SCIENCE MEDICINE 1
SCIENCE
MEDICINE
It is a science, art that deals with
healing, prevention of
Disease, health welfare and in general
of the human body.
The word medicine comes from the Latin word "medicinam" from mederi which
means "cure, take care, medicate".
And esque if we talk about medicine is a science as said before very extensive
involving various branches, specialties that together result in the overall care of the human
body, resulting in our care and often these disciplines very complex descendants and of a
high degree of understanding and therefore a high level of study.Later we will talk about
some of its branches or specialties of medicine in addition to their study time, since it is not at
all simple and much less something that could be done as we would say to "there it goes".
Our plan to develop it will be;
First, what kind of questions can help us have a better project on the subject:
Generally the most frequent questions are;
What were your beginnings?
For serving us?
What is it about?
How does it help us?
How much time does it take to study?
? ... Among other issues.
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After this we will gradually describe what are its branches, the study time involved in
these disciplines and in general we will be talking about a specific topic that calls me the
attention that is, biomedicine but we will be talking about its disciplines in general.
We will also talk about some of the most important patents or discoveries in the
course of their development of this science.
Since ancient times the great purpose of medicine has been to cure the various
diseases, maintain a stable health and if it is possible to prevent the disease, throughout
history and the different stages have adopted various features according to their time, it has
also changed the attitude towards man and his body and the assessment he has made of his
health and of the disease.
So that the exercise of this profession has led to a vocation towards the detailed
service that as time passes has led to the need to develop different qualities as they are;
Always be willing to help others
Necessary and sufficient knowledge about the origin and nature of diseases, as well as
their main characteristics.
Skills and skills to exercise healing.
The power of observation and analysis to determine what it is facing.
Hence the ideal model of the doctor has changed from one period to another.
Primitive medicine in trying to explain diseases adopted a mythical-magical explanation,
which would resort to the bad intentions of someone who wanted to harm the patient or
simply accept that the Illness is a punishment of the sinful patient. So the solution was
magical or religious therapy, to eliminate evil, reassure the offended deity or expel the devil.
For this reason, the doctor of primitive society had to be a doctor, priest and sorcerer.
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Practically what was in the primitive time or what was done was to expel the demon,
what we know today as witchcraft, charlatans, etc.
Since antiquity there has always been doubt whether medicine is a science, art or
trade, thanks to the eighteenth-century Industrial Revolution-England favored the large
amount of scientific contributions that resulted in the transformation of medicine from an
almost personal art to a science based and subject to the laws of objective character.
And the truth as all science several specialists, philosophers gave their opinion about
what it means to them by making their perspective known with important phrases;
"Medicine is a science full of uncertainty and an art full of possibilities". Sir William
Osler
"Much of the medical art is being prepared to observe." Hippocrates
"Medicine is not only science but also art, it does not consist in preparing pills and
poultices, but it intervenes in the same vital processes, which it is necessary to know in order
to modify them". Paracelsus
"The practice of medicine is an art, based on science." Sir William Osler.
"In medicine, science tends to predominate over art, if a correct perspective is
maintained, both complement each other." Scientific advances should not be disregarded,
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although these render their greatest fruits when applied after art has initiated the search for
the solution of a problem ". Garfield G. Duncan
Beginnings of the history of medicine in Mexico:
influences and relations with the foreigner (1935-1960)
In the process of institutionalization of the
history of medicine in Mexico, two medical
historians stand out: Jose Joaquin Izquierdo and
Francisco Fernandez del Castillo, but their effort
was not isolated and perhaps not original; Therefore,
in this paper we try to provide a general overview of what in this sense happened in the
national and European context through some examples, and thus identify some points of
relationship between Mexican medical historians and their colleagues abroad.
With the beginning of the 20th century, in the international environment the history of
medicine advances towards its institutionalization; thanks to the initiative of the pioneer in
the history of medicine Theodor Puschmann, the first department of histira of medicine
founded in the University of Leipzig in 1905 arises under the direction of Karl Sudhoff, who
is due the beginning of the "overcoming" of the positivist consideration of medicine's past ".
From here radiated the influence of the path traced by Puschmann: towards the USA (1st
Institute of the History of Medicine by William H. Welch in 1929 at the Johns Hopkins
University), and in the postwar period, the interest in the history of medicine was spread in
England (Wellcome Institute), as well as in other countries.
At the same time, the history of the medicine of religion begins to be studied through
research on little-known and previously explored documentary collections, as well as the
publication of bibliographies and biographical works.
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Considering these antecedents, from the third decade of the mentioned century, in the
Mexican environment it is observed that the activity of the medical historians - that is to say,
those interested in the history of their profession - begins to have greater development, laying
the foundations for the history of medicine It will become an independent discipline, which
will take place at the end of the fifties. In this respect, I return to what German Somolinos D
'Ardois affirmed when recalling that since the death of Dr. Nicolas Leon, in the year of 1929,
Mexican historians they take their own individuality, isolate their studies from other branches
with which until then they were more or less imbricated. Until the time of Don Nicolas Leon
we have seen how medical historians carried out their studies simultaneously with works in
fields such as anthropology, ethnology and archeology, history in general.
It was like this: "historians are freed from other disciplines and feel safe, they open
the way and they go through it with their eyes fixed on a single objective: the history of
medicine". This new condition will give rise to the history of medicine being built in an
independent discipline process in which some Mexican doctors participate as promoters and
protagonists; contribution that cannot be subtracted from its general context and that in many
aspects cannot be qualified as original.
Taking into account the above, what is sought in this area of research is to seek the
relationship between some foreign medical doctors and Mexican doctors, Jose Izquierdo and
Francisco Fernandez del Castillo, whose documentation is in the Historical Archive of the
Faculty of Medicine of the UNAM.
“Two Mexican doctors before the history of
medicine: José
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Joaquín Izquierdo and Francisco Fernández del Castillo
According to the briefly indicated background, I
I will focus on two medical historians who were influenced
by the pioneers and renovators of the history of the medicine of
other countries, which does not mean that there are no other names
with similar merits. However, these figures, I consider them
Representative in the subject that occupies us, since they contributed to:
The constitution of the history of medicine in a discipline.
The institutionalization of the history of medicine in
our country.
The activity of the poblano physiologist José Joaquín Izquierdo
(1893-1974) in the development of the history of science and of the
medicine in Mexico, it was really an exceptional case in its
weather; his historical-medical work helped to understand the
processes of building medicine as a science, from
different scenarios, always striving to give the story of
medicine a place within the framework of the history of science, with
rigorous and particular methods and techniques for your research,
thus contributing to the professionalization of the discipline.
For his part, Dr. Francisco Fernández del Castillo (1899-
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1985) -child of historian, and nephew of Ángel de Campo,
Micrós-, contributed to the institutionalization of the history of
medicine in our country, by promoting the creation of a
entity dedicated to the subject, within the university organizational chart: the
Department of History and Philosophy of Medicine.
With its written production, widely spread among the
medical guild mainly, rescued primary sources, and
He presented episodes, institutions and characters of the future
of medicine in Mexico.
Of different personalities, both doctors made a
Prominent career as teachers and researchers in
the Faculty
of Medicine of the National Autonomous
University of Mexico.
From Dr. J.J. Left it's worth remembering that you gathered the profile
as a teacher and researcher, since as a physiologist
he was an advocate of teaching and practice in the laboratory; its
activity as a professor he practiced in other institutions as
the National Polytechnic Institute and the Military Medical School,
besides the UNAM already mentioned. Your interest in the history of
medicine, it occurs almost in parallel that his dedication to
physiology. "He wrote eight books and more than 300 published articles
in leading national and foreign journals on the history of
the medicine and history of Mexican science in the local fields
and national. His works show the skillful management of sources
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bibliographic and documentary, as well as a careful and rigorous
critical apparatus ".
It must be emphasized that Izquierdo enjoyed international recognition, and before the
outside, the quality of his work as a researcher and professor was always his letter of
introduction. I belonged
to numerous national and foreign Academic Associations,
and at the same time that he started to investigate about the history of
the medicine of his country, he was concerned about creating spaces for
discussion of the historical-medical topics. Those who lived together
with Dr. Izquierdo, remember that he offered the Library
Department of Physiology -which he directed-, located in the
old School of Medicine, to meet, discuss and comment
with colleagues and interested parties, topics of medical history on occasion
from the visit of a foreign teacher, from a publication, etc.
He also provided the bibliohemeroteca of this Department,
a rich specialized pool that he formed thanks to his insistent
requests and exchanges of publications with professionals
domestic and foreign.
The historical production of Izquierdo began in 1921 with the
Publication of an article on The State College of Puebla.
For his part, Francisco Fernández del Castillo entered
1926 to the faculty of the National School of Medicine for
start a long career as a teacher, School where since
1951 until his death, he taught the history and philosophy course of
Medicine. In 1954 he was head of the Department of
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History and Philosophy of Medicine that he himself founded when
Dr. Raoul Fournier Villada was the director of the Faculty of
Medicine. In 1957 he participated in the establishment of the Society
Mexican History of Medicine.
In the memory of his colleagues, Fernández del Castillo is recognized as a promoter
of the history of medicine. It says one
source that "became interested in this area precisely because it was
knowledgeable of the fundamental duties and disciplines in the
doctor's training. " Starting in the forties, it begins
enter Societies of History of Medicine from abroad.7
Regarding his written work, since the fourth decade
of the twentieth century, the contributions of Fernández del Castillo
they could be read in medical journal magazines like the magazine
Medicine, and the Medical Gazette of ”.
The previous paragraphs tell us about how two Mexicans in a certain way introduced
medicine to Mexico with foreign help institutionalizing forms, places of help in addition to
dedicating themselves to a single activity and growing first in England from there to Europe
and with help to Mexico and from there to the rest of Latin America.
Clearly that was like an introduction in a certain way as it was that medicine came to
our country and thanks to those who were also possible that it was the ones that had to be
done to focus on one science and not on several.
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Changing a bit of context as we know the World constantly changes in all aspects;
socially, ideologically, way of life, new risks, deaths and diseases etc, that is why within
medicine as a result of these changes has the need to be updated, new disciplines have arisen
since if this did not happen we would have serious problems besides that we would be
vulnerable, for that reason I will present the disciplines or the different branches of medicine
and a brief explanation about what their specialization is;
Anatomy Pathology: branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis of biopsies,
cytologies and necropsies
Anesthesiology: branch of medicine that studies and deals with perioperative
medicine
Angiology: branch of medicine that studies the vascular system and its diseases
Surgery: branch of medicine that aims to cure diseases by operation (manual
intervention)
Dermatology: branch of medicine that studies skin diseases
Stomatology: branch of medicine that treats diseases of the mouth of man
Etiology: part of medicine whose purpose is the study of the causes of diseases
Foniatria: branch of medicine dedicated to the diseases of the organs of phonation
Gastroenterology: branch of medicine that deals with the organs and digestive tract,
and their diseases
Geriatrics and Gerontology: branch of medicine, which studies old age and its
diseases, Gerontology is the science that studies age and the phenomena that characterize it
Gynecology: branch of medicine that studies the
diseases of women
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Hematology: branch of medicine dealing with blood and hemolymphopoietic
organisms and their diseases
Venerology: part of medicine that studies venereal diseases or sexually transmitted
diseases
Urology: branch of medicine that treats the organs and urinary tract, and their diseases
Toxicology: part of the medicine that studies poisons
Therapeutics: part of medicine, which teaches the precepts and remedies for the
treatment of diseases
Radiology: part of the medicine that studies radiation, especially X-rays, in its
applications to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Psychiatry: branch of medicine that deals with the mind and affective states, and
mental illness
Proctology: branch of medicine that deals with the rectum and its diseases
Pediatrics: branch of medicine that is responsible for the health and diseases of
children
Otorinolaringología: branch of medicine that studies the ears, nose, rhino pharynx,
pharynx and larynx in addition to their diseases
Orthopedics: branch of medicine that studies bones, joints and their diseases
Oncology: part of the medicine that studies tumors
Obstetrics: branch of medicine that deals with pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium
Nosology: part of medicine that aims to
describe, differentiate, and classify diseases
Neurology: branch of medicine that treats the
Nervous System, and its diseases
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Nefrologia: branch of medicine that treats the kidney, and its diseases
Legal Medicine: branch of medicine applied to issues of law and criminology.
These are just some of the branches that come from medicine in general, because as it
was said as new diseases change or emerge, new branches come out fulfilling the requirement
to cure or prevent those needs.
The truth is that medicine is one of the most important sciences because thanks to this,
we have a good health that is derived from the different existing branches and that in the
future they can exist being that way, that Medicine is a great way of learning and of many
knowledge that over the years discover new things, improving and adapting to the needs of
our life and our conditions.
BIOMEDICINE
Now we will talk about a topic that I really like and call me attention and I mean
Biomedicine and they will say or wonder what I find interesting. From what I have heard is a
combination of mechatronics and obviously medicine, together they make possible the union
of a robotic protosis to the human body, and that is something that in my opinion is incredibly
sensational.
It even seems to be taken from a
science fiction film what can be achieved
with this branch of medicine.
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The concept of biomedicine can be a bit confusing if we consider the etymology of its
word. This is structured by, bio, life and medicine, so it can be considered as the field of life
based on the perspectives of health sciences related to medicine.
What does biomedicine study?
Biomedicine is the discipline responsible for applying principles of the biological
sciences to the field of health sciences. It is often distinguished as the research field of
medicine, so that its applications can be seen in all the specialties of it.
In the research sector, this specialty stands out for its remarkable abilities in
biochemistry and chemistry, since it covers the principles of both disciplines in the field of
pathology. Therefore, its application can or is usually related to the development or
optimization of new drugs or drugs. medicines that allow more efficient treatments and meet
the needs that arise in the public health sector
YEARS OF STUDY
Angiology 4 years
Surgeon 6 years and a half or 7 years
Dermatology duration 3 or 4 years
Gastroenterology: 3 years
Neurology 4 years.
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Reference
12 abr. 2012
https://www.ecured.cu/Biomedicina
Medicina
https://www.ecured.cu/Medicina
por XM Barbosa - 2011
https://www.anmm.org.mx/
https://www.ecured.cu/Biomedicina
https://www.ecured.cu/Medicina
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https://www.anmm.org.mx/
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ILLUSTRATION