Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Web Design and FundamentalsWDF222
ByD.Balaganesh
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Network
• Networkone computer connected to more then one computer is called Network
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Advantages of networking
• Connectivity and Communication• Data Sharing• Hardware Sharing• Internet Access• Internet Access Sharing• Data Security and Management• Performance Enhancement and Balancing• Entertainment
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Network• Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links• Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or
receiving data• To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a
number of criteria
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Type of Connection
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Type of Connection• Point-to-point
– Dedicated link between two devices– The entire capacity of the channel is reserved– Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control
• Multipoint – More than two devices share a single link– Capacity of the channel is either
• Spatially shared: Devices can use the link simultaneously• Timeshare: Users take turns
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Physical Topology
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Mesh Topology• Dedicated point-to-point link to
every other nodes • A mesh network with n nodes
has n(n-1)/2 links. A node has n-1 I/O ports (links)
• Advantages: No traffic problems, robust, security, easy fault identification & isolation
• Disadvantages: Difficult installation/reconfiguration, space, cost
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Star Topology• Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, called a hub • Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between devices• Advantages: Less expensive, robust • Disadvantages: dependency of the whole on one single point, the hub
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Bus Topology• One long cable that links all nodes • tap, drop line, cable end• limit on the # of devices, distance between nodes • Advantages: Easy installation, cheap • Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation, a fault or
break in the bus stops all transmission
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Ring Topology• Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two nodes on each sides • One direction, repeater • Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation• Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring cab disable the
entire network
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Hybrid Topology• Example: Main star topology with each branch connecting several stations in a bus
topology• To share the advantages from various topologies
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Categories of Networks
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
LAN• Usually privately owned• A network for a single office, building, or campus a few Km • Common LAN topologies: bus, ring, star • An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
MAN• Designed to extend to an entire city• Cable TV network, a company’s connected LANs• Owned by a private or a public company
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
WAN• Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent, the world • Enterprise network: A WAN that is owned and used by one company
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Network Vs Internet
Internet Network of network is called Internet
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Internet• Internet programming language• E-mail• SMS(short message service)• Social networking sites• Websites• Blog - Share your life's stories, videos and photos
• VOIP - Voice over Internet Protocol
• Podcast - type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio, video, PDF
• Rss(Really simple Syndication) - TechNet provides RSS feeds for its security bulletins, advisories, magazine features, and other security-related alerts for IT professionals.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
The Internet
• Internet is a network of interconnected computers that is now global
• Internet born in 1969 - called ARPANET• 1969 ARPANET was connection of computers
at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB, Univ. of Utah
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
• In 1969, the U.S. Defence Department funded a project to develop a network, which can withstand the bombing. Basically the idea was to develop a very secure network which can work even after a nuclear attack. This project was known as ARPANET.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Internet Connections
Various technologies available to connect a home computer to the Internet
Phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a modem at the destination converts it back again into data
Digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines to transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s central office
Cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Internet Connections
Broadband A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than 768 kilobits per second
– DSL connections and cable modems are broadband connections
– The speed for downloads (getting data from the Internet to your home computer) may not be the same as uploads (sending data from your home computer to the Internet)
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Data
• Analog data– Voice– Images
• Digital data– Text– Digitized voice or images
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Modem
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Analog Signaling
• represented by sine waves
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
time
(sec)
ampl
itude
(vol
ts) 1 cycle
frequency (hertz)= cycles per second
phase difference
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals Three Components of Data Communication
• Data– Analog: Continuous value data (sound, light, temperature)– Digital: Discrete value (text, integers, symbols)
• Signal– Analog: Continuously varying electromagnetic wave– Digital: Series of voltage pulses (square wave)
• Transmission– Analog: Works the same for analog or digital signals– Digital: Used only with digital signals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Modem
• Anlog• Digital• Modulation
– Digital to analog conversion
• Demodulation– Analog to Digital ConversionModulation and demodulation is called Modem
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Modem Internet Connections• Dial-up connection via modem (56K)• Cable modems
– Network card and cable modem required– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-up
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Faster Internet Connections• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)– 64K or 128K– Always-on and expensive
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)– Up to 125 times faster than dialup
• DSS (Digital Satellite Service)– 500K
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University CollegeNeed proximity to a telephone switching station
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
If you want to connect to the Internet, you need to subscribe via an Internet Service Provider. The ISP gives you a connection to the Internet either via your telephone line or via a special digital high speed line. An example of a popular ISP is AOL (America On-Line).
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Internet Service Provider (ISP)• Provides internet access to businesses, organizations and individuals
• Provides telecommunications equipment• User ID and password required• Connects you to backbone• E-mail account monthly fee• Should have local access telephone
numbers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
SERVICES OF INTERNET
• WWW• FTP• Telnet• E-mail
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
What is the difference between the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet?
WWW is the acronym for the World Wide Web. It is also commonlyknown as ‘The Web’. The WWW is hypertext based information retrievaltool
• The World Wide Web (WWW) is just a small part of the Internet as a whole.
• The Internet, relates to all the hardware and software involved, and as well as including the WWW, also includes FTP (File Transfer Protocol – more about this later), email and newsgroups.
• The WWW is basically the text and pictures which you can view using your web browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, or Netscape Navigator.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
World Wide Web Basics• Files interconnected via hypertext• Web pages make up a web site• Home Page• Links or hyperlinks• Web servers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
File Transfer Protocol, is an Internet utility software used to uploadand download files. It gives access to directories or folders on remotecomputers and allows software, data and text files to be transferredbetween different kinds of computers.
• FTP is just a way of transferring data from one place to another over the Internet. If is often used for downloading large files from a web site. You do not really need to know anything about how it works, in most cases you willclick on a link within a web page, and your web browser (such as Microsoft Internet Explorer) will take care of the FTP transfer for you, all you have to decide is where to store the file which you wish to download. D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
The basic objectives of FTP are
• to give flexibility and promote sharing of computer programs, files and data
• to transfer data reliably and more efficiently over network
• to encourage implicit or indirect use of remote computers using Internet
• to shield a user from variations in file storage systems among hosts
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Telnet (Remote Computing)
• Telnet (Remote Computing)Telnet or remote computing is telecommunication utility software,which uses available telecommunication facility and allows you tobecome a user on a remote computer. Once you gain access to theremote computer, you can use it for the intended purpose. TheTELNET works in a very step by step procedure. The commandstyped on the client computer are sent to the local Internet ServiceProvider (ISP), and then from the ISP to the remote computer thatyou have gained access. Most of the ISP provides facility to TELENETinto your own account from another city and check your e-mailwhile you are traveling or away on business
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
E-Mail (Electronic Mail)
E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless method of sending messages,notes or letters from one person to another or even manypeople at the same time via Internet. E-mail is very fast compared tothe normal post. E-mail messages usually take only few seconds toarrive at their destination
Features of E-mail:• One-to-one or one-to-many communications• Instant communications• Physical presence of recipient is not required• Most inexpensive mail services, 24-hours a day and seven days a week• Encourages informal communications
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Voice Messaging
Voice MessagingIt is a new communication approach which is similar to electronic mail exceptthat it is audio message rather than text messages that are processed. A
senderspeaks into a telephone rather than typing, giving the name of the recipient
andthe message. That sender's voice signal is then digitalised and stored. The
systemcan then either deliver the message at a specified time in future or it can beretrieved from a database by the recipient.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
E-CommerceElectronic commerce or e-commerce as it is popularly known refers to thepaperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data
Interchange,Electronic mail, Electronic Bulletin Boards, Electronic Fund Transfer and othernetwork based technologies. Electronic Commerce (EC) not only automatesmanual process and paper transactions, but it also helps organisations to
moveinto a fully electronic environment and change the way they usually operate.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Internet Important Terms
• HTTP• URL• Hyperlink• Browser• Cookies• Internet cache• SECURITY
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. This is the language your web browser uses to request pages & graphics from the web server. You can see that your web browser is using the HTTP protocol when it is shown at the start of a web address such as http://www.yahoo.com
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
• The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is just another name for a web address.
• The URL consists of the name of the protocol (usually HTTP or FTP) followed by the address of the computer you want to connect to, e.g. a URL of “ftp://ftp.cdrom.com” would instruct your web browser to use the FTP protocol to connect to the computer called ftp.cdrom.com.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
World Wide Web Basics• URL– No spaces and Case sensitive– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)– .htm or .html file extension
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Document nameand filename
extensionFoldername
Web servername
Web protocolstandard
http://www.cnn.com/showbiz/movies.htm
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Network Addresses
Hostname A name made up of words separated by dots that uniquely identifies a computer on the InternetIP addressAn address made up of four one-byte numeric values separated by dots that uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet
Is there a correspondence between the parts of a hostname and an IP address?
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Domain Name SystemHost numberThe part of the IP address that specifies a particular host (machine) on the network Yes, but what is it?Domain nameThe part of a hostname that specifies a specific organization or groupTop-level domain (TLD)The last section of a domain name that specifies the type of organization or its country of origin
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Domain Name System
matisse.csc.villanova.edu
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Computer
name
Domain name TLD
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Domain Name System
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Figure 15.10 Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Domain Name SystemOrganizations based in countries other than the United States use a top-level domain that corresponds to their two-letter country codes
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Figure 15.11Some of the top-level domain names based on country codes
Do you email
someonein anothercountry?
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Domain Name System
Domain name system (DNS) A distributed system for managing hostname resolutionDomain name serverA computer that attempts to translate a hostname into an IP address
Should the tables containing hostname/IP mappings be sorted or unsorted? Why?
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals Domain Name Addressing
• Domain names can include any number of parts separated by periods, however most domain names currently in use have only three or four parts.
• Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the left.
• For example, the domain name gsb.uchicago.edu is the computer connected to the Internet at the Graduate School of Business (gsb), which is an academic unit of the University of Chicago (uchicago), which is an educational institution (edu).
• No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals Uniform Resource Locators
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular computer on the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML document resides on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file The domain name of the computer on which the file resides The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides The name of the file
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm
protocol
Domain name
pathname
filename
http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Hyperlink
A hyperlink is a piece of text (or a graphic) on a Web page, which when clicked on will automatically:
- Take you to a different part of the same page- Take you to a different page within the Web
site
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
What is a web browser?
Web browsing applications include ‘Internet Explorer’ (from Microsoft) and ‘Netscape Navigator/Communicator’. In both cases there are many different versions, and you will find that the later versions offer much more versatility as well as a better range of built-in features. The web browser allows you to view web pages
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
• What are cookies?• Some web sites can store hidden information about you on your hard diskusing cookies. This information is stored in small text file. Cookies can beuseful, for instance, a site may store your preferences about a web site, sothat when you re-visit the site your preferences can be accessedautomatically. Cookies are used by some web sites to identify you; this savesyou having to “log in” to the web site each time you visit.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
What is an Internet cache?
Each time you display a web site within your web browser, a copy of theinformation (both text and pictures) is saved on your hard disk. The reasonfor this is that the next time you want to re-visit the site, the information isquickly loaded from the copy on your hard disk, rather than slowly from theactual Internet site.• As pictures are stored in the cache, if you are visiting a site which has manyseparate web pages, with say a company logo on each page, then allsubsequent pages from that site will load a little faster as the logo graphicswill load from the cache, not via the Internet
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
• What is a digital certificate?• A digital certificate is used to encrypt information for secure transmissionacross the Internet. A digital certificate can be used to create a digitalsignature for an email, the signature guarantees the identity of sender, and italso ensures that the message cannot be tampered with in transit. A digitalcertificate can be purchased from a certificate authority such aswww.verisign.com who will verify your identity. Digital certificates are usedby Internet based shopping web sites to encrypt your credit card details sothey cannot be intercepted as they travel the Internet. You can view thedigital certificate for a secure web site by double clicking on the padlock inthe web browser status bar, e.g. https://www.paypal.com
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
• What is encryption?• Encryption is a means of 'scrambling' an email message. It is used to make
amessage more secure, so that only the intended recipient of the message willbe able to read the message. There are many means of enabling thisencryption, both via hardware and software. A famous encryption program iscalled PGP(Pretty Good Privacy)
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
• What is a firewall?• A fire wall consists of software and hardware protection against invasion
viathe Internet. In most larger companies any connection to the Internetautomatically goes through a firewall which would have been installed andcustomised by the companies technical IT team. In most cases you will beunaware of the firewall existence.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Modem Internet Connections• Dial-up connection via modem (56K)• Cable modems
– Network card and cable modem required– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-up
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Faster Internet Connections• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)– 64K or 128K– Always-on and expensive
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)– Up to 125 times faster than dialup
• DSS (Digital Satellite Service)– 500K
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University CollegeNeed proximity to a telephone switching station
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
Network Layer
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Layered Model: Sending a Letter
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
OSI Model(Open Systems Interconnection)• ISO is the organization. OSI is the model
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Interaction between layers in the OSI model• Layer and interface
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Physical Layer• The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from
one hop (node) to the next• Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures and functions
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Physical Layer: Duties
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
• Representation of bits• Data rate• Synchronization of bits• Line configuration• Physical topology• Transmission mode
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Data Link Layer• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from
one hop (node) to the next• Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-free) link
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Data Link Layer: Duties
• Framing• Physical addressing• Flow control• Error control• Access control
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Network Layer• The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
packets from the source host to the destination host
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Network Layer: Duties• Logical addressing and routing
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Transport Layer• The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a
message from one process to another
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Transport Layer: Duties
• Service-point (port) addressing• Segmentation and reassembly• Connection control• Flow control• Error control
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a Message
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Session Layer• Session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Presentation Layer• Presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Application Layer• Application layer is responsible for providing services to
the user
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Application Layer: Services
• Network virtual terminal• Mail services• File transfer, access, and management• Directory services
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Summary of Layers
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals OSI layer vs TCP/IP Layer
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
To divide the services required to perform a task, the Internet has created a set of rules called protocols. These allow different local and wide area networks, using different technologies, to be connected together and carry a message from one point to another. The set, or suite, of protocols that controls the Internet today is referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite. The abbreviations (TCP and IP) will become clear as we explain different protocols.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network (or link), internet (network), transport and application.
The TCP/IP protocol suiteD.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
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D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
TCP/IP and OSI Model
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Subject Name Code Credit HoursWeb Design and Fundamentals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
TCP/IP Protocol Suite• Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer
– No specific protocol
• Network layer– IP(Internet Protocl), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol),
RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMO(Internet Group Message Protocol)
• Transport layer– TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User Datagram Protocl),
SCTP(Stream Control Transmission Protocol),
• Application Layer– Combined session, presentation, and application layers