GCSE GEOGRAPHY
WESTWARD HO!FIELDTRIP
October 15th 2010
South Molton Community College ~ Department of Geography
OCR GCSE GEOGRAPHY
SDME – 25%
FIELDWORK INVESTIGATION – 15%(1200 words)
GEOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATION – 10%
GEOGRAPHY EXAM – 50%
SETTING THE SCENE
WHAT IS OUR MAIN QUESTION?
WHAT ARE OUR KEY QUESTIONS?
WHERE IS OUR STUDY AREA?(Location map(s), written description)
WHAT ARE OUR INTENDED OUTCOMES?
HOW DOES THE FIELDWORK RELATE TO OUR SCHEMEOF WORK?
WHAT COASTAL PROCESSES WILL WE STUDY?
WHAT BACKGROUND CAN WE RESEARCH?
SETTING THE SCENE MIND MAP
Westward Ho! Fieldtrip
Setting the Scene
COASTAL PROCESSES
MAIN QUESTION
STUDY AREA INTENDED OUTCOMES
LINKS TO WORK SCHEMES
KEY QUESTIONS
BACKGROUNDRESEARCH
HOW AND WHYHOW AND WHYDO COASTAL FEATURESDO COASTAL FEATURES
VARY IN THEVARY IN THEWESTWARD HO!WESTWARD HO!
AREA?AREA?
MAIN QUESTION:
HOW AND WHY DO COASTAL FEATURESVARY IN THE WESTWARD HO! AREA?
KEY QUESTIONS
# WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENT AROUND WESTWARD HO! LIKE? - What physical features are found in this area? - What human features are found in this area?
# WHAT COASTAL PROCESSES ARE TAKING PLACE IN THE W’WARD HO! AREA? - What wave patterns can be identified in this area? - What landforms have been created by erosion? - What evidence can we collect to prove that landforms have been created or modified by erosion?# WHAT ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED TO DEFEND THE WESTWARD HO! COASTLINE? - What methods of coastal defence can be identified in this area? - How effective are coastal defence solutions in this area?
# HOW & WHY DOES THE PEBBLE RIDGE CHANGE AS YOU TRAVEL NORTH? - What evidence can we find to prove that longshore drift is taking place here? - What measurements can we collect to describe the shape of the pebble ridge?
# WHAT WILL THIS PART OF THE COASTLINE LOOK LIKE IN THE FUTURE? - How serious is the threat of flooding in this area? - Will a policy of ‘managed retreat’ change the appearance of this area?
WHERE IS OUR STUDY LOCATION?
WHERE ISOUR STUDYLOCATION?
WHERE IS OUR STUDY LOCATION?
HOW DOES THE FIELDWORKRELATE TO THE OCRSCHEME OF WORK?
Four Key Exam Themes1 Rivers and Coasts2 Population and Settlement3 Natural Hazards4 Economic Development
Four Key Exam Themes1 Rivers and Coasts2 Population and Settlement3 Natural Hazards4 Economic Development
WAVE ACTION – fetch, swash & backwash, constructive & destructive waves
COASTAL EROSION – methods of erosion, cliffs, mass movement, wave cut platforms,
headlands & bays, caves, arches & stacks
COASTAL DEPOSITION – longshore drift, beaches, spits, bars, tombolos & salt marshes
COASTAL MANAGEMENT – hard & soft engineering
WHAT COASTAL PROCESSESWILL WE STUDY?
WAVE ACTION & FETCH
PROCESS OF EROSION
PROCESS OF LONGSHORE DRIFT
COASTAL MANAGEMENT
WAVE ACTION
SWASH and BACKWASH
• Waves are created by the wind. As the wind drags down on the surface of the sea, water is forced around in a circular motion. • When the water depth shallows, water cannot complete its full circle, and the wave breaks.• Water runs up the beach as SWASH, and returns (by gravity) to the sea as BACKWASH.
CONSTRUCTIVE WAVES – have a stronger swashand build up the coast
DESTRUCTIVE WAVES – have a stronger backwashand destroy the coast
STORM WAVESThe stronger the wind, thebigger the waves. The biggerthe waves, the more energythey have.
FETCH
The area ofopen waterover whichwind blows is known as
FETCH.
FETCH
CORRASION (ABRASION) – is caused by largewaves hurling beach material against a cliff
HYDRAULIC ACTION – is the force of wavescompressing air in cracks in a cliff
SOLUTION (CORROSION) – is when salts andother acids in seawater slowly dissolves a cliff
ATTRITION – is when waves cause rocks andboulders to collide and break up into smallerparticles
PROCESS OF EROSION
CORRASION CORRASION (ABRASION) – is caused by large waves hurling beach material against a cliff
HYDRAULICACTION
HYDRAULIC ACTION – is the force of waves
compressing air in cracks in a cliff
CLIFFS
CLIFFCOLLAPSE
WAVE CUT PLATFORMS
Longshore Drift Sediment is TRANSPORTEDalong the coastline by wave action.
Features Created By Longshore Drift - Spits
Spurn Head
There are two different approaches used to defend against
coastal erosion and flooding:
• HARD ENGINEERING• SOFT ENGINEERING
WHY PROTECT OUR COASTS?
• Many coastlines in developed countries are heavily populated• Many coastlines provide income from industries like tourism & fishing• Many coastlines have high land values• Many coastlines are prone to erosion and flooding• Many coastlines are fragile natural environments easily damaged by people
HARD ENGINEERING
Hard engineering is:• SHORT TERM• NOT SUSTAINABLE in the long term• EXPENSIVE• UGLY• In need of CONSTANT MAINTENANCE• Often responsible for PROBLEMS FURTHER DOWN THE COAST
THERE ARE FIVE MAIN
HARD ENGINEERING DEFENCES:
GROYNES SEA WALLS REVETMENTS GABIONS SEA ARMOUR
GROYNES
Groynes are wooden structures placed at right angles to the coast wherelongshore drift occurs. They reduce movement of material along the coast, and hold the beach in place. This protects cliffs from erosion andprotects low areas from flooding.
COST = £6000 each!
SEA WALLS
Sea walls DEFLECT (not absorb) wave energy, protecting beaches fromerosion and low areas from flooding. Waves can erode sea walls and cause collapse.
COST = £2000 per metre!
GABIONS
Gabions are steel mesh cages containing boulders. The rocks absorbsome of the wave energy and reduce erosion. They are cheap, but ugly!
SEA ARMOUR
Sea armour consists of large boulders piled on the beach where erosionis likely. They are cheap but ugly. Even these large rocks can be movedor undermined by wave action.
BACKGROUND RESEARCHMAPSwww.multimap.co.ukwww.ordnancesurvey.co.ukwww.mappy.comwww.earth.google.comhttp://digimapforschools.edina.ac.uk (User name: EX364LA Password: aerugx88)
COASTSwww.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/coastalhttp://getrevising.co.uk..www.geographyfieldwork.com/GeographyVocabularyGCSECoastshttp://www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography/natural_environments/marine_processes/igcse_coasts.htmhttp://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography.html
WESTWARD HO!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westward_Ho!http://www.ussher.org.uk/journal/80s/1989/documents/Keene_1989.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Devon_Coast
IF YOU HAVE ANY OTHER USEFUL SITES—LET US ALL KNOW!
COLLECTING THE DATA
WHAT DAT COLLECTION METHODS WILL WE USE?