SUSA 92/2009)(according to Jaakko Häkkinen, SUSA 92/2009)
Proto-Uralic (Kama region 2000 Proto-Uralic (Kama region 2000 BC)BC)
West …West …gradual expansiongradual expansion…East …East West-Uralic ProtolanguageWest-Uralic Protolanguage
Expansion centre of Expansion centre of Pre-FinnicPre-Finnic
According to Ante According to Ante Aikio (SUSA 91/2006)Aikio (SUSA 91/2006)
Periods of developmentPeriods of development
Pre-Finnic (Uralic, Finno-Ugrian etc.)Pre-Finnic (Uralic, Finno-Ugrian etc.)
- Elements and features shared by all or the - Elements and features shared by all or the most remote members of the Uralic language most remote members of the Uralic language familyfamily
Proto-FinnicProto-Finnic- Elements and features shared by (Saami and) Elements and features shared by (Saami and)
Balto-Finnic languagesBalto-Finnic languages
FinnishFinnish
- Elements and features attested in Finnish but - Elements and features attested in Finnish but not in the related languages.not in the related languages.
Some tentative stages and Some tentative stages and datings of cultural developmentdatings of cultural development
Major parts and levels of a Major parts and levels of a language systemlanguage system
VocabularyVocabulary
- Inventory of lexical - Inventory of lexical elements elements
- Rules for word formation - Rules for word formation
GrammarGrammarPhonologyPhonology- Phonemes- Phonemes- Phonotactic rules- Phonotactic rulesMorphologyMorphology- MorphemesMorphemes- Rules for allomorphs Rules for allomorphs
and morphotaxand morphotaxSyntaxSyntax- Syntactical patternsSyntactical patterns- Grammatical wordsGrammatical words- Syntactic rules.Syntactic rules.
Phonological characteristicsPhonological characteristics
►Several distinct vowel qualities Several distinct vowel qualities ►Progressive vowel harmony Progressive vowel harmony
(front/back)(front/back)►No distinctive accentNo distinctive accent►Consonant clusters not allowed initiallyConsonant clusters not allowed initially►Consonant clusters not allowed finallyConsonant clusters not allowed finally►No distinctions based directly on voiceNo distinctions based directly on voice►Canonic lexical morphemes (word Canonic lexical morphemes (word
stems) disyllabicstems) disyllabic
Characteristics of Characteristics of morphologymorphology
►Mophological system rich of bound Mophological system rich of bound morphemesmorphemes
►Predominance of suffixal morphologyPredominance of suffixal morphology►No grammatical gender (masculine – No grammatical gender (masculine –
feminine)feminine)►System of personal possessionSystem of personal possession► Inflected negative verbInflected negative verb
Pre- Pre- Proto-Finnic consonant Proto-Finnic consonant systemsystem
Modern Finnish Modern Finnish (genuine (genuine
vocabulary)vocabulary)
In ”young” loanwords even b, f, gIn ”young” loanwords even b, f, g
Vowel systemVowel system
Proto-FinnicProto-Finnic Finnish Finnish (Karlsson 1983)(Karlsson 1983)
Progressive vowel harmonyProgressive vowel harmony
Pre-FinnicPre-Finnic
*taka-na*taka-na
*käte-nä*käte-nä
No reconstructed No reconstructed words like *käla, words like *käla, *küla*küla
NB *ilma, *śilmäNB *ilma, *śilmä
FinnishFinnish
taka-nataka-na
kätenäkätenä
back a, o, uback a, o, u
neutral e, ineutral e, i
frontfront y, ä, ö y, ä, ö
No distinctive accentNo distinctive accent
The main stress was and still is on the The main stress was and still is on the first syllable.first syllable.
KaKalala A Anoppi noppi KaKalalavevesisi
NB. In loanwordsNB. In loanwordsSwedish Swedish psykopsykolog > Finnish psylog > Finnish psykologikologi
French French bouleboulevardvard > Finnish bu> Finnish bulevardilevardi
Phonotactic principles Phonotactic principles (consonant clusters and word (consonant clusters and word
stems)stems)Canonical syllable structure of word stemsCanonical syllable structure of word stems- two syllablestwo syllables- the basic inflectional stem ends in a the basic inflectional stem ends in a
vowelvowel- no consonant clusters initially/finallyno consonant clusters initially/finally
Typical stemsTypical stems
CVCV, CVCCVCVCV, CVCCV
VCV, VCCVVCV, VCCV
Case systemCase system Pre-Finnic Finnish Pre-Finnic Finnish
endingending
Nom.Nom. --
Gen.Gen. -n-n
Acc.Acc. -m-m
Loc.Loc. -nA-nA
Abl.Abl. -tA-tA
Lat.Lat.-k, -n-k, -n
Plural markers Plural markers
Pre-FinnicPre-Finnic FinnishFinnish
-t, -j-t, -j -t, -i--t, -i-
endingendingNom.Nom. --
Gen.Gen. -n-n
Acc.Acc. -n (< *-m)-n (< *-m)
Ess.Ess. -nA-nA
Partit.Partit. -tA, -A (< *-tA, -A (< *δδA < *tA)A < *tA)- (NB Agricola ala ’under’ < *ala-k)(NB Agricola ala ’under’ < *ala-k)
Translat.Translat. -ksi (< derivative s.?)-ksi (< derivative s.?)
Iness.Iness. -ssA (< *s-nA)-ssA (< *s-nA)
Elat.Elat. -stA (< *s-tA)-stA (< *s-tA)
Illat.Illat. -Vn (< *s-(V)-n)-Vn (< *s-(V)-n)
Adess.Adess. -llA (< *l-nA)-llA (< *l-nA)
Ablat.Ablat. -ltA (< *l-tA)-ltA (< *l-tA)
Allat.Allat. -lle (< *l-(V)-n)-lle (< *l-(V)-n)
Abess.Abess. -ttA (< derivative s.)-ttA (< derivative s.)
Comitat.Comitat. -ine- (< der. j-nA-k?)-ine- (< der. j-nA-k?)
Instruct.Instruct. -n (= gen.)-n (= gen.)
Conjugation systemConjugation system Pre-Finnic Finnish Pre-Finnic Finnish
VoiceVoice
--
MoodMoodmarkermarker
IndicativeIndicative --
ImperativeImperative -k-k
””Connective”Connective” -ne-ne
TenseTensePresentPresent -, -k-, -k
PastPast -j, -ś-j, -ś
VoiceVoiceActive Active
Passive (Indefinite) –ttV, -tVPassive (Indefinite) –ttV, -tV
MoodMood markermarkerIndicativeIndicative --
ImperativeImperative - (<*k), -kA, -kO- (<*k), -kA, -kO
PotentialPotential -ne-ne
ConditionalConditional -isi (< deriv.)-isi (< deriv.)
TenseTensePresentPresent -, NB ei tule (< -, NB ei tule (<
*tule-k)*tule-k)
PastPast -i-i
Finite formsFinite formsPre-Finnic Pre-Finnic FinnishFinnish
mVnmVn menemmenem
tVntVn menetmenetsVnsVn mene, mene,
menepä menepä ’going’’going’
mvkmvk menemAtmenemAt
tVktVk menetAtmenetAt
sVksVk menetmenet
menepätmenepät
minä menenminä menen
sinä menetsinä menet
hän hän
meneemenee
me me menemmemenemme
te te menettemenette
hehe
menevätmenevät
Inflected negative verbInflected negative verb
e-m e-m mene-kmene-k
e-t e-t mene-kmene-k
e-jäe-jä mene-kmene-k
?(e-mVk, saami *epä)?(e-mVk, saami *epä)
?(e-tVk, saami ?(e-tVk, saami *epätäk)*epätäk)
?(?(e-pät, saami *ejät)e-pät, saami *ejät)
en en menemene
etet menemene
eiei menemene
emme emme menemene
etteette menemene
eivät eivät menemene
(dial., Agr. evät)(dial., Agr. evät)
Possessive suffixesPossessive suffixesPre-Finnic Pre-Finnic FinnishFinnish
kala-mikala-mi ’my fish’ ’my fish’ etc.etc.
kala-tikala-ti
kala-sakala-sa
kala-ma-kkala-ma-k
kala-ta-kkala-ta-k
kala-nsa-kkala-nsa-k
kalanikalani
kalasikalasi
kalansakalansa
kalammekalamme
kalannekalanne
kalansakalansa
Some syntactic principles Some syntactic principles shared by Pre-Finnic and Finnishshared by Pre-Finnic and Finnish
Minimal sentence: predicate alone (no Minimal sentence: predicate alone (no grammatical subject) grammatical subject) SataaSataa ’It is raining’ ’It is raining’
Agreement of predicate in number and Agreement of predicate in number and person with the subject (person with the subject (MinäMinä mene menenn ja ja tete tule tulettette ’I go and you (PL) come’ ’I go and you (PL) come’
Qualifier preceeds the qualified (Qualifier preceeds the qualified (suuri kalasuuri kala ’a big fish; NB ’a big fish; NB suuresuurenana kala kalanana ’as a big ’as a big fish’ – saami fish’ – saami stuorra guollestuorra guollenn no no agreement).agreement).